Even though the author already incorporated the citation of Sinninghe-Damste & Schouten (2006) into the text of the paper, the author regrets having failed to include their full citation within the Reference Section of my above paper which is: Sinninghe-Damste, J. S. & Schouton, S. (2006). Biological markers for anoxia in the photic zone of the water column. In, Volkman, J. K. (ed.), Marine Organic Matter: Biomarkers, Isotopes and DNA, (pp. 127 – 163). The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, vol. 2N. Springer: Berlin and Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2_005 The author also needs to paraphrase a statement made in the last three lines of the 2nd paragraph on page 40 where it reads as: “Thus, we may conclude here that paleo-upfreezing of any conodont-element(s) originally buried in the pre-lithified, light-colored shale occurred in order to account for their presence in black shale”. Instead, in lieu of that statement, it should read as “At this point in time of the study, we may tentatively conclude here while completely concluding later in the study, that conodont-elements originally existing in the underlying, pre-lithified, light-colored shale, had to paleo-upfreeze vertically upward into pre-lithified, black shale sediment in order to account for their presence in lithified black shale”.
{"title":"Erratum to “A Perspective on Stratigraphic, Vertically-Upward “Displacements or Dislocations” of Conodont-Elements: An Example From the Upper Devonian, Pre-Lithified, Black Shales of the Chattanooga Shale Formation In Tennessee, USA” ...","authors":"Michael Iannicelli","doi":"10.5539/ESR.V9N1P14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ESR.V9N1P14","url":null,"abstract":"Even though the author already incorporated the citation of Sinninghe-Damste & Schouten (2006) into the text of the paper, the author regrets having failed to include their full citation within the Reference Section of my above paper which is: Sinninghe-Damste, J. S. & Schouton, S. (2006). Biological markers for anoxia in the photic zone of the water column. In, Volkman, J. K. (ed.), Marine Organic Matter: Biomarkers, Isotopes and DNA, (pp. 127 – 163). The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, vol. 2N. Springer: Berlin and Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2_005 The author also needs to paraphrase a statement made in the last three lines of the 2nd paragraph on page 40 where it reads as: “Thus, we may conclude here that paleo-upfreezing of any conodont-element(s) originally buried in the pre-lithified, light-colored shale occurred in order to account for their presence in black shale”. Instead, in lieu of that statement, it should read as “At this point in time of the study, we may tentatively conclude here while completely concluding later in the study, that conodont-elements originally existing in the underlying, pre-lithified, light-colored shale, had to paleo-upfreeze vertically upward into pre-lithified, black shale sediment in order to account for their presence in lithified black shale”.","PeriodicalId":11486,"journal":{"name":"Earth Science Research","volume":"96 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80545886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fluid production of L field, Bohai Bay Basin, offshore eastern China is mainly from the Palaeogene Dongying D interval. The stratigraphy framework and depositional model of the braided-river delta system within the D interval are investigated using seismic, well log, core data and production response. The D interval is interpreted as having been deposited in a lowstand system tract. And two progradational successions are recognized, including in ascending order the D2 and D1. The younger sandstone in the D1 interval is of greater thickness and larger distribution area than the elder sandstone in the D2 interval. Six core facies and five log patterns are recognized and interpreted to be underwater distributary channels, levees, overbank splays, mouth bars, sheet sand and shalier interchannel deposits. Channel deposits occur along the trend of thickest D2 and D1 sandstones. The sandstones that flank each side of the channel deposits are interpreted to be levee and overbank splay deposits. The sandstones that develop at terminal distributary channel mouth are interpreted to be mouth bar and sheet sand deposits. Channel-flank deposits can form good-quality reservoir sandstones, but they contain interbedded siltstones and thus have lower porosity and permeability than do channel deposits. The facies distributions predicted for the D interval match trends of the daily total fluid production. Knowledge gained from study of the L field has application to the development of other fields with similar depositional and diagenetic histories.
{"title":"Stratigraphy and Depositional Model of Palaeogene Dongying Braided-River Delta Sandstones, L Field, Bohai Bay Basin, Offshore Eastern China","authors":"Qianping Zhang, Zongbin Liu, Xinwu Liao, Hongying Li, Yujuan Liu, B. Zheng","doi":"10.5539/ESR.V9N1P1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ESR.V9N1P1","url":null,"abstract":"Fluid production of L field, Bohai Bay Basin, offshore eastern China is mainly from the Palaeogene Dongying D interval. The stratigraphy framework and depositional model of the braided-river delta system within the D interval are investigated using seismic, well log, core data and production response. The D interval is interpreted as having been deposited in a lowstand system tract. And two progradational successions are recognized, including in ascending order the D2 and D1. The younger sandstone in the D1 interval is of greater thickness and larger distribution area than the elder sandstone in the D2 interval. Six core facies and five log patterns are recognized and interpreted to be underwater distributary channels, levees, overbank splays, mouth bars, sheet sand and shalier interchannel deposits. Channel deposits occur along the trend of thickest D2 and D1 sandstones. The sandstones that flank each side of the channel deposits are interpreted to be levee and overbank splay deposits. The sandstones that develop at terminal distributary channel mouth are interpreted to be mouth bar and sheet sand deposits. Channel-flank deposits can form good-quality reservoir sandstones, but they contain interbedded siltstones and thus have lower porosity and permeability than do channel deposits. The facies distributions predicted for the D interval match trends of the daily total fluid production. Knowledge gained from study of the L field has application to the development of other fields with similar depositional and diagenetic histories.","PeriodicalId":11486,"journal":{"name":"Earth Science Research","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82168018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stratigraphic “displacements or dislocations” are coarse clasts and / or objects (such as unaltered remains or conodont-elements) slowly mobilizing or migrating vertically upward through a fine-grained matrix by a cryogenetic process known as “upfreezing” due to freezing temperatures. The process was originally established by periglaciologists and cold-climate geomorphologists who applied it only to unconsolidated, sedimentary deposits. In this study, the process is applied to the marine, pre-lithified, black shales of the Upper Devonian, Chattanooga Shale Formation, specifically in Tennessee, USA. The importance of this recognition is to alert paleontologists and stratigraphers about the strong possibility of inaccurate age-determinations made concerning coarse objects such as a conodont-element (denticles) (but not fossilized molds) because of their fossilized presence in age-determined, stratigraphic, rock levels when the apatite-composed denticles may have instead been initially deposited at a lower stratigraphic level during pre-lithification of the fine-grained, host-rock (shale) before the paleo-upfreezing process mobilized the denticles upwards. Many lines of evidences are given in this study towards apparent, predominant, freezing temperatures in the pre-existing, Chattanooga Sea of the Appalachian Basin, including particular, supposed, bioturbated, pre-lithified, organic black shale that is reinterpreted here as cryoturbated, pre-lithified, organic, black shale.
{"title":"A Perspective on Stratigraphic, Vertically-Upward “Displacements or Dislocations” of Conodont-Elements: An Example From the Upper Devonian, Pre-Lithified, Black Shales of the Chattanooga Shale Formation In Tennessee, USA","authors":"Michael Iannicelli","doi":"10.5539/esr.v8n2p35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/esr.v8n2p35","url":null,"abstract":"Stratigraphic “displacements or dislocations” are coarse clasts and / or objects (such as unaltered remains or conodont-elements) slowly mobilizing or migrating vertically upward through a fine-grained matrix by a cryogenetic process known as “upfreezing” due to freezing temperatures. The process was originally established by periglaciologists and cold-climate geomorphologists who applied it only to unconsolidated, sedimentary deposits. In this study, the process is applied to the marine, pre-lithified, black shales of the Upper Devonian, Chattanooga Shale Formation, specifically in Tennessee, USA. The importance of this recognition is to alert paleontologists and stratigraphers about the strong possibility of inaccurate age-determinations made concerning coarse objects such as a conodont-element (denticles) (but not fossilized molds) because of their fossilized presence in age-determined, stratigraphic, rock levels when the apatite-composed denticles may have instead been initially deposited at a lower stratigraphic level during pre-lithification of the fine-grained, host-rock (shale) before the paleo-upfreezing process mobilized the denticles upwards. Many lines of evidences are given in this study towards apparent, predominant, freezing temperatures in the pre-existing, Chattanooga Sea of the Appalachian Basin, including particular, supposed, bioturbated, pre-lithified, organic black shale that is reinterpreted here as cryoturbated, pre-lithified, organic, black shale.","PeriodicalId":11486,"journal":{"name":"Earth Science Research","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87404423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Scientific paradigms are frameworks of ideas governing how a discipline conducts its research. Paradigms by themselves are neither correct nor incorrect, but are judged on their ability to explain evidence and to open up research opportunities. The commonly accepted glacial history paradigm requires North American glaciated prairie region erosional landform features, such as erosional escarpments and abandoned valleys associated with the north-oriented Bell River drainage system, to be pre-glacial in origin. While considerable literature is based on such interpretations those escarpments and abandoned valleys are formed in easily eroded bedrock and should not have survived continental ice sheet erosion. In addition to defying common sense logic the pre-glacial origin of those erosional escarpments and abandoned valleys is not well understood. A new paradigm requiring at least one continental ice sheet to have occupied a deep North American “hole” (formed by deep ice sheet erosion and ice sheet caused crustal warping) offers geomorphologists an opportunity to explain the erosional escarpments as remnants of canyon walls originally formed when supra-glacial rivers sliced ice-walled and bedrock-floored canyons into a decaying continental ice sheet’s surface and the abandoned north-oriented Bell River drainage system valleys to have been eroded as the ice-walled and bedrock-floored canyon network captured and diverted massive melt water floods onto and then across the decaying ice sheet’s floor and then in northeast and north directions between detached and semi-detached ice sheet remnants. The diversion of immense melt water floods from the Gulf of Mexico to the North Atlantic Ocean triggered climatic change that ended the first ice sheet’s melting. Water in the newly formed north-oriented drainage systems then froze between the detached and semi-detached (and greatly thinned) ice sheet remnants to create a second and much thinner ice sheet and to complete creation of the glaciated prairie region glacial features seen today.
{"title":"How a Fundamentally Different and New Glacial History Paradigm Explains North America Glaciated Prairie Region Erosional Escarpments and Drainage Patterns","authors":"E. Clausen","doi":"10.5539/ESR.V8N2P23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ESR.V8N2P23","url":null,"abstract":"Scientific paradigms are frameworks of ideas governing how a discipline conducts its research. Paradigms by themselves are neither correct nor incorrect, but are judged on their ability to explain evidence and to open up research opportunities. The commonly accepted glacial history paradigm requires North American glaciated prairie region erosional landform features, such as erosional escarpments and abandoned valleys associated with the north-oriented Bell River drainage system, to be pre-glacial in origin. While considerable literature is based on such interpretations those escarpments and abandoned valleys are formed in easily eroded bedrock and should not have survived continental ice sheet erosion. In addition to defying common sense logic the pre-glacial origin of those erosional escarpments and abandoned valleys is not well understood. A new paradigm requiring at least one continental ice sheet to have occupied a deep North American “hole” (formed by deep ice sheet erosion and ice sheet caused crustal warping) offers geomorphologists an opportunity to explain the erosional escarpments as remnants of canyon walls originally formed when supra-glacial rivers sliced ice-walled and bedrock-floored canyons into a decaying continental ice sheet’s surface and the abandoned north-oriented Bell River drainage system valleys to have been eroded as the ice-walled and bedrock-floored canyon network captured and diverted massive melt water floods onto and then across the decaying ice sheet’s floor and then in northeast and north directions between detached and semi-detached ice sheet remnants. The diversion of immense melt water floods from the Gulf of Mexico to the North Atlantic Ocean triggered climatic change that ended the first ice sheet’s melting. Water in the newly formed north-oriented drainage systems then froze between the detached and semi-detached (and greatly thinned) ice sheet remnants to create a second and much thinner ice sheet and to complete creation of the glaciated prairie region glacial features seen today.","PeriodicalId":11486,"journal":{"name":"Earth Science Research","volume":"19 4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90411016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the paper author describes an opinion which is based on: the crustal plate latitude direction force created by the variety of earth rotation angular velocity and the crustal plate longitude direction force created by earth rotation are main forces which are able to cause earthquake. At same time, author gives estimated value of these forces on main crustal plates around earth, and describes that five physical effects which can be used in earthquake prediction.
{"title":"Earthquake Prediction in Physical Effects","authors":"Yaozhi Jiang","doi":"10.5539/ESR.V8N2P17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ESR.V8N2P17","url":null,"abstract":"In the paper author describes an opinion which is based on: the crustal plate latitude direction force created by the variety of earth rotation angular velocity and the crustal plate longitude direction force created by earth rotation are main forces which are able to cause earthquake. At same time, author gives estimated value of these forces on main crustal plates around earth, and describes that five physical effects which can be used in earthquake prediction.","PeriodicalId":11486,"journal":{"name":"Earth Science Research","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75156839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this work we show how to perform a rapid computation of the Voigt/complex error over a single domain by vectorized interpolation. This approach enables us to cover the entire set of the parameters x,y ∈ mathbb{R} required for the HITRAN-based spectroscopic applications. The computational test reveals that within domains x ∈ [0,15] ∩y ∈ [10^{-8},15] and x ∈ [0,50000] ∩ y ≥ 10^{-8} our algorithmic implementation is faster in computation by factors of about 8 and 3, respectively, as compared to the fastest known C/C++ code for the Voigt/complex error function. A rapid MATLAB code is presented.
{"title":"A Single-Domain Implementation of the Voigt/Complex Error Function by Vectorized Interpolation","authors":"S. Abrarov, B. Quine, R. Siddiqui, R. Jagpal","doi":"10.5539/esr.v8n2p52","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/esr.v8n2p52","url":null,"abstract":"In this work we show how to perform a rapid computation of the Voigt/complex error over a single domain by vectorized interpolation. This approach enables us to cover the entire set of the parameters x,y ∈ mathbb{R} required for the HITRAN-based spectroscopic applications. The computational test reveals that within domains x ∈ [0,15] ∩y ∈ [10^{-8},15] and x ∈ [0,50000] ∩ y ≥ 10^{-8} our algorithmic implementation is faster in computation by factors of about 8 and 3, respectively, as compared to the fastest known C/C++ code for the Voigt/complex error function. A rapid MATLAB code is presented.","PeriodicalId":11486,"journal":{"name":"Earth Science Research","volume":"88 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84188748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Quentin Marc Anaba Fotze, Charles Antoine Basseka, A. D. Lordon, A. Yomba, Yves Shandini, J. M. Tadjou
The processing of aeromagnetic and gravity data of the Northern part of Congo Craton (South Cameroon region), between latitudes 2°30’-3°30’ N and longitudes 12°-13° E, permitted the determination of the structural features ccurring within the Precambrian basement (Ntem Complex) southwards and the Pan-African belt (Yaounde Group) northwards. The maxima of the Horizontal Gradient within the study area, were obtained using the Blakely and Simpson method (1986). Those maxima were used to trace the magnetic lineaments of the study area. Furthermore, the Total Horizontal derivative of the Tilt derivative applied on the residual grid of Bouguer anomaly guaranteed the enhancement of linear structures which were automatically extracted using the CET Grid Analysis algorithm. The superimposition of both magnetic and gravity lineaments allowed us to display the structural framework of the area, whose major trending directions are E-W, ENE-WSW, and NE-SW. These major lineament directions are likely to be linked to one or more than a single tectonic event such as the ENE-WSW/NE-SW trends, considered as the subduction direction of the Congo craton beneath the Pan-African belt. These trends may be linked to the Eburnean orogeny and are also said to be connected to the Central African Shear Zone (CASZ). The geophysical lineaments identified in the study are defined as potential targets along which mineralization may have been formed, considering the economic potential of the area.
{"title":"Geophysical Data Processing for the Delineation of Tectonic Lineaments in South Cameroon","authors":"Quentin Marc Anaba Fotze, Charles Antoine Basseka, A. D. Lordon, A. Yomba, Yves Shandini, J. M. Tadjou","doi":"10.5539/ESR.V8N2P1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ESR.V8N2P1","url":null,"abstract":"The processing of aeromagnetic and gravity data of the Northern part of Congo Craton (South Cameroon region), between latitudes 2°30’-3°30’ N and longitudes 12°-13° E, permitted the determination of the structural features ccurring within the Precambrian basement (Ntem Complex) southwards and the Pan-African belt (Yaounde Group) northwards. The maxima of the Horizontal Gradient within the study area, were obtained using the Blakely and Simpson method (1986). Those maxima were used to trace the magnetic lineaments of the study area. Furthermore, the Total Horizontal derivative of the Tilt derivative applied on the residual grid of Bouguer anomaly guaranteed the enhancement of linear structures which were automatically extracted using the CET Grid Analysis algorithm. The superimposition of both magnetic and gravity lineaments allowed us to display the structural framework of the area, whose major trending directions are E-W, ENE-WSW, and NE-SW. These major lineament directions are likely to be linked to one or more than a single tectonic event such as the ENE-WSW/NE-SW trends, considered as the subduction direction of the Congo craton beneath the Pan-African belt. These trends may be linked to the Eburnean orogeny and are also said to be connected to the Central African Shear Zone (CASZ). The geophysical lineaments identified in the study are defined as potential targets along which mineralization may have been formed, considering the economic potential of the area.","PeriodicalId":11486,"journal":{"name":"Earth Science Research","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90717811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Nyadzi, Benjamin kofi Nyarko, Mathew I. S Ezenwa
This study examined the effect of fires on the distribution of SOCS under different vegetation types. Soil samples were randomly collected on 34 plots and 24 sample points at depths 0–10 cm, 10–20 cm and 20–30 cm per plot in Northern Region of Ghana. Experimentally, 50m x 50m plots were marked out on burnt and unburnt lands under four different vegetation types. % C and bulk density were estimated using Walkley Black and core methods respectively. Results show that SOCS insignificantly (P>0.05) varied under the vegetation types with close savanna woodland (CSW) recording the highest of ~16.7t/ha on unburnt sites and ~19.4 t/ha on burnt sites while Grass/herbs with scattered trees and shrubs (GHST) recoded ~7.9 t/ha and ~9.4 t/ha on unburnt and burnt sites, respectively. The difference in % C and bulk density across depth were statistically significant (P<0.05). A strong negative correlation existed between bulk density & %C and bulk density & SOCS. We conclude that contrary to previous studies fire significantly (P<0.05) increased SOCS on fallow lands depending on fire temperature. However, vegetation types in the savannah of Ghana were observed to have an insignificant impact on the quantity of SOCs.
{"title":"Effects of Human Generated Fires on Soil Organic Carbon Stocks under Different Vegetation Types in Northern Ghana","authors":"E. Nyadzi, Benjamin kofi Nyarko, Mathew I. S Ezenwa","doi":"10.5539/ESR.V8N1P27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ESR.V8N1P27","url":null,"abstract":"This study examined the effect of fires on the distribution of SOCS under different vegetation types. Soil samples were randomly collected on 34 plots and 24 sample points at depths 0–10 cm, 10–20 cm and 20–30 cm per plot in Northern Region of Ghana. Experimentally, 50m x 50m plots were marked out on burnt and unburnt lands under four different vegetation types. % C and bulk density were estimated using Walkley Black and core methods respectively. Results show that SOCS insignificantly (P>0.05) varied under the vegetation types with close savanna woodland (CSW) recording the highest of ~16.7t/ha on unburnt sites and ~19.4 t/ha on burnt sites while Grass/herbs with scattered trees and shrubs (GHST) recoded ~7.9 t/ha and ~9.4 t/ha on unburnt and burnt sites, respectively. The difference in % C and bulk density across depth were statistically significant (P<0.05). A strong negative correlation existed between bulk density & %C and bulk density & SOCS. We conclude that contrary to previous studies fire significantly (P<0.05) increased SOCS on fallow lands depending on fire temperature. However, vegetation types in the savannah of Ghana were observed to have an insignificant impact on the quantity of SOCs.","PeriodicalId":11486,"journal":{"name":"Earth Science Research","volume":"26 1","pages":"27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79308100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shale exposed around Dange northwestern, Nigeria was studied. The aim was to determine the grade, quality and usability of the shale as drilling mud using its physico-chemical and the rheological characteristics. Sixty-one (61) samples were collected from exposed sections and pits. Major elements such as SiO2, Al2O3, MgO and CaO were determined. X-ray diffraction method was employed for the qualitative identification of the minerals in the shale. Cation Exchange Capacity and Exchangeable cations were determined using the Methylene Blue Absorption and Ammonium Acetate Saturation Methods respectively. Grain-size distribution and Atterberg Limits tests were also conducted. Apparent Viscosity, Plastic Viscosity and Yield point were calculated from readings obtained on a multi-speed Fann viscometer. The dominant clay mineral observed is smectite (71%) implying good expansive potential. Dominant oxides were SiO2 (42.60-57.50%), Al2O3 (12.00-16.70%), CaO (0.43-12.50%). Exchangeable cations obtained were Na+ (0.48-6.67), Ca2+ (14.03-34.50) and K+ (0.42-1.95) meq/100g clay. Liquid and plastic limits ranged from 69.40-86.00% and 30.10-36.10% respectively giving a Plasticity Index of 39.40-52.60%. The samples plot close to Ca-montmorillonite on the clay identification chart. The viscosity increased on addition of 7-10% sodium carbonate. It has good sodium exchange potential. In the natural state, it does not meet the API/OCMA specifications. However, its rheological properties improved significantly on treatment with sodium carbonate thus confirming its suitability as raw material in drilling mud.
{"title":"Evaluation of Shale Around Dange, Northwestern Nigeria as Raw Material for Drilling Mud","authors":"O. Oyedeji, G. O. Adeyemi","doi":"10.5539/esr.v8n1p19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/esr.v8n1p19","url":null,"abstract":"Shale exposed around Dange northwestern, Nigeria was studied. The aim was to determine the grade, quality and usability of the shale as drilling mud using its physico-chemical and the rheological characteristics. \u0000 \u0000Sixty-one (61) samples were collected from exposed sections and pits. Major elements such as SiO2, Al2O3, MgO and CaO were determined. X-ray diffraction method was employed for the qualitative identification of the minerals in the shale. Cation Exchange Capacity and Exchangeable cations were determined using the Methylene Blue Absorption and Ammonium Acetate Saturation Methods respectively. Grain-size distribution and Atterberg Limits tests were also conducted. Apparent Viscosity, Plastic Viscosity and Yield point were calculated from readings obtained on a multi-speed Fann viscometer. \u0000 \u0000The dominant clay mineral observed is smectite (71%) implying good expansive potential. Dominant oxides were SiO2 (42.60-57.50%), Al2O3 (12.00-16.70%), CaO (0.43-12.50%). Exchangeable cations obtained were Na+ (0.48-6.67), Ca2+ (14.03-34.50) and K+ (0.42-1.95) meq/100g clay. Liquid and plastic limits ranged from 69.40-86.00% and 30.10-36.10% respectively giving a Plasticity Index of 39.40-52.60%. \u0000 \u0000The samples plot close to Ca-montmorillonite on the clay identification chart. The viscosity increased on addition of 7-10% sodium carbonate. It has good sodium exchange potential. In the natural state, it does not meet the API/OCMA specifications. However, its rheological properties improved significantly on treatment with sodium carbonate thus confirming its suitability as raw material in drilling mud.","PeriodicalId":11486,"journal":{"name":"Earth Science Research","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87742381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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