In this paper, we estimate the time-varying reactions of fiscal behaviours, relating the cyclical-adjusted primary balance to the output gap and debt variations for EMU countries for the period 1999o2012 using quarterly data. We estimated these behaviours using a Kalman FilteroMaximum Likelihood approach. Our results showed that the behaviours of fiscal authorities in the euro area have evolved since 1999 at least once in response to both internal targets and external shocks. In particular, most countries pursued a counter-cyclical policy after 2008, while the current period is characterised by an a-cyclical or pro-cyclical policy. Changes in the orientation of fiscal policies are also manifested by changes in the concern for sustainability. The results also show that the fiscal stance is improved by faster credit growth and is worsened in the presence of parliamentary elections.
{"title":"Fiscal Behaviours in EMU Countries: A Dynamic Approach","authors":"C. Schalck","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2294353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2294353","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we estimate the time-varying reactions of fiscal behaviours, relating the cyclical-adjusted primary balance to the output gap and debt variations for EMU countries for the period 1999o2012 using quarterly data. We estimated these behaviours using a Kalman FilteroMaximum Likelihood approach. Our results showed that the behaviours of fiscal authorities in the euro area have evolved since 1999 at least once in response to both internal targets and external shocks. In particular, most countries pursued a counter-cyclical policy after 2008, while the current period is characterised by an a-cyclical or pro-cyclical policy. Changes in the orientation of fiscal policies are also manifested by changes in the concern for sustainability. The results also show that the fiscal stance is improved by faster credit growth and is worsened in the presence of parliamentary elections.","PeriodicalId":114907,"journal":{"name":"Global Business Issues eJournal","volume":"168 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131538806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
David S. Evans, K. Webster, Gloria Knapp Colgan, Scott Murray
Pundits have been predicting the death of cash for as long as the plastic card has been in existence – more than 60 years. This perception has been intensified of late by the rapid acceleration in payments innovation, driven in large part by the mobile phone, in both developed and developing markets. The authors assert that the existing ways of measuring cash are inadequate for measuring cash usage and have devised a new methodology and framework for measuring how much cash is used by consumers to pay for things at merchants. This paper provides an overview of this methodology by applying it to 10 countries: France, Italy, Germany, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, UK, and US. The authors conclude that although payments innovation will impact the consumers’ use of cash, significant impacts will take at least a decade to be felt.
{"title":"Payments Innovation and the Use of Cash","authors":"David S. Evans, K. Webster, Gloria Knapp Colgan, Scott Murray","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2273216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2273216","url":null,"abstract":"Pundits have been predicting the death of cash for as long as the plastic card has been in existence – more than 60 years. This perception has been intensified of late by the rapid acceleration in payments innovation, driven in large part by the mobile phone, in both developed and developing markets. The authors assert that the existing ways of measuring cash are inadequate for measuring cash usage and have devised a new methodology and framework for measuring how much cash is used by consumers to pay for things at merchants. This paper provides an overview of this methodology by applying it to 10 countries: France, Italy, Germany, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, UK, and US. The authors conclude that although payments innovation will impact the consumers’ use of cash, significant impacts will take at least a decade to be felt.","PeriodicalId":114907,"journal":{"name":"Global Business Issues eJournal","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116358471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study explores Pakistan-India trade in commodities and services within the health sector. We investigate existing trading patterns (by calculating a trade intensity index) along with the potential for trade between Pakistan and India (through a trade complementarity index) in three commodities: medical equipment, pharmaceutical products, and surgical instruments.
{"title":"Pakistan-India Trade: An Analysis of the Health Sector","authors":"H. Majid, N. Mukhtar","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2397015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2397015","url":null,"abstract":"This study explores Pakistan-India trade in commodities and services within the health sector. We investigate existing trading patterns (by calculating a trade intensity index) along with the potential for trade between Pakistan and India (through a trade complementarity index) in three commodities: medical equipment, pharmaceutical products, and surgical instruments.","PeriodicalId":114907,"journal":{"name":"Global Business Issues eJournal","volume":"109 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115687684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper we map the development of the NGO sector in Slovakia and Austria. In the context of a common historical development we assess the current state and economic strength of NGOs in both countries. Furthermore, the presented paper deals with the self-financing of non-government organizations and compares the current state and potential of self-financing in Slovakia and Austria. We focus on exploring the self-financing activities of NGOs in the context of maintaining a generally beneficial purpose for which they were founded. We draw on the comparable findings of primary research conducted in Slovakia and Austria, showing that self-financing must be understood in a broader context than a "business" of non-government organizations and that it can be in compliance with the general benefit as the primary purpose of organizations founded on a non-profit basis.
{"title":"The Non-Government Organizations in Slovakia and Austria and the Current State of Their Self-Financing","authors":"Gabriela Vaceková, M. Svidroňová","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2260963","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2260963","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we map the development of the NGO sector in Slovakia and Austria. In the context of a common historical development we assess the current state and economic strength of NGOs in both countries. Furthermore, the presented paper deals with the self-financing of non-government organizations and compares the current state and potential of self-financing in Slovakia and Austria. We focus on exploring the self-financing activities of NGOs in the context of maintaining a generally beneficial purpose for which they were founded. We draw on the comparable findings of primary research conducted in Slovakia and Austria, showing that self-financing must be understood in a broader context than a \"business\" of non-government organizations and that it can be in compliance with the general benefit as the primary purpose of organizations founded on a non-profit basis.","PeriodicalId":114907,"journal":{"name":"Global Business Issues eJournal","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126620828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
When the WTO TRIPS Agreement entered into force on January 1, 1995, least developed countries (LDCs) were given until January 1, 2006 to bring their legislation into conformity with the agreement (subject to compliance with national treatment and most favored nation (MFN) treatment obligations). Pursuant to Article 66.1, upon presentation of a duly motivated request, the TRIPS Council is obligated to provide extensions of the transition period “In view of the special needs and requirements of least-developed country Members, their economic, financial and administrative constraints, and their need for flexibility to create a viable technological base.” The first LDC extension was granted in 2002 further to Paragraph 7 of the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health in respect to pharmaceutical patents and regulatory data requirements, and included authority to disapply existing protections. That public health-related extension expires on January 1, 2016. A general extension of the LDC transition was adopted by the TRIPS Council in 2005, and is set to expire on July 1, 2013. The 2005 extension included a clause that has become known as the “no-rollback” provision, providing that “Least-developed country Members will ensure that any changes in their laws, regulations and practice made during the additional transitional period do not result in a lesser degree of consistency with the provisions of the TRIPS Agreement”. LDCs have presented a request for an additional extension of the transition arrangement. In this context, they have objected to the inclusion of a “no-rollback” clause. This paper examines whether the WTO TRIPS Council has the authority to establish a no-rollback requirement as a condition of further LDC transition extensions. It considers the terms of the TRIPS Agreement, the negotiating history of the transition arrangements, other WTO Agreement language regarding waivers, ambiguity of terms, prospective options should there not be an agreement, and policies underlying the LDC request and certain objections. This paper was presented and discussed at a meeting organized by ICTSD at the WTO on May 24, 2013.
{"title":"Technical Note: The LDC TRIPS Transition Extension and the Question of Rollback","authors":"Frederick M. Abbott","doi":"10.7215/ip_pb_20130529","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7215/ip_pb_20130529","url":null,"abstract":"When the WTO TRIPS Agreement entered into force on January 1, 1995, least developed countries (LDCs) were given until January 1, 2006 to bring their legislation into conformity with the agreement (subject to compliance with national treatment and most favored nation (MFN) treatment obligations). Pursuant to Article 66.1, upon presentation of a duly motivated request, the TRIPS Council is obligated to provide extensions of the transition period “In view of the special needs and requirements of least-developed country Members, their economic, financial and administrative constraints, and their need for flexibility to create a viable technological base.” The first LDC extension was granted in 2002 further to Paragraph 7 of the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health in respect to pharmaceutical patents and regulatory data requirements, and included authority to disapply existing protections. That public health-related extension expires on January 1, 2016. A general extension of the LDC transition was adopted by the TRIPS Council in 2005, and is set to expire on July 1, 2013. The 2005 extension included a clause that has become known as the “no-rollback” provision, providing that “Least-developed country Members will ensure that any changes in their laws, regulations and practice made during the additional transitional period do not result in a lesser degree of consistency with the provisions of the TRIPS Agreement”. LDCs have presented a request for an additional extension of the transition arrangement. In this context, they have objected to the inclusion of a “no-rollback” clause. This paper examines whether the WTO TRIPS Council has the authority to establish a no-rollback requirement as a condition of further LDC transition extensions. It considers the terms of the TRIPS Agreement, the negotiating history of the transition arrangements, other WTO Agreement language regarding waivers, ambiguity of terms, prospective options should there not be an agreement, and policies underlying the LDC request and certain objections. This paper was presented and discussed at a meeting organized by ICTSD at the WTO on May 24, 2013.","PeriodicalId":114907,"journal":{"name":"Global Business Issues eJournal","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123154298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Austrian economics focuses on markets, but has much to say about organizations. In particular, Austrian insights on the structure of production, the heterogeneity and subjectivity of resources, the nature of uncertainty, the role of monetary calculation, and the function of the entrepreneur provide solid foundations for a distinctly Austrian theory of organizations. We review these insights, discuss recent literature on Austrian economics and the theory of the firm, and suggest new directions for developing and extending an Austrian approach to organizations.
{"title":"Organizations and Markets","authors":"N. Foss, Peter G. Klein, Stefan Linder","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2257714","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2257714","url":null,"abstract":"Austrian economics focuses on markets, but has much to say about organizations. In particular, Austrian insights on the structure of production, the heterogeneity and subjectivity of resources, the nature of uncertainty, the role of monetary calculation, and the function of the entrepreneur provide solid foundations for a distinctly Austrian theory of organizations. We review these insights, discuss recent literature on Austrian economics and the theory of the firm, and suggest new directions for developing and extending an Austrian approach to organizations.","PeriodicalId":114907,"journal":{"name":"Global Business Issues eJournal","volume":"611 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117080521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-04-11DOI: 10.1108/15253831311309500
A. Kolk, F. Fortanier
Purpose – The domestic institutional context has emerged as a key determinant of firms’ environmental disclosure, but studies have hardly addressed the extent to which exposure to foreign institutional contexts plays a role in the occurrence and contents of non-financial disclosure, crucial aspects for understanding multinationals’ accountability. This article therefore investigates the relationship between internationalization (both degree and spread) and environmental disclosure. Design/methodology/approach – It is hypothesized that both home and host country institutional pressures affect the relationship between internationalization and environmental disclosure, and that effects are more prominent in environmentally-sensitive sectors. The proposed relationships are tested using data from the Fortune Global 250. Findings – Results show a significantly negative relationship between the degree of internationalization and environmental disclosure, which is only partly mitigated by environmental governance and institutional quality in home and host countries. Only for firms in high-sensitivity sectors from high-standard countries is the relationship positive. Findings are particularly strong for the degree of internationalization; and non-significant for dispersion/spread. Originality/value – This article moves beyond the predominant focus on country-of-origin effects by adding exposure to foreign institutional contexts, for which it develops a new indicator. It renews attention to non-financial disclosure, a topic underexposed in the IB literature. Viewed from a broader IB perspective, the article provides an empirical illustration of the effect of home and host institutions on firm strategy, and of the use of different metrics to assess internationalization with divergent results for degree versus spread, as well as for sales versus assets, pointing at areas for further research.
{"title":"Internationalization and Environmental Disclosure: The Role of Home and Host Institutions","authors":"A. Kolk, F. Fortanier","doi":"10.1108/15253831311309500","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/15253831311309500","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose – The domestic institutional context has emerged as a key determinant of firms’ environmental disclosure, but studies have hardly addressed the extent to which exposure to foreign institutional contexts plays a role in the occurrence and contents of non-financial disclosure, crucial aspects for understanding multinationals’ accountability. This article therefore investigates the relationship between internationalization (both degree and spread) and environmental disclosure. Design/methodology/approach – It is hypothesized that both home and host country institutional pressures affect the relationship between internationalization and environmental disclosure, and that effects are more prominent in environmentally-sensitive sectors. The proposed relationships are tested using data from the Fortune Global 250. Findings – Results show a significantly negative relationship between the degree of internationalization and environmental disclosure, which is only partly mitigated by environmental governance and institutional quality in home and host countries. Only for firms in high-sensitivity sectors from high-standard countries is the relationship positive. Findings are particularly strong for the degree of internationalization; and non-significant for dispersion/spread. Originality/value – This article moves beyond the predominant focus on country-of-origin effects by adding exposure to foreign institutional contexts, for which it develops a new indicator. It renews attention to non-financial disclosure, a topic underexposed in the IB literature. Viewed from a broader IB perspective, the article provides an empirical illustration of the effect of home and host institutions on firm strategy, and of the use of different metrics to assess internationalization with divergent results for degree versus spread, as well as for sales versus assets, pointing at areas for further research.","PeriodicalId":114907,"journal":{"name":"Global Business Issues eJournal","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125607520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-03-31DOI: 10.1017/cbo9781139236829
Shahla F. Ali
Nearly all major global financial centres have developed systems of consumer financial dispute resolution. Such systems aim to assist parties to resolve a growing number of monetary disputes with financial institutions. How governments and self-regulatory organizations design and administer financial dispute resolution mechanisms in the context of increasingly turbulent financial markets is a new area for research and practice. Consumer Financial Dispute Resolution in a Comparative Context presents comparative research about the development and design of these mechanisms in East Asia, North America and Europe. Using a comparative methodology and drawing on empirical findings from a multi-jurisdictional survey, Shahla Ali examines the emergence of global principles that influence the design of financial dispute resolution models, considers the structural variations between the ombuds and arbitration systems and offers practical proposals for reform.
{"title":"Consumer Financial Dispute Resolution in a Comparative Context: Principles, Systems and Practice","authors":"Shahla F. Ali","doi":"10.1017/cbo9781139236829","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139236829","url":null,"abstract":"Nearly all major global financial centres have developed systems of consumer financial dispute resolution. Such systems aim to assist parties to resolve a growing number of monetary disputes with financial institutions. How governments and self-regulatory organizations design and administer financial dispute resolution mechanisms in the context of increasingly turbulent financial markets is a new area for research and practice. Consumer Financial Dispute Resolution in a Comparative Context presents comparative research about the development and design of these mechanisms in East Asia, North America and Europe. Using a comparative methodology and drawing on empirical findings from a multi-jurisdictional survey, Shahla Ali examines the emergence of global principles that influence the design of financial dispute resolution models, considers the structural variations between the ombuds and arbitration systems and offers practical proposals for reform.","PeriodicalId":114907,"journal":{"name":"Global Business Issues eJournal","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131374336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Focus of interest in this paper is the concept of competitiveness as measured by the originally developed index of business environment. Competitiveness is interpreted in the broader meaning of the term: it includes not only cost conditions, but also institutional and system conditions of different national economies that define the attractiveness of their business environment. Methodology of composite index decomposition and analysis is used to evaluate and compare Croatian results with the results of EU15 and EU 12 countries. Composite index is formed on World Economic Forum data collected in 2008. Comparisons are done on three levels: overall index, subindices of four distinct sectors of business environment (political-legal, economic, sociocultural and technological), and 22 pinpointed variables that constitute the index. Results show that Croatia lags behind the EU15 countries and has almost equal quality of business environment as EU 12 countries. Based on the results of the analysis of the specific variables, research implicates that in order to improve attractiveness of its business environment the most Croatia should direct its reforms towards following areas: antimonopoly, government spending, market dominance, tertiary enrollment, railroad infrastructure and Internet usage.
{"title":"EU and Croatia: Attractiveness of Business Environment","authors":"Dragomir Sundać, Dunja Škalamera Alilović, Heri Bezic","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2232763","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2232763","url":null,"abstract":"Focus of interest in this paper is the concept of competitiveness as measured by the originally developed index of business environment. Competitiveness is interpreted in the broader meaning of the term: it includes not only cost conditions, but also institutional and system conditions of different national economies that define the attractiveness of their business environment. Methodology of composite index decomposition and analysis is used to evaluate and compare Croatian results with the results of EU15 and EU 12 countries. Composite index is formed on World Economic Forum data collected in 2008. Comparisons are done on three levels: overall index, subindices of four distinct sectors of business environment (political-legal, economic, sociocultural and technological), and 22 pinpointed variables that constitute the index. Results show that Croatia lags behind the EU15 countries and has almost equal quality of business environment as EU 12 countries. Based on the results of the analysis of the specific variables, research implicates that in order to improve attractiveness of its business environment the most Croatia should direct its reforms towards following areas: antimonopoly, government spending, market dominance, tertiary enrollment, railroad infrastructure and Internet usage.","PeriodicalId":114907,"journal":{"name":"Global Business Issues eJournal","volume":"97 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131367909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Research is devoted to the analysis of the import demand function in Russia. On the basis of the proposed methodology, the econometric model for the full range of imported goods in the last decade (2000–2010) is estimated. Product groups are ranked by the impact of customs duties and the real exchange rate fluctuations on import. The estimation of dynamics of import demand sensitivity to changes in the real effective exchange rate and to fluctuations in import prices is reported and discussed.
{"title":"Estimation of Import Demand Function in Russia","authors":"A. Knobel","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2228255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2228255","url":null,"abstract":"Research is devoted to the analysis of the import demand function in Russia. On the basis of the proposed methodology, the econometric model for the full range of imported goods in the last decade (2000–2010) is estimated. Product groups are ranked by the impact of customs duties and the real exchange rate fluctuations on import. The estimation of dynamics of import demand sensitivity to changes in the real effective exchange rate and to fluctuations in import prices is reported and discussed.","PeriodicalId":114907,"journal":{"name":"Global Business Issues eJournal","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126125000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：