The goal of the Spirit Project was to develop a prototype of next-generation well-test-interpretation (WTI) software that would include knowledge-based decision support for the WTI model selection task. This paper describes how Spirit makes use of several different types of information (pressure, seismic, petrophysical, geological, and engineering) to support the user in identifying the most appropriate WTI model. Spirit`s knowledge-based approach to type-curve matching is to generate several different feasible interpretations by making assumptions about the possible presence of both wellbore storage and late-time boundary effects. Spirit fuses information from type-curve matching and other data sources by use of a knowledge-based decision model developed in collaboration with a WTI expert. The sponsors of the work have judged the resulting prototype system a success.
{"title":"Integrating Knowledge-Based Techniques Into Well Test Interpretation","authors":"I. Harrison, J. Fraser","doi":"10.2118/27575-PA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/27575-PA","url":null,"abstract":"The goal of the Spirit Project was to develop a prototype of next-generation well-test-interpretation (WTI) software that would include knowledge-based decision support for the WTI model selection task. This paper describes how Spirit makes use of several different types of information (pressure, seismic, petrophysical, geological, and engineering) to support the user in identifying the most appropriate WTI model. Spirit`s knowledge-based approach to type-curve matching is to generate several different feasible interpretations by making assumptions about the possible presence of both wellbore storage and late-time boundary effects. Spirit fuses information from type-curve matching and other data sources by use of a knowledge-based decision model developed in collaboration with a WTI expert. The sponsors of the work have judged the resulting prototype system a success.","PeriodicalId":115136,"journal":{"name":"Spe Computer Applications","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131849554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Successful installation and operation of supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems on two US gulf coast platforms, prompted the installation of the first SCADA, or automation, system in Oklahoma in 1989. The initial installation consisted of four remote terminal units (RTU`s) at four beam-pumped leases and a PC-based control system communicating by means of a 900-MHz data repeated. This first installation was a building block for additional wells to be automated, and then additional systems, consisting of RTU`s, a PC, and a data repeated, were installed. By the end of 1992 there were 98 RTU`s operating on five separation systems and additional RTU`s are being installed on a regular basis. This paper outlines the logical development of automation systems on properties in Oklahoma operated by Phillips Petroleum Co. Those factors critical to the success of the effort are (1) designing data-gathering and control capability in conjunction with the field operations staff to meet and not exceed their needs; (2) selection of a computer operating system and automation software package; (3) selection of computer, RTU, and end-device hardware; and (4) continuous involvement of the field operations staff in the installation, operation, and maintenance of the systems. Additionally, specific tangible andmore » intangible results are discussed.« less
{"title":"Practical Automation for Mature Producing Areas","authors":"J. Luppens","doi":"10.2118/26591-PA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/26591-PA","url":null,"abstract":"Successful installation and operation of supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems on two US gulf coast platforms, prompted the installation of the first SCADA, or automation, system in Oklahoma in 1989. The initial installation consisted of four remote terminal units (RTU`s) at four beam-pumped leases and a PC-based control system communicating by means of a 900-MHz data repeated. This first installation was a building block for additional wells to be automated, and then additional systems, consisting of RTU`s, a PC, and a data repeated, were installed. By the end of 1992 there were 98 RTU`s operating on five separation systems and additional RTU`s are being installed on a regular basis. This paper outlines the logical development of automation systems on properties in Oklahoma operated by Phillips Petroleum Co. Those factors critical to the success of the effort are (1) designing data-gathering and control capability in conjunction with the field operations staff to meet and not exceed their needs; (2) selection of a computer operating system and automation software package; (3) selection of computer, RTU, and end-device hardware; and (4) continuous involvement of the field operations staff in the installation, operation, and maintenance of the systems. Additionally, specific tangible andmore » intangible results are discussed.« less","PeriodicalId":115136,"journal":{"name":"Spe Computer Applications","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127670869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Beam pumping is the most frequently used artificial-lift technique for oil production. Downhole pump cards are used to evaluate performance of the pumping unit. Pump cards can be generated from surface dynamometer cards using a 1D wave equation with viscous damping, as suggested by Gibbs and Neely. Pump cards contain significant information describing the behavior of the pump. However, interpretation of these cards is tedious and time-consuming; hence, an automated system capable of interpreting these cards could speed interpretation and warn of pump failures. This work presents the results of a DOS-based computer program capable of correctly classifying pump cards. The program uses a hybrid artificial neural network (ANN) to identify significant features of the pump card. The hybrid ANN uses classical and sinusoidal perceptrons. The network is trained using an error-back-propagation technique. The program correctly identified pump problems for more than 180 different training and test pump cards. The ANN takes a total of 80 data points as input. Sixty data points are collected from the pump card perimeter, and the remaining 20 data points represent the slope at selected points on the pump card perimeter. Pump problem conditions are grouped into 11 distinct classes. The network is capablemore » of identifying one or more of these problem conditions for each pump card. Eight examples are presented and discussed.« less
{"title":"Application of Artificial Neural Network to Pump Card Diagnosis","authors":"G. Nazi, K. Ashenayi, J. Lea, F. Kemp","doi":"10.2118/25420-PA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/25420-PA","url":null,"abstract":"Beam pumping is the most frequently used artificial-lift technique for oil production. Downhole pump cards are used to evaluate performance of the pumping unit. Pump cards can be generated from surface dynamometer cards using a 1D wave equation with viscous damping, as suggested by Gibbs and Neely. Pump cards contain significant information describing the behavior of the pump. However, interpretation of these cards is tedious and time-consuming; hence, an automated system capable of interpreting these cards could speed interpretation and warn of pump failures. This work presents the results of a DOS-based computer program capable of correctly classifying pump cards. The program uses a hybrid artificial neural network (ANN) to identify significant features of the pump card. The hybrid ANN uses classical and sinusoidal perceptrons. The network is trained using an error-back-propagation technique. The program correctly identified pump problems for more than 180 different training and test pump cards. The ANN takes a total of 80 data points as input. Sixty data points are collected from the pump card perimeter, and the remaining 20 data points represent the slope at selected points on the pump card perimeter. Pump problem conditions are grouped into 11 distinct classes. The network is capablemore » of identifying one or more of these problem conditions for each pump card. Eight examples are presented and discussed.« less","PeriodicalId":115136,"journal":{"name":"Spe Computer Applications","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116414842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The petroleum industry has fewer analysts, engineers, and technicians than it did a decade ago. To handle this increased workload, the remaining individuals use a variety of computing options. The question under consideration here is how to most effectively train the right people to use the appropriate computing tools to solve corresponding problems. As the authors have planned the software training at Oil and Gas Consultants Intl. Inc. (OGCI), they have found it useful to divide computing skills into three levels--tools, processes, and systems. These levels are progressively more complex; they build on each other, and represent increasingly higher levels of analysis. This paper draws from their experience training nearly 800 people around the world, in 1993 alone, to better use petroleum software. They use the multi-level approach to highlight training challenges and to suggest possible improvements.
与十年前相比，石油行业的分析师、工程师和技术人员更少了。为了处理这种增加的工作负载，剩下的个人使用各种计算选项。这里考虑的问题是如何最有效地培训合适的人员使用适当的计算工具来解决相应的问题。正如作者计划在Oil and Gas Consultants Intl进行软件培训一样。公司(OGCI)，他们发现将计算技能分为三个层次——工具、过程和系统——是很有用的。这些关卡逐渐变得更加复杂;它们相互建立，并代表了越来越高的分析水平。本文借鉴了他们的经验，仅在1993年就在全球培训了近800人，以更好地使用石油软件。他们使用多层次的方法来强调培训的挑战，并提出可能的改进建议。
{"title":"Tools, Processes, and Systems: An Integrated Approach to Petroleum Software Training","authors":"L. C. Ames, R. D. Reese","doi":"10.2118/27582-PA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/27582-PA","url":null,"abstract":"The petroleum industry has fewer analysts, engineers, and technicians than it did a decade ago. To handle this increased workload, the remaining individuals use a variety of computing options. The question under consideration here is how to most effectively train the right people to use the appropriate computing tools to solve corresponding problems. As the authors have planned the software training at Oil and Gas Consultants Intl. Inc. (OGCI), they have found it useful to divide computing skills into three levels--tools, processes, and systems. These levels are progressively more complex; they build on each other, and represent increasingly higher levels of analysis. This paper draws from their experience training nearly 800 people around the world, in 1993 alone, to better use petroleum software. They use the multi-level approach to highlight training challenges and to suggest possible improvements.","PeriodicalId":115136,"journal":{"name":"Spe Computer Applications","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123534303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A parallel implicit research reservoir simulator (PIERS), designed for experimentation rather than production yet with many of the features of realistic petroleum reservoir models, was made available to the authors as a test program. This article reports results of timing PIERS on five parallel supercomputers. Graphs illustrate performance as a function of the number of processors for several problem sizes. Results indicate that parallel computation provides substantial speed improvement in reservoir simulator codes. Also, the raw timings provide an interesting comparison of machine performance, though one should remember that they apply directly only to PIERS and may vary with different simulators, compilers, operating systems, and hardware configurations.
{"title":"PIERS timings on various parallel supercomputers","authors":"P. Keenan, J. Flower","doi":"10.2118/28170-PA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/28170-PA","url":null,"abstract":"A parallel implicit research reservoir simulator (PIERS), designed for experimentation rather than production yet with many of the features of realistic petroleum reservoir models, was made available to the authors as a test program. This article reports results of timing PIERS on five parallel supercomputers. Graphs illustrate performance as a function of the number of processors for several problem sizes. Results indicate that parallel computation provides substantial speed improvement in reservoir simulator codes. Also, the raw timings provide an interesting comparison of machine performance, though one should remember that they apply directly only to PIERS and may vary with different simulators, compilers, operating systems, and hardware configurations.","PeriodicalId":115136,"journal":{"name":"Spe Computer Applications","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130508055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the past, old gamma ray neutron (GRN) (1940's to 1960's) and old electric (E) logs were not widely used for detailed log analysis because performing this task accurately is manpower intensive. Recent developments in computer hardware and software have made it feasible to digitize and analyze old logs to obtain more accurate reservoir parameters for fields developed from the 1930's to the 1960's before modern logs were available. This paper describes a computer-based method to rescale old GRN and E logs efficiently, then perform shale volume, effective porosity, bulk volume water (BVW), and water saturation calculations. This method leads to more accurate reservoir characterization and reserves determination. Using the computer simplifies this task and reduces the cost enough that old fields may be studied that otherwise might not be economically feasible to study.
{"title":"Use of Computers To Perform Old Log Analysis","authors":"D. G. Barrett","doi":"10.2118/24451-PA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/24451-PA","url":null,"abstract":"In the past, old gamma ray neutron (GRN) (1940's to 1960's) and old electric (E) logs were not widely used for detailed log analysis because performing this task accurately is manpower intensive. Recent developments in computer hardware and software have made it feasible to digitize and analyze old logs to obtain more accurate reservoir parameters for fields developed from the 1930's to the 1960's before modern logs were available. This paper describes a computer-based method to rescale old GRN and E logs efficiently, then perform shale volume, effective porosity, bulk volume water (BVW), and water saturation calculations. This method leads to more accurate reservoir characterization and reserves determination. Using the computer simplifies this task and reduces the cost enough that old fields may be studied that otherwise might not be economically feasible to study.","PeriodicalId":115136,"journal":{"name":"Spe Computer Applications","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121756925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An interactive, graphical software package provides the ability to view production well data generated by reservoir simulation. The program (KEYPLOT-X) includes several novel concepts, such as use of object-oriented technology for graphical software and a direct-access database structure. The entire application is constructed from a library of elemental objects. Inheritance of properties between objects produces extremely modular code, which greatly enhances maintenance and extendibility. The database has a direct-access hierarchical structure that is object-oriented, simplifying the data access protocol to provide rapid interactivity between the database, applications, and user interface. The overall approach has provided a high degree of functionality and flexibility to engineering applications and a manageable software structure for maintenance and development.
{"title":"An object-oriented approach to simulator postprocessing","authors":"B. Leach, P. W. Scherer, G. Starley","doi":"10.2118/26223-PA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/26223-PA","url":null,"abstract":"An interactive, graphical software package provides the ability to view production well data generated by reservoir simulation. The program (KEYPLOT-X) includes several novel concepts, such as use of object-oriented technology for graphical software and a direct-access database structure. The entire application is constructed from a library of elemental objects. Inheritance of properties between objects produces extremely modular code, which greatly enhances maintenance and extendibility. The database has a direct-access hierarchical structure that is object-oriented, simplifying the data access protocol to provide rapid interactivity between the database, applications, and user interface. The overall approach has provided a high degree of functionality and flexibility to engineering applications and a manageable software structure for maintenance and development.","PeriodicalId":115136,"journal":{"name":"Spe Computer Applications","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121767515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Using PC's and Monte Carlo Simulation To Assess Risk in Workover Evaluations","authors":"M. Wiggins, Xu Zhang","doi":"10.2118/26243-PA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/26243-PA","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":115136,"journal":{"name":"Spe Computer Applications","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127891904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Parameterization of Complex 3D Heterogeneities: A New CAD Approach","authors":"L. Wietzerbin, J. Mallet","doi":"10.2118/26423-PA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/26423-PA","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":115136,"journal":{"name":"Spe Computer Applications","volume":"103 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123518218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Incorporating Historical Data Into Monte Carlo Simulation","authors":"J. Murtha","doi":"10.2118/26245-PA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/26245-PA","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":115136,"journal":{"name":"Spe Computer Applications","volume":"108 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114900009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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