This chapter compares the Emmaus road episode in Luke 24 with Herodotus’s account of Aristeas of Proconnesus. Both Aristeas and Jesus seem to die but reappear to speak with travelers on the road, demonstrate true signs of their reality, and are later worshipped by human communities. Plausibility is greatly determined by prior investment in a story or its result, though invested authors strive to undercut skepticism by literary techniques of verification (for instance, Jesus denying he is a ghost and exhibiting his wounds). These techniques are paralleled in contemporary stories about Apollonius of Tyana, Astrabacus, Philinnion, and Protesilaus.
{"title":"DISAPPEARANCE AND RECOGNITION","authors":"M. Litwa","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvmd867c.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvmd867c.16","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter compares the Emmaus road episode in Luke 24 with Herodotus’s account of Aristeas of Proconnesus. Both Aristeas and Jesus seem to die but reappear to speak with travelers on the road, demonstrate true signs of their reality, and are later worshipped by human communities. Plausibility is greatly determined by prior investment in a story or its result, though invested authors strive to undercut skepticism by literary techniques of verification (for instance, Jesus denying he is a ghost and exhibiting his wounds). These techniques are paralleled in contemporary stories about Apollonius of Tyana, Astrabacus, Philinnion, and Protesilaus.","PeriodicalId":115187,"journal":{"name":"How the Gospels Became History","volume":"90 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123150839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"INDEX OF ANCIENT SOURCES","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvmd867c.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvmd867c.23","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":115187,"journal":{"name":"How the Gospels Became History","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130830695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"INDEX OF MODERN AUTHORS","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvmd867c.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvmd867c.22","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":115187,"journal":{"name":"How the Gospels Became History","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123785192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-06DOI: 10.12987/yale/9780300242638.003.0001
M. Litwa
The introduction defines the ancient sense of myth, explains the ancient cultural value attached to historiographical discourse, outlines historiographical tropes, defines the category of mythic historiography, and creatively applies that category to the canonical gospels.
{"title":"The Gospels, Mythography, and Historiography","authors":"M. Litwa","doi":"10.12987/yale/9780300242638.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300242638.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"The introduction defines the ancient sense of myth, explains the ancient cultural value attached to historiographical discourse, outlines historiographical tropes, defines the category of mythic historiography, and creatively applies that category to the canonical gospels.","PeriodicalId":115187,"journal":{"name":"How the Gospels Became History","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131656512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-06DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(01)31692-6
M. Litwa
{"title":"The Pharmakos","authors":"M. Litwa","doi":"10.1016/s0140-6736(01)31692-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(01)31692-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":115187,"journal":{"name":"How the Gospels Became History","volume":"1 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113986033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-06DOI: 10.12987/yale/9780300242638.003.0007
M. Litwa
This chapter compares dream visions and prophecies in mythic historiography with analogous stories in the gospels. Most of the visions and prophecies reveal the birth of a divine child. Fathers have dreams or oracles instructing them not to thwart the divine will. Older prophets play a role and have intimate conversations with mothers. The comparison of Simeon in Lukan myth and the Roman Nigidius Figulus is developed at length.
{"title":"Dream Visions and Prophecies","authors":"M. Litwa","doi":"10.12987/yale/9780300242638.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300242638.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter compares dream visions and prophecies in mythic historiography with analogous stories in the gospels. Most of the visions and prophecies reveal the birth of a divine child. Fathers have dreams or oracles instructing them not to thwart the divine will. Older prophets play a role and have intimate conversations with mothers. The comparison of Simeon in Lukan myth and the Roman Nigidius Figulus is developed at length.","PeriodicalId":115187,"journal":{"name":"How the Gospels Became History","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128318212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter compares Matthew’s story of the Magi and the roving star at Jesus’s birth with analogous stories of Magi and moving stars in mythic historiography. Special attention is drawn to the star appearing for Mithridates VI Eupator and the so-called Torch of Timoleon.
{"title":"Magi and the Star","authors":"M. Litwa","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvmd867c.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvmd867c.10","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter compares Matthew’s story of the Magi and the roving star at Jesus’s birth with analogous stories of Magi and moving stars in mythic historiography. Special attention is drawn to the star appearing for Mithridates VI Eupator and the so-called Torch of Timoleon.","PeriodicalId":115187,"journal":{"name":"How the Gospels Became History","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132339960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"CONCLUSION","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvmd867c.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvmd867c.19","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":115187,"journal":{"name":"How the Gospels Became History","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125059875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter compares the divine conception of Jesus in the gospel of Luke with divine conception in the historical writings of Plutarch. But authors who were contemporaries reject the language of divine-human sex as crude. They support a more subtle, though still physical form of divinely caused conception, through divine breath (pneuma) and power. Their historiographical goals were similar: to maximize the plausibility of their stories.
{"title":"Divine Conception","authors":"M. Litwa","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvmd867c.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvmd867c.8","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter compares the divine conception of Jesus in the gospel of Luke with divine conception in the historical writings of Plutarch. But authors who were contemporaries reject the language of divine-human sex as crude. They support a more subtle, though still physical form of divinely caused conception, through divine breath (pneuma) and power. Their historiographical goals were similar: to maximize the plausibility of their stories.","PeriodicalId":115187,"journal":{"name":"How the Gospels Became History","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130778031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-06DOI: 10.12987/yale/9780300242638.003.0017
M. Litwa
Despite the demonstrated historiographical tropes of the gospels, today they are perceived to convey a bevy of myths. Myths can still be true despite being unhistorical. Sometimes Christian apologists defend the historicity of gospel myths to uphold their truth value. This is a modern technique of rationalization, the attempt to update Christian myths by making them seem more plausible. In reality, historicality does not demonstrate truth. So to study Jesus seriously, less investment in the so-called historical Jesus and increased attention to the mythological Jesus is a desideratum. Only by integrating gospel studies into myth studies can the former find a place in Humanities programs of modern public universities.
{"title":"The Myth of Historicity","authors":"M. Litwa","doi":"10.12987/yale/9780300242638.003.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300242638.003.0017","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the demonstrated historiographical tropes of the gospels, today they are perceived to convey a bevy of myths. Myths can still be true despite being unhistorical. Sometimes Christian apologists defend the historicity of gospel myths to uphold their truth value. This is a modern technique of rationalization, the attempt to update Christian myths by making them seem more plausible. In reality, historicality does not demonstrate truth. So to study Jesus seriously, less investment in the so-called historical Jesus and increased attention to the mythological Jesus is a desideratum. Only by integrating gospel studies into myth studies can the former find a place in Humanities programs of modern public universities.","PeriodicalId":115187,"journal":{"name":"How the Gospels Became History","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128469270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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