Pub Date : 2021-12-20DOI: 10.1201/9781003078814-54
S. Said, H. Zarghampour, S. Johansson, H. Hakim, H. Carlsson
This paper describes the rehabilitation procedure of an old cracked asphalt pavement located at E6 motorway in the West of Sweden. A trial has been made to design the road structure with steel fabric reinforcement in the asphalt concrete. Three full-scale, 100-meter test sections were built. Two test sections were reinforced with steel fabrics and one section without reinforcement as a reference road section. These sections are instrumented with strain gauges. The sections have been tested by deflection measurements with Falling Weight Deflectometer, strain measurements at the bottom surface of the overlays, strain on the steel bars, unevenness and rut depth measurements and manual distress surveys. This work is a part of a co-operation project, called REFLEX, partly financed by the European Commission. The objective is to evaluate the performance of new and rehabilitated road structures reinforced with steel fabric. Initial strain measurements at the bottom surface of the asphalt layers are showing much lower strains in the reinforced test sections than in the reference section without reinforcement. Design, measurements and conclusions after one-year of traffic and the installation technique are presented in this paper. For the covering abstract see ITRD E118503.
{"title":"Evaluation of Pavement Structure Reinforced with Steel Fabrics","authors":"S. Said, H. Zarghampour, S. Johansson, H. Hakim, H. Carlsson","doi":"10.1201/9781003078814-54","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003078814-54","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the rehabilitation procedure of an old cracked asphalt pavement located at E6 motorway in the West of Sweden. A trial has been made to design the road structure with steel fabric reinforcement in the asphalt concrete. Three full-scale, 100-meter test sections were built. Two test sections were reinforced with steel fabrics and one section without reinforcement as a reference road section. These sections are instrumented with strain gauges. The sections have been tested by deflection measurements with Falling Weight Deflectometer, strain measurements at the bottom surface of the overlays, strain on the steel bars, unevenness and rut depth measurements and manual distress surveys. This work is a part of a co-operation project, called REFLEX, partly financed by the European Commission. The objective is to evaluate the performance of new and rehabilitated road structures reinforced with steel fabric. Initial strain measurements at the bottom surface of the asphalt layers are showing much lower strains in the reinforced test sections than in the reference section without reinforcement. Design, measurements and conclusions after one-year of traffic and the installation technique are presented in this paper. For the covering abstract see ITRD E118503.","PeriodicalId":11581,"journal":{"name":"Eleventh International Conference on the Bearing Capacity of Roads, Railways and Airfields, Volume 1","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90055634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-20DOI: 10.1201/9781003078814-76
N. Rydén, P. Ulriksen, U. Ekdahl, C. Park, Richard D. Miller
Results from the application of a new seismic technique for non-destructive testing of pavement layer moduli are presented. The method is based on the multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) method and multichannel simulation with one receiver (MSOR). The MSOR method uses one accelerometer (receiver), a light hammer (source), and a single-channel recording device to generate a simulated multichannel record in a fast and simple manner. In the case study presented, the dispersion curve of surface waves shows different branches associated with the layers of different stiffness. From an objective observation of branches, seismic velocities, and resonant frequencies we evaluate the total number of layers with different stiffness properties, the dynamic E-modulus, Poisson's ratio, and thickness of the top asphalt layers. We propose using this information in the backcalculation of Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) data. For the covering abstract see ITRD E118503.
{"title":"Multichannel Analysis of Seismic Waves for Layer Moduli Evaluation of Pavements","authors":"N. Rydén, P. Ulriksen, U. Ekdahl, C. Park, Richard D. Miller","doi":"10.1201/9781003078814-76","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003078814-76","url":null,"abstract":"Results from the application of a new seismic technique for non-destructive testing of pavement layer moduli are presented. The method is based on the multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) method and multichannel simulation with one receiver (MSOR). The MSOR method uses one accelerometer (receiver), a light hammer (source), and a single-channel recording device to generate a simulated multichannel record in a fast and simple manner. In the case study presented, the dispersion curve of surface waves shows different branches associated with the layers of different stiffness. From an objective observation of branches, seismic velocities, and resonant frequencies we evaluate the total number of layers with different stiffness properties, the dynamic E-modulus, Poisson's ratio, and thickness of the top asphalt layers. We propose using this information in the backcalculation of Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) data. For the covering abstract see ITRD E118503.","PeriodicalId":11581,"journal":{"name":"Eleventh International Conference on the Bearing Capacity of Roads, Railways and Airfields, Volume 1","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87973404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper describes the French method of airport bearing capacity assessment in use for 25 years and its further evolution. This method requires a bearing capacity device designed for non-destructive testing and developed by STBA (Service Technique des Bases Aeriennes). It consists in a trailer, a monitoring cabin, a 40 cu.m container providing until 60t, an hydraulic jack, a plate, a reference beam, vertical deformation and horizontal elongation gauges. The pavement is subjected to loading-unloading cycles of the test plate at increasing forces approaching the allowable load. Each test lasts about 30 minutes and an airport needs 2 to 4 weeks of evaluation. Because of increasing traffic, this evaluation is more and more difficult to implement on major airports. It is why STBA is developing a new device to measure deflection under aeronautical load. This device will provide continuous measures at low speed and allow determination of homogeneous sections of pavements. For the covering abstract see ITRD E118503.
本文介绍了法国机场承载能力评估方法25年来的发展历程。这种方法需要由STBA (Service Technique des Bases Aeriennes)开发的用于无损检测的承载力装置。它包括一个拖车，一个监控室，一个40立方米。M集装箱提供直到60t，一个液压千斤顶，一个板，一个参考梁，垂直变形和水平伸长计。路面在接近允许载荷的不断增加的力下经受试验板的加载-卸载循环。每次测试持续约30分钟，机场需要2至4周的评估。由于客流量的不断增加，这种评估越来越难以在各大机场实施。这就是为什么STBA正在开发一种新的设备来测量航空载荷下的挠度。该装置将在低速下提供连续测量，并允许确定路面的均匀部分。相关摘要见ITRD E118503。
{"title":"Evolution of French Airport Bearing Capacity Assessment","authors":"J. Guillon, J. Deffieux","doi":"10.1201/9781003078814-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003078814-5","url":null,"abstract":"The paper describes the French method of airport bearing capacity assessment in use for 25 years and its further evolution. This method requires a bearing capacity device designed for non-destructive testing and developed by STBA (Service Technique des Bases Aeriennes). It consists in a trailer, a monitoring cabin, a 40 cu.m container providing until 60t, an hydraulic jack, a plate, a reference beam, vertical deformation and horizontal elongation gauges. The pavement is subjected to loading-unloading cycles of the test plate at increasing forces approaching the allowable load. Each test lasts about 30 minutes and an airport needs 2 to 4 weeks of evaluation. Because of increasing traffic, this evaluation is more and more difficult to implement on major airports. It is why STBA is developing a new device to measure deflection under aeronautical load. This device will provide continuous measures at low speed and allow determination of homogeneous sections of pavements. For the covering abstract see ITRD E118503.","PeriodicalId":11581,"journal":{"name":"Eleventh International Conference on the Bearing Capacity of Roads, Railways and Airfields, Volume 1","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80118510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Catherine Rasse, V. Leemans, M. Destain, J. Verbrugge
Numerical image analysis is used to detect narrow cracks on bituminous pavement. This problem is complicated because of the variable road aspect, which depends on coarseness textures, changing ambient lighting, presence of humidity and because of the poor contrast of the cracks with regard to the road texture. The paper presents algorithms suited to detect random cracks edges in a noisy environment in three stages. The pre-treatment consisted mainly in applying a background correction to eliminate the heterogeneity due to humidity, shade, ... In the treatment, a threshold value was applied to segment the "objects" from the rest of the image. As these objects may be cracks, parts of cracks, or some noise erroneously segmented as defect, a post-treatment was applied to appreciate more accurately if a pixel belonged to an object or to the background. It aimed also to assemble parts of cracks in continuous structure. When compared to visual detection, efficient detection of cracks is obtained. Further work needs to be done to get an automatic detection of the cracks whatever the road texture. For the covering abstract see ITRD E118503.
{"title":"Application of Image Analysis to the Identification and Rating of Road Surface Distress","authors":"Catherine Rasse, V. Leemans, M. Destain, J. Verbrugge","doi":"10.1201/9781003078814-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003078814-9","url":null,"abstract":"Numerical image analysis is used to detect narrow cracks on bituminous pavement. This problem is complicated because of the variable road aspect, which depends on coarseness textures, changing ambient lighting, presence of humidity and because of the poor contrast of the cracks with regard to the road texture. The paper presents algorithms suited to detect random cracks edges in a noisy environment in three stages. The pre-treatment consisted mainly in applying a background correction to eliminate the heterogeneity due to humidity, shade, ... In the treatment, a threshold value was applied to segment the \"objects\" from the rest of the image. As these objects may be cracks, parts of cracks, or some noise erroneously segmented as defect, a post-treatment was applied to appreciate more accurately if a pixel belonged to an object or to the background. It aimed also to assemble parts of cracks in continuous structure. When compared to visual detection, efficient detection of cracks is obtained. Further work needs to be done to get an automatic detection of the cracks whatever the road texture. For the covering abstract see ITRD E118503.","PeriodicalId":11581,"journal":{"name":"Eleventh International Conference on the Bearing Capacity of Roads, Railways and Airfields, Volume 1","volume":"61 6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77461527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-20DOI: 10.1201/9781003078814-32
M. Abo-Hashema, F. Bayomy
{"title":"Development of Pavement Temperature Prediction Model for Asphalt Concrete Pavements","authors":"M. Abo-Hashema, F. Bayomy","doi":"10.1201/9781003078814-32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003078814-32","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11581,"journal":{"name":"Eleventh International Conference on the Bearing Capacity of Roads, Railways and Airfields, Volume 1","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88496345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-20DOI: 10.1201/9781003078814-81
J. Verbeek, M. Stet
The Central Directive of the Dutch Ministry of Defence developed a Standard with Recommended Practices (specifications) that prescribes the structural evaluation of jointed rigid and flexible pavements of military airfields. The Standard is currently being used as the Standard Evaluation Method for pavement evaluations in the Netherlands. The Standard has been drafted as a NATO Standard and is submitted for enquiry to NATO's Agency for Standardization. Based on this Standard, a software package called Pavers was developed. Pavers is an acronym for Pavement Evaluation and Reporting Strength. It is the philosophy of the developers to share the knowledge gathered in the Standard with others working in the field of FWD based evaluation. Those who are interested are invited to download a free copy of the Standard at www.aperio.nl. However, if you're seriously interested in obtaining a copy of the software, a contribution for the on-going development is asked. Updates are released in the user's group at handling costs amongst registered users. At request, an evaluation copy of the program will be sent by e-mail. For the covering abstract see ITRD E118503.
{"title":"Standard and Recommended Practices for FWD Based Evaluation and Reporting Strength of Airfield Pavement","authors":"J. Verbeek, M. Stet","doi":"10.1201/9781003078814-81","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003078814-81","url":null,"abstract":"The Central Directive of the Dutch Ministry of Defence developed a Standard with Recommended Practices (specifications) that prescribes the structural evaluation of jointed rigid and flexible pavements of military airfields. The Standard is currently being used as the Standard Evaluation Method for pavement evaluations in the Netherlands. The Standard has been drafted as a NATO Standard and is submitted for enquiry to NATO's Agency for Standardization. Based on this Standard, a software package called Pavers was developed. Pavers is an acronym for Pavement Evaluation and Reporting Strength. It is the philosophy of the developers to share the knowledge gathered in the Standard with others working in the field of FWD based evaluation. Those who are interested are invited to download a free copy of the Standard at www.aperio.nl. However, if you're seriously interested in obtaining a copy of the software, a contribution for the on-going development is asked. Updates are released in the user's group at handling costs amongst registered users. At request, an evaluation copy of the program will be sent by e-mail. For the covering abstract see ITRD E118503.","PeriodicalId":11581,"journal":{"name":"Eleventh International Conference on the Bearing Capacity of Roads, Railways and Airfields, Volume 1","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77350953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-20DOI: 10.1201/9781003078814-53
J. Paute
The research and development on the new type of products known of the appellation "pavement edge drain-barriers" was carried out in France together by producers, road construction firms and the French road administration (the Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussees - LCPC and the Service d'Etudes Techniques des Routes et Autoroutes - SETRA). The initial studies, undertaken in the first half of the 1980s, permitted to define the technique of edge drain-screens. The effectiveness of drain-screens was evaluated, thanks to experimental workings, on the basis of monitoring of the pavements behavior during a seasonal cycle by comparison of results obtained on equipped sections and non equipped sections. Practical conclusions concerning the use of these new products have also been drawn up from these experiments. The experiments the most complete were particularly performed on two sites in France: the RN 176 (Cotes d'Armor) in 1985, and the RN 171 (Mayenne) in 1986. The results of these experiments described in this paper show the effectiveness of the edge drain-screens for the internal drainage of water penetrating in the subgrade and in the pavement. The improvement of the stiffness of soil and unbound materials of the structure by reduction of pore pressure and water content is highlighted. For the covering abstract see ITRD E118503.
在法国，生产商、道路建设公司和法国道路管理部门(Ponts et Chaussees中央实验室- LCPC和路线和高速公路技术研究服务中心- SETRA)共同研究和开发了被称为“路面边缘排水屏障”的新型产品。最初的研究是在1980年代上半叶进行的，可以确定边缘排水屏的技术。通过试验工作，通过比较安装和未安装路段的结果，对路面在季节性周期内的行为进行监测，评估了排水屏的有效性。从这些实验中也得出了有关这些新产品使用的实际结论。最完整的实验是在法国的两个地点进行的:1985年的rn176 (Cotes d'Armor)和1986年的rn171 (Mayenne)。本文所述的试验结果表明，边缘排水网对渗透在路基和路面上的水的内部排水是有效的。强调了通过降低孔隙压力和含水量来提高土体和结构非粘结材料的刚度。相关摘要见ITRD E118503。
{"title":"Pavement Edge Drain Barriers in the Rehabilitation of Existing Roads (Experiments and Field Results)","authors":"J. Paute","doi":"10.1201/9781003078814-53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003078814-53","url":null,"abstract":"The research and development on the new type of products known of the appellation \"pavement edge drain-barriers\" was carried out in France together by producers, road construction firms and the French road administration (the Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussees - LCPC and the Service d'Etudes Techniques des Routes et Autoroutes - SETRA). The initial studies, undertaken in the first half of the 1980s, permitted to define the technique of edge drain-screens. The effectiveness of drain-screens was evaluated, thanks to experimental workings, on the basis of monitoring of the pavements behavior during a seasonal cycle by comparison of results obtained on equipped sections and non equipped sections. Practical conclusions concerning the use of these new products have also been drawn up from these experiments. The experiments the most complete were particularly performed on two sites in France: the RN 176 (Cotes d'Armor) in 1985, and the RN 171 (Mayenne) in 1986. The results of these experiments described in this paper show the effectiveness of the edge drain-screens for the internal drainage of water penetrating in the subgrade and in the pavement. The improvement of the stiffness of soil and unbound materials of the structure by reduction of pore pressure and water content is highlighted. For the covering abstract see ITRD E118503.","PeriodicalId":11581,"journal":{"name":"Eleventh International Conference on the Bearing Capacity of Roads, Railways and Airfields, Volume 1","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81779567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-20DOI: 10.1201/9781003078814-20
T. Hopkins, M. Slepak, Liecheng Sun
Bearing capacity analysis of flexible pavements reinforced with geosynthetics was performed using limiting equilibrium concepts. In this paper, the method used by the authors for bearing capacity analysis of unreinforced pavements is extended to the case of reinforced analysis. Previously, the authors proposed using a modification of a perturbation method. In this approach, the initial approximation of normal stresses along the failure surface is obtained by a method proposed by Hopkins. The final distribution of normal stresses is sought as a function of the initial approximation of normal stresses, reinforced forces, and two unknown parameters. Substituting this function into equations of equilibrium of an assumed failure mass produces a system of three nonlinear equations with respect to the unknown parameters and a safety factor. In all cases, the proposed method converges rapidly and yields reasonable factors of safety. Results of the theoretical analyses of the flexible pavement sections with and without reinforcement, which may exist during and after construction, are compared. Geosynthetic reinforcement significantly improves stability and decreases the thickness of base material needed during construction. The theoretical analysis also shows that reinforcement significantly increases the factor of safety against failure of a flexible pavement and increases pavement life. For the covering abstract see ITRD E118503.
{"title":"Limiting Equilibrium Methods in Bearing Capacity Analysis of Flexible Pavements Reinforced with Geosynthetics","authors":"T. Hopkins, M. Slepak, Liecheng Sun","doi":"10.1201/9781003078814-20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003078814-20","url":null,"abstract":"Bearing capacity analysis of flexible pavements reinforced with geosynthetics was performed using limiting equilibrium concepts. In this paper, the method used by the authors for bearing capacity analysis of unreinforced pavements is extended to the case of reinforced analysis. Previously, the authors proposed using a modification of a perturbation method. In this approach, the initial approximation of normal stresses along the failure surface is obtained by a method proposed by Hopkins. The final distribution of normal stresses is sought as a function of the initial approximation of normal stresses, reinforced forces, and two unknown parameters. Substituting this function into equations of equilibrium of an assumed failure mass produces a system of three nonlinear equations with respect to the unknown parameters and a safety factor. In all cases, the proposed method converges rapidly and yields reasonable factors of safety. Results of the theoretical analyses of the flexible pavement sections with and without reinforcement, which may exist during and after construction, are compared. Geosynthetic reinforcement significantly improves stability and decreases the thickness of base material needed during construction. The theoretical analysis also shows that reinforcement significantly increases the factor of safety against failure of a flexible pavement and increases pavement life. For the covering abstract see ITRD E118503.","PeriodicalId":11581,"journal":{"name":"Eleventh International Conference on the Bearing Capacity of Roads, Railways and Airfields, Volume 1","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77986279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The ENDCRE (Non-Destructive Test of Repetitive Static Loads) system, owned by Aena, has proven to be a very useful tool for determining the bearing capacity of pavements and for determining the Pavement Classification Number (PCN) for more than ten years of operation in Spanish airports. However, the disadvantages of using a reference beam for the sensors carried to investigate a new system which could measure deflections in pavements without that element and improved the present performances. The result of the search for new devices was the identification of the laser technology as the most suitable solution. The purpose of this paper is to explain the design and implementation processes of the new measuring system. For the covering abstract see ITRD E118503.
{"title":"A New Deflection Measuring System for Pavements in Spanish Airports Based on Laser Technology","authors":"P. Carrasco, L. Martin","doi":"10.1201/9781003078814-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003078814-3","url":null,"abstract":"The ENDCRE (Non-Destructive Test of Repetitive Static Loads) system, owned by Aena, has proven to be a very useful tool for determining the bearing capacity of pavements and for determining the Pavement Classification Number (PCN) for more than ten years of operation in Spanish airports. However, the disadvantages of using a reference beam for the sensors carried to investigate a new system which could measure deflections in pavements without that element and improved the present performances. The result of the search for new devices was the identification of the laser technology as the most suitable solution. The purpose of this paper is to explain the design and implementation processes of the new measuring system. For the covering abstract see ITRD E118503.","PeriodicalId":11581,"journal":{"name":"Eleventh International Conference on the Bearing Capacity of Roads, Railways and Airfields, Volume 1","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91025991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-20DOI: 10.1201/9781003078814-15
W. De Corte, D. De Leersnyder, E. De Winne
{"title":"Ultra-Thin Whitetoppings: A 2-D Finite Element Parametric Study","authors":"W. De Corte, D. De Leersnyder, E. De Winne","doi":"10.1201/9781003078814-15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003078814-15","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11581,"journal":{"name":"Eleventh International Conference on the Bearing Capacity of Roads, Railways and Airfields, Volume 1","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77785035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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