Pub Date : 2018-07-04DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75630
Agata Matarazzo
This study presents a rough set application, using together the ideas of classical rough set approach, based on the indiscernibility relation and the dominance-based rough set approach (DRSA), to air micro-pollution management in an industrial site with a high environmental risk rate, such as the industrial area of Syracuse, located in the South of Italy (Sicily). This new data analysis tool has been applied to different decision problems in various fields with considerable success, since it is able to deal both with quantitative and with qualitative data and the results are expressed in terms of deci- sion rules understandable by the decision-maker. In this chapter, some issue related to multi-attribute sorting (i.e. preference-ordered classification) of air pollution risk is presented, considering some meteorological variables, both qualitative and quantitative as attributes, and criteria describing the different objects (pollution occurrences) to be classified, that is, different levels of sulfur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and methane (CH 4 ) as pollution indicators. The most significant results obtained from this particular application are presented and discussed: examples of ‘if, … then’ decision rules, attribute relevance as output of the data analysis also in terms of exchangeable or indispensable attributes/criteria, of qualitative substitution effect and interaction between them.
{"title":"Rough Set Applied to Air Pollution: A New Approach to Manage Pollutions in High Risk Rate Industrial Areas","authors":"Agata Matarazzo","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75630","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75630","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents a rough set application, using together the ideas of classical rough set approach, based on the indiscernibility relation and the dominance-based rough set approach (DRSA), to air micro-pollution management in an industrial site with a high environmental risk rate, such as the industrial area of Syracuse, located in the South of Italy (Sicily). This new data analysis tool has been applied to different decision problems in various fields with considerable success, since it is able to deal both with quantitative and with qualitative data and the results are expressed in terms of deci- sion rules understandable by the decision-maker. In this chapter, some issue related to multi-attribute sorting (i.e. preference-ordered classification) of air pollution risk is presented, considering some meteorological variables, both qualitative and quantitative as attributes, and criteria describing the different objects (pollution occurrences) to be classified, that is, different levels of sulfur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and methane (CH 4 ) as pollution indicators. The most significant results obtained from this particular application are presented and discussed: examples of ‘if, … then’ decision rules, attribute relevance as output of the data analysis also in terms of exchangeable or indispensable attributes/criteria, of qualitative substitution effect and interaction between them.","PeriodicalId":11583,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Pollutants - Some Strategies for the Quality Preservation of Our Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90867359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-04DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76893
N. Ortiz
The emerging pollutants (EPs) are considered a global monitoring challenge, present in the environment in very reduced concentrations, and the proper methods for sampling and analysis are still in development. Many published types of research considering the EPs identification only depend on the analytical methodology and a more efficient higher number of EPs. The quantitative determination of the prioritized EPs in water needs advanced and ultra-sensitive instrumental techniques applied in water, water-suspended matter, soil, and biota. The regulatory framework of the water-quality parameters does not often include the microplastics, EPs, and their metabolites; especially, the ground-water water-quality monitoring and control are urgent but not yet achieved. The EPs sources in water are the sewage, industrial, and agricultural waste discard, and the UN estimated that the wastewater produced annually is about 1500 km 3 , about six times more water than existing in all rivers of the word. In 2015, in China, which has a fast-growing economy, the water is a scarce resource with just 8% of the world’s fresh water to meet the water needs of the 22% of the world’s population. Also, MIP showed the TC-selective recognition and promoted the photodegradation of TC in the ternary solutions containing TC, oxytetracycline (Oxy), and ciprofloxacin (CIP). The coefficients of selectivity of degradation from TC, Oxy, and CIP were 1.67 and 1.25, respectively. The photodegradation mechanism of TC ana-lyzed by mass spectrum (MS) indicated the TC decomposition step by step, resulting in CO 2 , H 2 O, and other gases.
{"title":"EPs Antibiotics: Photodecomposition and Biocarbon Adsorption","authors":"N. Ortiz","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76893","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76893","url":null,"abstract":"The emerging pollutants (EPs) are considered a global monitoring challenge, present in the environment in very reduced concentrations, and the proper methods for sampling and analysis are still in development. Many published types of research considering the EPs identification only depend on the analytical methodology and a more efficient higher number of EPs. The quantitative determination of the prioritized EPs in water needs advanced and ultra-sensitive instrumental techniques applied in water, water-suspended matter, soil, and biota. The regulatory framework of the water-quality parameters does not often include the microplastics, EPs, and their metabolites; especially, the ground-water water-quality monitoring and control are urgent but not yet achieved. The EPs sources in water are the sewage, industrial, and agricultural waste discard, and the UN estimated that the wastewater produced annually is about 1500 km 3 , about six times more water than existing in all rivers of the word. In 2015, in China, which has a fast-growing economy, the water is a scarce resource with just 8% of the world’s fresh water to meet the water needs of the 22% of the world’s population. Also, MIP showed the TC-selective recognition and promoted the photodegradation of TC in the ternary solutions containing TC, oxytetracycline (Oxy), and ciprofloxacin (CIP). The coefficients of selectivity of degradation from TC, Oxy, and CIP were 1.67 and 1.25, respectively. The photodegradation mechanism of TC ana-lyzed by mass spectrum (MS) indicated the TC decomposition step by step, resulting in CO 2 , H 2 O, and other gases.","PeriodicalId":11583,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Pollutants - Some Strategies for the Quality Preservation of Our Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79994012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-04DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75822
Ségolène Depayras, T. Kondakova, H. Heipieper, M. Feuilloley, N. Orange, C. Duclairoir-Poc
Nitrogen oxide (NOx) species represent ones of the most threatening air pollutants due to their prevalence and harmful impact on the environment and human health. The term NOx gathers mainly nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), mostly produced by anthropogenic activities such as transport and industries. Several cellular constituents were already described as NOx targets. These include membranes, proteins, respiratory chain enzymes, lipids, and DNA. Such damages lead to pathologies of lungs, cardiovascular system, and skin because these organs represent the first barrier toward the environment. On the other hand, NOx is also naturally synthetized by several organisms, playing a mediator role in essential cellular functions. However, few data are yet available on NOx activity toward microorganisms. Here, we review data concerning the double face of NOx, including their use in the medical field against pathogens’ infections that highlight the versatility of these compounds. HSP70, HSP90, and NOSIP, NOS-interacting protein; NOSTRIN, NOS traffic
{"title":"The Hidden Face of Nitrogen Oxides Species: From Toxic Effects to Potential Cure?","authors":"Ségolène Depayras, T. Kondakova, H. Heipieper, M. Feuilloley, N. Orange, C. Duclairoir-Poc","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75822","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75822","url":null,"abstract":"Nitrogen oxide (NOx) species represent ones of the most threatening air pollutants due to their prevalence and harmful impact on the environment and human health. The term NOx gathers mainly nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), mostly produced by anthropogenic activities such as transport and industries. Several cellular constituents were already described as NOx targets. These include membranes, proteins, respiratory chain enzymes, lipids, and DNA. Such damages lead to pathologies of lungs, cardiovascular system, and skin because these organs represent the first barrier toward the environment. On the other hand, NOx is also naturally synthetized by several organisms, playing a mediator role in essential cellular functions. However, few data are yet available on NOx activity toward microorganisms. Here, we review data concerning the double face of NOx, including their use in the medical field against pathogens’ infections that highlight the versatility of these compounds. HSP70, HSP90, and NOSIP, NOS-interacting protein; NOSTRIN, NOS traffic","PeriodicalId":11583,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Pollutants - Some Strategies for the Quality Preservation of Our Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88248950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-04DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75700
M. Sharma, P. Kalita, K. Senapati, A. Garg
Water is a primary element for all living things, and we need water for each and every day- to-day activity related to agricultural, industrial, and domestic cares and, thus, its quality influences all aspects of human life including energy, food, health, and economy. Safe drinking water is our primary need to protect our life and thus developing efficient and affordable techniques for water treatment to access potable water to the humanity. Water pollution is one of the severe environmental and health problems worldwide. Pollutants in water can be of organic, inorganic, heavy metals, microbial, and radioactive species, which may be in different forms viz. suspended, dissolved, or dispersed materials. The water quality is mainly affected by industrial discharges, agricultural activities, mismanagement of hazardous materials, etc. Nowadays, nanotechnology offers the possibility of an efficient removal of water pollutants including metals, organic dyes, bacteria, parasites, etc. Magnetic nanomaterials like iron oxide (Fe 3 O 4 ) are very promising materials used in water decontamination particularly for heavy metals and dyestuffs because of their ease of separation through external magnet, high surface area, unique morphology as well as their high stability. These materials can be used as adsorbent, photocatalyst, and coagulating agents for water remediation based on their composite materials or surface functionalities.
{"title":"Study on Magnetic Materials for Removal of Water Pollutants","authors":"M. Sharma, P. Kalita, K. Senapati, A. Garg","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75700","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75700","url":null,"abstract":"Water is a primary element for all living things, and we need water for each and every day- to-day activity related to agricultural, industrial, and domestic cares and, thus, its quality influences all aspects of human life including energy, food, health, and economy. Safe drinking water is our primary need to protect our life and thus developing efficient and affordable techniques for water treatment to access potable water to the humanity. Water pollution is one of the severe environmental and health problems worldwide. Pollutants in water can be of organic, inorganic, heavy metals, microbial, and radioactive species, which may be in different forms viz. suspended, dissolved, or dispersed materials. The water quality is mainly affected by industrial discharges, agricultural activities, mismanagement of hazardous materials, etc. Nowadays, nanotechnology offers the possibility of an efficient removal of water pollutants including metals, organic dyes, bacteria, parasites, etc. Magnetic nanomaterials like iron oxide (Fe 3 O 4 ) are very promising materials used in water decontamination particularly for heavy metals and dyestuffs because of their ease of separation through external magnet, high surface area, unique morphology as well as their high stability. These materials can be used as adsorbent, photocatalyst, and coagulating agents for water remediation based on their composite materials or surface functionalities.","PeriodicalId":11583,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Pollutants - Some Strategies for the Quality Preservation of Our Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88797868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-04DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75641
Anele Mpupa, P. Nomngongo
Determination of emerging pollutants such as UV-filters in environmental samples is very important because they have been proven to have harmful effects on human and aquatic life. In this study, a simple, fast and inexpensive method combining solid phase extraction (SPE) and UV spectrophotometry was developed for simultaneous preconcentration and deter mination of benzophenone and sulisobenzone in wastewater samples. The effect of factors affecting the preconcentration of UV-filters was optimized using univariate and multivariate approach. Under optimized conditions, the limits of detection (LOD), limits of quantifica - tion (LOQ) and preconcetration factors were in the range of 0.15–0.28 and 0.50–0.93 μg L −1 , 50–55, respectively. The dynamic linear range was up to 250 μg L −1 for benzophenone and sulisobenzone. In addition, the intra- and inter-day precisions were 3.1–3.3 and 4.5–5.2%, respectively. The developed method was successfully applied to determine UV filters in wastewater samples attaining satisfactory recoveries over the range of 99.3–100.7%. The con - centration of the target pollutants in wastewater samples ranged from 6.83 to 85.67 μg L −1 .
{"title":"Multivariate-Assisted Solid Phase Extraction Procedure for Simultaneous Preconcentration and Assessment of UV-Filters in Wastewater Prior to UV-Vis Spectrophotometric Determination","authors":"Anele Mpupa, P. Nomngongo","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75641","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75641","url":null,"abstract":"Determination of emerging pollutants such as UV-filters in environmental samples is very important because they have been proven to have harmful effects on human and aquatic life. In this study, a simple, fast and inexpensive method combining solid phase extraction (SPE) and UV spectrophotometry was developed for simultaneous preconcentration and deter mination of benzophenone and sulisobenzone in wastewater samples. The effect of factors affecting the preconcentration of UV-filters was optimized using univariate and multivariate approach. Under optimized conditions, the limits of detection (LOD), limits of quantifica - tion (LOQ) and preconcetration factors were in the range of 0.15–0.28 and 0.50–0.93 μg L −1 , 50–55, respectively. The dynamic linear range was up to 250 μg L −1 for benzophenone and sulisobenzone. In addition, the intra- and inter-day precisions were 3.1–3.3 and 4.5–5.2%, respectively. The developed method was successfully applied to determine UV filters in wastewater samples attaining satisfactory recoveries over the range of 99.3–100.7%. The con - centration of the target pollutants in wastewater samples ranged from 6.83 to 85.67 μg L −1 .","PeriodicalId":11583,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Pollutants - Some Strategies for the Quality Preservation of Our Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85732033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：