Pub Date : 2017-12-31DOI: 10.12987/9780300150315-004
{"title":"The Design and Use of This Book","authors":"","doi":"10.12987/9780300150315-004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12987/9780300150315-004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11695,"journal":{"name":"Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2017-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43283452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-31DOI: 10.12987/9780300150315-026
{"title":"21. Politics and Public Policy","authors":"","doi":"10.12987/9780300150315-026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12987/9780300150315-026","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11695,"journal":{"name":"Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2017-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42201857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-31DOI: 10.12987/9780300150315-018
{"title":"13. Air and Water","authors":"","doi":"10.12987/9780300150315-018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12987/9780300150315-018","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11695,"journal":{"name":"Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2017-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46867674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-31DOI: 10.12987/9780300150315-014
{"title":"9. What Is Wilderness and Do We Need It?","authors":"","doi":"10.12987/9780300150315-014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12987/9780300150315-014","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11695,"journal":{"name":"Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2017-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45054806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Natural killer (NK) cells are considered crucial for the elimination of emerging tumor cells. Effector NK-cell functions are controlled by interactions of inhibitory and activating killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) on NK cells with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I ligands on target cells. KIR and HLA are highly polymorphic genetic systems segregating independently, creating a great diversity in KIR/HLA gene profiles in different individuals. There is an increasing evidence supporting the relevance of KIR and HLA ligand gene background for the occurrence and outcome of certain cancers. However, the data are still controversial and the mechanisms of receptor-ligand mediated NK-cell action remain unclear. Here, the main characteristics and functions of KIRs and their HLA class I ligands are reviewed. In addition, we review the HLA and KIR correlations with different hematological malignancies and discuss our current understanding of the biological significance and mechanisms underlying these associations.
自然杀伤（NK）细胞被认为是消灭新出现的肿瘤细胞的关键。NK 细胞上的抑制性和激活性杀伤细胞免疫球蛋白样受体（KIR）与靶细胞上的人类白细胞抗原（HLA）I 类配体相互作用，控制着 NK 细胞的效应功能。KIR 和 HLA 是高度多态的遗传系统，可独立分离，因此不同个体的 KIR/HLA 基因图谱存在很大差异。越来越多的证据表明，KIR 和 HLA 配体基因背景与某些癌症的发生和预后有关。然而，这些数据仍存在争议，受体配体介导的 NK 细胞作用机制仍不清楚。本文回顾了 KIR 及其 HLA I 类配体的主要特征和功能。此外，我们还回顾了 HLA 和 KIR 与不同血液恶性肿瘤的相关性，并讨论了我们目前对这些关联的生物学意义和机制的理解。
{"title":"Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor genes and ligands and their role in hematologic malignancies.","authors":"Viktoria Varbanova, Elissaveta Naumova, Anastasiya Mihaylova","doi":"10.1007/s00262-016-1806-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00262-016-1806-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Natural killer (NK) cells are considered crucial for the elimination of emerging tumor cells. Effector NK-cell functions are controlled by interactions of inhibitory and activating killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) on NK cells with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I ligands on target cells. KIR and HLA are highly polymorphic genetic systems segregating independently, creating a great diversity in KIR/HLA gene profiles in different individuals. There is an increasing evidence supporting the relevance of KIR and HLA ligand gene background for the occurrence and outcome of certain cancers. However, the data are still controversial and the mechanisms of receptor-ligand mediated NK-cell action remain unclear. Here, the main characteristics and functions of KIRs and their HLA class I ligands are reviewed. In addition, we review the HLA and KIR correlations with different hematological malignancies and discuss our current understanding of the biological significance and mechanisms underlying these associations. </p>","PeriodicalId":11695,"journal":{"name":"Environment","volume":"34 1","pages":"427-40"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2016-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11029164/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80742646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-08DOI: 10.3390/ENVIRONMENTS2020200
E. Slonecker, Lesley E. Milheim, Yu-Pin Lin
The spatial footprint of unconventional (hydraulic fracturing) and conventional oil and gas development in the Marcellus Shale region of the State of Pennsylvania was digitized from high-resolution, ortho-rectified, digital aerial photography, from 2004 to 2010. We used these data to measure the spatial extent of oil and gas development and to assess the exposure of the extant natural resources across the landscape of the watersheds in the study area. We found that either form of development: (1) occurred in ~50% of the 930 watersheds that defined the study area; (2) was closer to streams than the recommended safe distance in ~50% of the watersheds; (3) was in some places closer to impaired streams and state-defined wildland trout streams than the recommended safe distance; (4) was within 10 upstream kilometers of surface drinking water intakes in ~45% of the watersheds that had surface drinking water intakes; (5) occurred in ~10% of state-defined exceptional value watersheds; (6) occurred in ~30% of the watersheds with resident populations defined as disproportionately exposed to pollutants; (7) tended to occur at interior forest locations; and (8) had >100 residents within 3 km for ~30% of the unconventional oil and gas development sites. Further, we found that exposure to the potential effects of landscape disturbance attributable to conventional oil and gas development was more prevalent than its unconventional counterpart.
{"title":"Landscape Disturbance from Unconventional and Conventional Oil and Gas Development in the Marcellus Shale Region of Pennsylvania, USA","authors":"E. Slonecker, Lesley E. Milheim, Yu-Pin Lin","doi":"10.3390/ENVIRONMENTS2020200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ENVIRONMENTS2020200","url":null,"abstract":"The spatial footprint of unconventional (hydraulic fracturing) and conventional oil and gas development in the Marcellus Shale region of the State of Pennsylvania was digitized from high-resolution, ortho-rectified, digital aerial photography, from 2004 to 2010. We used these data to measure the spatial extent of oil and gas development and to assess the exposure of the extant natural resources across the landscape of the watersheds in the study area. We found that either form of development: (1) occurred in ~50% of the 930 watersheds that defined the study area; (2) was closer to streams than the recommended safe distance in ~50% of the watersheds; (3) was in some places closer to impaired streams and state-defined wildland trout streams than the recommended safe distance; (4) was within 10 upstream kilometers of surface drinking water intakes in ~45% of the watersheds that had surface drinking water intakes; (5) occurred in ~10% of state-defined exceptional value watersheds; (6) occurred in ~30% of the watersheds with resident populations defined as disproportionately exposed to pollutants; (7) tended to occur at interior forest locations; and (8) had >100 residents within 3 km for ~30% of the unconventional oil and gas development sites. Further, we found that exposure to the potential effects of landscape disturbance attributable to conventional oil and gas development was more prevalent than its unconventional counterpart.","PeriodicalId":11695,"journal":{"name":"Environment","volume":"44 1","pages":"200-220"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2015-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3390/ENVIRONMENTS2020200","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69823610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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