Pub Date : 2013-02-28DOI: 10.1080/00139157.2013.768076
S. Cutter, Joseph A. Ahearn, B. Amadei, Patrick Crawford, E. Eide, G. Galloway, M. Goodchild, H. Kunreuther, Meredith Li-Vollmer, M. Schoch-Spana, S. Scrimshaw, Ellis M. Stanley, G. Whitney, M. Zoback
pled with the increasing frequency of billion-dollar disaster events, such as the recent Hurricane Sandy, highlight some of the challenges to hazards and disaster policy in the United States. American society is also facing challenges to its economic, sociocultural, and environmental systems: The national jobless rate is near historic high values, more than one in six Americans now live in poverty, population migration to the coastal communities continues, and environmental degradation due to development, farming practices, or industrial processes and accidents continues to degrade natural defenses against floods, storm surge, and wildfires. Many of these changes are transformative and long lasting and, coupled with the nation’s inability to act decisively to counteract climate change, portend a future where we are more vulnerable to hazards at multiple scales. Extreme natural events (either unprecedented magnitudes or intensities of natural hazards or the unprecedented consequences of more routine hazards) may become normal occurrences under changing climatic conditions or changes in economic circumstances and social conditions.1,2 Low-probability/high-consequence events and highly improbable ones like earthquakes, pandemics, and other kinds of hazards take on more policy interest as these events become more probable.3-5 From a policy perspective, these unlikely events pose significant risk management challenges, starting with how to encourage investments to lessen the impacts of these disasters (Figure 1). by Susan L. Cutter, Joseph A. Ahearn, Bernard Amadei, Patrick Crawford, Elizabeth A. Eide, Gerald E. Galloway, Jr., Michael F. Goodchild, Howard C. Kunreuther, Meredith Li-Vollmer, Monica Schoch-Spana, Susan C. Scrimshaw, Ellis M. Stanley, Sr., Gene Whitney, and Mary Lou Zoback
随着数十亿美元的灾害事件越来越频繁，比如最近的飓风桑迪，凸显了美国在灾害和灾害政策方面面临的一些挑战。美国社会也面临着经济、社会文化和环境系统方面的挑战:全国失业率接近历史高位，超过六分之一的美国人现在生活在贫困中，人口向沿海社区的迁移仍在继续，由于开发、农业实践或工业过程和事故导致的环境退化继续削弱对洪水、风暴潮和野火的自然防御。其中许多变化是变革性的、持久的，再加上国家无法采取果断行动应对气候变化，预示着我们在未来更容易受到多重尺度的危害。在不断变化的气候条件或经济环境和社会条件的变化下，极端自然事件(要么是自然灾害空前的规模或强度，要么是较为常规的灾害所造成的空前后果)可能成为正常现象。1,2低概率/高后果的事件以及地震、流行病和其他类型的灾害等极不可能发生的事件，随着这些事件变得更有可能发生，就会引起更多的政策关注。3-5从政策角度来看，这些不太可能发生的事件构成了重大的风险管理挑战，首先是如何鼓励投资以减轻这些灾难的影响(图1)。作者:Susan L. Cutter, Joseph a . Ahearn, Bernard Amadei, Patrick Crawford, Elizabeth a . Eide, Gerald E. Galloway, Jr. Michael F. Goodchild, Howard C. Kunreuther, Meredith Li-Vollmer, Monica schoech - spana, Susan C. Scrimshaw, Ellis M. Stanley, Sr.， Gene Whitney和Mary Lou Zoback
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Pub Date : 2013-01-01DOI: 10.1080/00139157.2013.748385
David López-Carr, Jason Burgdorfer
The tiny global minority residing in rural frontier areas--how long they remain there; the timing, magnitude, and characteristics of their consumption; and their demographic transitions--promises a vast impact on future tropical deforestation. It is here, not in cities and not in long settled rural areas, where fertility and native population growth is extremely high, rural migration is dynamic, and where land cover change remains extraordinarily expansive per capita. According to recent UN projections (United Nations 2011), the vast majority, indeed very likely all, the world’s net population growth over the next several decades will occur in the world’s poorest cities. Yet the direct imprint of this urbanization remains minute. Although urban food demand has a large and increasing impact on rural land change, less than 1% of the terrestrial surface is covered by urban settlements (Schneider et al. 2009). The highest population growth rates and old growth forest conversion will continue to occur in remote rural environments, with notable implications for land cover change research and policy (Turner et al 2007) specifically, and coupled human-environmental systems more broadly (An and Lopez-Carr 2012).
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Pub Date : 2010-07-08DOI: 10.1080/00139157.1975.9929606
D. E. Pesonen
{"title":"Books The Atom","authors":"D. E. Pesonen","doi":"10.1080/00139157.1975.9929606","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00139157.1975.9929606","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11695,"journal":{"name":"Environment","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2010-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00139157.1975.9929606","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58688318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-07-08DOI: 10.1080/00139157.1986.9928812
T. Malone
This paper stresses the idea that the terrestrial environment and the diverse forms of life that inhabit it constitute an integrated system of interacting components. No single part, oceans, atmosphere, or biota, can be understood adequately enough to anticipate its changes by treating it in isolation. No geographic segment can be analyzed as an isolated entity. In addition it discusses the formation of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Program (IGBP) which was formed to illuminate this intimate linkage between the physical sciences and the life sciences. 29 references, 5 figures.
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Pub Date : 2002-04-01DOI: 10.1080/00139150209605605
W. Rüdig
When Green parties first emerged on the political scene in the 1970s and 1980s, they presented a radical new vision of society. Going beyond single-issue environmental campaigns, green parties argued not just for specific new policies but for a who1e new approach to politics. In addition to the immediate abandonment of all things nuclear, they envisioned a society based on the principles of nonviolence, social justice, and grassroots democracy. At the time, this seemed to many like a utopian dream. But two decades later, green parties have become regular partners in local, regional, and national governments throughout Western Europe, with 'green ministers' taking their place at the cabinet tables of major countries such as France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, and Finland.
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