Environmental context Saccharides contribute substantially to dissolved organic carbon in the ocean and are enriched at the ocean surface. In this study, we demonstrate that saccharides are more enriched in persistent whitecap foam compared to the sea surface. The maturation of bubbles at the air–water interface is thus expected to enhance the enrichment of organic matter at the ocean surface and ultimately in the sea spray aerosol that forms when bubbles burst at the ocean surface. Rationale Organic matter accumulates at the ocean surface. Herein, we provide the first quantitative assessment of the enrichment of dissolved saccharides in persistent whitecap foam and compare this enrichment to the sea surface microlayer (SSML) during a 9 day mesocosm experiment involving a phytoplankton bloom generated in a Marine Aerosol Reference Tank (MART). Methodology Free monosaccharides were quantified directly, total saccharides were determined following mild acid hydrolysis and the oligo/polysaccharide component was determined as the difference between total and free monosaccharides. Results Total saccharides contributed a significant fraction of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), accounting for 13% of DOC in seawater, 27% in SSML and 31% in foam. Median enrichment factors (EFs), calculated as the ratio of the concentrations of saccharides relative to sodium in SSML or foam to that of seawater, ranged from 1.7 to 6.4 in SSML and 2.1–12.1 in foam. Based on median EFs, xylitol, mannitol, glucose, galactose, mannose, xylose, fucose, rhamnose and ribose were more enriched in foam than SSML. Discussion The greatest EFs for saccharides coincided with high chlorophyll levels, indicating increasing ocean surface enrichment of saccharides during phytoplankton blooms. Higher enrichments of organic matter in sea foam over the SSML indicate that surface active organic compounds become increasingly enriched on persistent bubble film surfaces. These findings help to explain how marine organic matter becomes highly enriched in sea spray aerosol that is generated by bursting bubbles at the ocean surface.
{"title":"Enrichment of saccharides at the air–water interface: a quantitative comparison of sea surface microlayer and foam","authors":"T. Jayarathne, D. K. Gamage, K. Prather, E. Stone","doi":"10.1071/en22094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/en22094","url":null,"abstract":"Environmental context Saccharides contribute substantially to dissolved organic carbon in the ocean and are enriched at the ocean surface. In this study, we demonstrate that saccharides are more enriched in persistent whitecap foam compared to the sea surface. The maturation of bubbles at the air–water interface is thus expected to enhance the enrichment of organic matter at the ocean surface and ultimately in the sea spray aerosol that forms when bubbles burst at the ocean surface. Rationale Organic matter accumulates at the ocean surface. Herein, we provide the first quantitative assessment of the enrichment of dissolved saccharides in persistent whitecap foam and compare this enrichment to the sea surface microlayer (SSML) during a 9 day mesocosm experiment involving a phytoplankton bloom generated in a Marine Aerosol Reference Tank (MART). Methodology Free monosaccharides were quantified directly, total saccharides were determined following mild acid hydrolysis and the oligo/polysaccharide component was determined as the difference between total and free monosaccharides. Results Total saccharides contributed a significant fraction of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), accounting for 13% of DOC in seawater, 27% in SSML and 31% in foam. Median enrichment factors (EFs), calculated as the ratio of the concentrations of saccharides relative to sodium in SSML or foam to that of seawater, ranged from 1.7 to 6.4 in SSML and 2.1–12.1 in foam. Based on median EFs, xylitol, mannitol, glucose, galactose, mannose, xylose, fucose, rhamnose and ribose were more enriched in foam than SSML. Discussion The greatest EFs for saccharides coincided with high chlorophyll levels, indicating increasing ocean surface enrichment of saccharides during phytoplankton blooms. Higher enrichments of organic matter in sea foam over the SSML indicate that surface active organic compounds become increasingly enriched on persistent bubble film surfaces. These findings help to explain how marine organic matter becomes highly enriched in sea spray aerosol that is generated by bursting bubbles at the ocean surface.","PeriodicalId":11714,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73294201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Environmental context Biosolids are nutrient-rich organic materials. They can be used as fertiliser and solid amendments in agriculture if treated according to regulatory requirements. If farming applications of biosolids decline due to potential pollution from their heavy metal content, an alternative to traditional methods of biosolid disposal is required. In this context, thermal processing of biosolids is an economically and environmentally suitable option to convert large quantities of biosolids into useful energy. Rationale Due to more stringent environmental regulations and frequently required long-distance transportation, the traditional disposal of biosolids from wastewater treatment plants in landfills and farms is becoming unsustainable. A potentially economical and environmental option is the thermochemical conversion of biosolids into energy and value-added products. This paper describes the chemical composition and energy content of a representative biosolid sample collected from a major wastewater-treatment plant in Queensland, Australia. Methodology The thermochemical behaviour and compositional changes in biosolids were investigated under a wide range of pyrolysis and gasification conditions using a horizontal tube furnace (HTF), a fixed-bed reactor and a thermogravimetric analyser (TGA). In terms of practical application of by-products, we describe mineral matter transformations in char and ashes during pyrolysis and volatilisation as well as under different gasification conditions. Results HTF experiments revealed that at pyrolysis below 800°C, mainly organic species were released, while losses of inorganic elements (phosphorus, magnesium and zinc) occurred at higher temperatures. In-situ gasification behaviour of biosolid chars in the TGA reactor showed that the gasification reaction of biosolid chars occurred rapidly at temperatures above 720°C, regardless of the pyrolysis temperatures at which those chars were produced. Mineral matter transformations began at temperatures above 600°C, and mainly involved the transformation of amorphous phases into crystalline oxide and phosphide forms. Under gasification conditions, all crystalline phases appeared as different phosphates and alumino-silicates. Discussion The methods described here provide different options for the disposal of biosolids from wastewater by adjusting and optimising thermochemical conversion processes.
{"title":"Thermochemical conversion characteristics of biosolid samples from a wastewater treatment plant in Brisbane, Australia","authors":"S. Hla, Nuttaphol Sujarittam, A. Ilyushechkin","doi":"10.1071/en22074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/en22074","url":null,"abstract":"Environmental context Biosolids are nutrient-rich organic materials. They can be used as fertiliser and solid amendments in agriculture if treated according to regulatory requirements. If farming applications of biosolids decline due to potential pollution from their heavy metal content, an alternative to traditional methods of biosolid disposal is required. In this context, thermal processing of biosolids is an economically and environmentally suitable option to convert large quantities of biosolids into useful energy. Rationale Due to more stringent environmental regulations and frequently required long-distance transportation, the traditional disposal of biosolids from wastewater treatment plants in landfills and farms is becoming unsustainable. A potentially economical and environmental option is the thermochemical conversion of biosolids into energy and value-added products. This paper describes the chemical composition and energy content of a representative biosolid sample collected from a major wastewater-treatment plant in Queensland, Australia. Methodology The thermochemical behaviour and compositional changes in biosolids were investigated under a wide range of pyrolysis and gasification conditions using a horizontal tube furnace (HTF), a fixed-bed reactor and a thermogravimetric analyser (TGA). In terms of practical application of by-products, we describe mineral matter transformations in char and ashes during pyrolysis and volatilisation as well as under different gasification conditions. Results HTF experiments revealed that at pyrolysis below 800°C, mainly organic species were released, while losses of inorganic elements (phosphorus, magnesium and zinc) occurred at higher temperatures. In-situ gasification behaviour of biosolid chars in the TGA reactor showed that the gasification reaction of biosolid chars occurred rapidly at temperatures above 720°C, regardless of the pyrolysis temperatures at which those chars were produced. Mineral matter transformations began at temperatures above 600°C, and mainly involved the transformation of amorphous phases into crystalline oxide and phosphide forms. Under gasification conditions, all crystalline phases appeared as different phosphates and alumino-silicates. Discussion The methods described here provide different options for the disposal of biosolids from wastewater by adjusting and optimising thermochemical conversion processes.","PeriodicalId":11714,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91074267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Benjamin M. Long, Samantha Harriage, Nick L. Schultz, Craig D. H. Sherman, Michael Thomas
Environmental context Most human pharmaceutical waste is discharged to the environment. While the presence of pharmaceuticals in freshwater systems is well documented globally, little is known of the impact on marine ecosystems. We measured pharmaceuticals in a marine environment in south-eastern Australia and found pharmaceutical concentrations around 24 000 times higher in benthic flora than in the marine surface waters. We discuss the potential use of seaweeds as biological indicators of pharmaceutical pollution. Rationale Pharmaceuticals are emerging pollutants of concern with a range of adverse consequences for organisms and ecosystems. Their presence in freshwater and estuarine systems has been well documented, but less is known about their prevalence in open ocean, or their uptake by benthic flora. This preliminary survey of the southern Australian coastline sought to measure the concentrations of key pharmaceuticals in both surface waters and benthic flora. Methodology This study used LC-MS/MS to measure the concentration carbamazepine, tramadol and venlafaxine in (1) samples from wastewater treatment plants, (2) ocean surface waters and (3) several species of benthic flora. Surface waters and benthic flora were sampled at two sites near waste water treatment plant (WWTP) discharges, and one site away from any discharge. Results All three pharmaceuticals were detected in surface water samples with their risk assessed (via risk quotient) as medium risk (carbamazepine) or low risk (venlafaxine, tramadol). All three pharmaceuticals were also detected in benthic flora, particularly in brown macroalgae; Tramadol was measured at a maximum of 34.7 ng g−1 in Hormosira banksii, and Venlafaxine was recorded at a maximum of 17.3 ng g−1 in Caulocystis cephalornithos. Discussion The calculated bioconcentration factors suggest the pharmaceutical concentrations in benthic flora were up to ~24 000 times higher than in surrounding surface water. There was also evidence that proximity to WWTP outfalls influenced the levels of pharmaceuticals in benthic flora. The results suggest that the benthic flora may be suitable bioindicators of pharmaceutical contamination and that the potential impacts of pharmaceutical pollutants in marine ecosystems demand further investigation.
大多数人类制药废物被排放到环境中。虽然淡水系统中药物的存在在全球范围内都有充分的记录，但对海洋生态系统的影响却知之甚少。我们测量了澳大利亚东南部海洋环境中的药物，发现底栖植物群中的药物浓度比海洋地面水中的药物浓度高24,000倍。我们讨论了海藻作为药物污染生物指标的潜在用途。药物是一种新兴的污染物，对生物和生态系统有一系列不利影响。它们在淡水和河口系统中的存在已经有了很好的记录，但它们在开阔海洋中的流行情况或底栖植物群对它们的吸收情况却知之甚少。这项对南澳大利亚海岸线的初步调查旨在测量地表水和底栖植物群中关键药物的浓度。本研究采用液相色谱-质谱联用技术(LC-MS/MS)测定了(1)污水处理厂、(2)海洋表层水体和(3)几种底栖生物群落样品中卡马西平、曲马多和文拉法辛的浓度。地表水和底栖生物区系在两个靠近污水处理厂排放点的地点和一个远离排放点的地点取样。结果地表水样品中均检出上述3种药物，并通过风险商将其风险评定为中度风险(卡马西平)和低风险(文拉法辛、曲马多)。在底栖植物群中也检测到这三种药物，特别是在棕色大型藻类中;曲马多在bankmosii中最高为34.7 ng g−1，文拉法辛在cephalornithos Caulocystis中最高为17.3 ng g−1。计算出的生物浓度因子表明，底栖植物群中的药物浓度比周围地表水高出约24 000倍。还有证据表明，靠近污水处理厂排放口会影响底栖植物群中药物的含量。结果表明，底栖生物群落可能是药物污染的合适生物指标，药物污染物对海洋生态系统的潜在影响有待进一步研究。
{"title":"Pharmaceutical pollution in marine waters and benthic flora of the southern Australian coastline","authors":"Benjamin M. Long, Samantha Harriage, Nick L. Schultz, Craig D. H. Sherman, Michael Thomas","doi":"10.1071/en22054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/en22054","url":null,"abstract":"Environmental context Most human pharmaceutical waste is discharged to the environment. While the presence of pharmaceuticals in freshwater systems is well documented globally, little is known of the impact on marine ecosystems. We measured pharmaceuticals in a marine environment in south-eastern Australia and found pharmaceutical concentrations around 24 000 times higher in benthic flora than in the marine surface waters. We discuss the potential use of seaweeds as biological indicators of pharmaceutical pollution. Rationale Pharmaceuticals are emerging pollutants of concern with a range of adverse consequences for organisms and ecosystems. Their presence in freshwater and estuarine systems has been well documented, but less is known about their prevalence in open ocean, or their uptake by benthic flora. This preliminary survey of the southern Australian coastline sought to measure the concentrations of key pharmaceuticals in both surface waters and benthic flora. Methodology This study used LC-MS/MS to measure the concentration carbamazepine, tramadol and venlafaxine in (1) samples from wastewater treatment plants, (2) ocean surface waters and (3) several species of benthic flora. Surface waters and benthic flora were sampled at two sites near waste water treatment plant (WWTP) discharges, and one site away from any discharge. Results All three pharmaceuticals were detected in surface water samples with their risk assessed (via risk quotient) as medium risk (carbamazepine) or low risk (venlafaxine, tramadol). All three pharmaceuticals were also detected in benthic flora, particularly in brown macroalgae; Tramadol was measured at a maximum of 34.7 ng g−1 in Hormosira banksii, and Venlafaxine was recorded at a maximum of 17.3 ng g−1 in Caulocystis cephalornithos. Discussion The calculated bioconcentration factors suggest the pharmaceutical concentrations in benthic flora were up to ~24 000 times higher than in surrounding surface water. There was also evidence that proximity to WWTP outfalls influenced the levels of pharmaceuticals in benthic flora. The results suggest that the benthic flora may be suitable bioindicators of pharmaceutical contamination and that the potential impacts of pharmaceutical pollutants in marine ecosystems demand further investigation.","PeriodicalId":11714,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134968765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ammonia emissions from nitrogen fertilised agricultural soils: controlling factors and solutions for emission reduction","authors":"Catrin Rathbone, Sami Ullah","doi":"10.1071/en23010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/en23010","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11714,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76362530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Stiboller, Ariane Cofré Espinoza, Sophie Scholz, G. Raber, T. Schwerdtle
{"title":"Isolation and purification of arsenolipids from natural marine sources for use in speciation and toxicological studies","authors":"M. Stiboller, Ariane Cofré Espinoza, Sophie Scholz, G. Raber, T. Schwerdtle","doi":"10.1071/en22071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/en22071","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11714,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87235917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Application of molecularly imprinted polymers in recognition and detection of environmental oestrogens: a review","authors":"Cunming Hu, Yu Wang, Y. Wang, Ming Guan","doi":"10.1071/en22117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/en22117","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11714,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72721233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Heba T. Elbalkiny, Mohamed B. El-Zeiny, S. S. Saleh
{"title":"Analysis of commonly prescribed analgesics using in-silico processing of spectroscopic signals: application to surface water and industrial effluents, and comparative study via green and white assessments","authors":"Heba T. Elbalkiny, Mohamed B. El-Zeiny, S. S. Saleh","doi":"10.1071/en22108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/en22108","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11714,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85673722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Krishantha Kodithuwakku, Jianyin Huang, C. Doolette, S. Mason, J. Boland, E. Lombi, N. Lehto, P. Teasdale
{"title":"Evaluation of the diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) technique for measuring nitrate and ammonium in soil","authors":"Krishantha Kodithuwakku, Jianyin Huang, C. Doolette, S. Mason, J. Boland, E. Lombi, N. Lehto, P. Teasdale","doi":"10.1071/en22107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/en22107","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11714,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86925995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rebecca Sim, J. Feldmann, D. B. Stengel, Á. Pétursdóttir
{"title":"Temporal and intra-thallus variation in arsenic species in the brown macroalga Laminaria digitata","authors":"Rebecca Sim, J. Feldmann, D. B. Stengel, Á. Pétursdóttir","doi":"10.1071/en22123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/en22123","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11714,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82091487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Speciation analysis of iodine in seaweed: optimisation of extraction procedure and chromatographic separation","authors":"Ana Jerše, H. Amlund, S. L. Holdt, Jens J. Sloth","doi":"10.1071/en22133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/en22133","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11714,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89847348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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