Pub Date : 2021-09-16DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198865872.003.0001
D. Brockington, C. Noe
This chapter introduces the book as a whole. It explains the subject of interest—change in assets in rural areas. It also explains the methods used to examine them: longitudinal studies—revisits to previously surveyed villages and domestic units. It also outlines the argument. This is that contra to critics of smallholder farmers who decry their lack of activity and critics of neoliberal economic policies for the poverty they cause, the authors have found, surprisingly, that there is more wealth, in terms of assets than they were expecting to find. The chapter explains how the authors selected their study sites and presents brief summaries of each case and the chapters to come.
{"title":"Understanding Long-Term Change in Rural Tanzania","authors":"D. Brockington, C. Noe","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198865872.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198865872.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter introduces the book as a whole. It explains the subject of interest—change in assets in rural areas. It also explains the methods used to examine them: longitudinal studies—revisits to previously surveyed villages and domestic units. It also outlines the argument. This is that contra to critics of smallholder farmers who decry their lack of activity and critics of neoliberal economic policies for the poverty they cause, the authors have found, surprisingly, that there is more wealth, in terms of assets than they were expecting to find. The chapter explains how the authors selected their study sites and presents brief summaries of each case and the chapters to come.","PeriodicalId":117283,"journal":{"name":"Prosperity in Rural Africa?","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121930760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-16DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198865872.003.0013
E. Friis-Hansen
When the author of this chapter first visited the region he encountered a place that was characterized by very high levels of poverty. These villages had not been able to benefit from state investment in maize production. However, changes in agricultural production, migration of people outside the area, and remittances, and in particular the explosion of tree farming, tomatoes, and potatoes in a relatively rich area, combined with infrastructural improvements, have been transformative. Change here has been driven by a mutually interlinked set of processes entailing agricultural transformation involving changing farming and rural transformation in a changing rural economy. This is visible in changes to asset ownership as well as relational and social well-being.
{"title":"Rural and Agrarian Transformation 1984–2018 in Three Marginal Villages in Njombe Region, Tanzania","authors":"E. Friis-Hansen","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198865872.003.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198865872.003.0013","url":null,"abstract":"When the author of this chapter first visited the region he encountered a place that was characterized by very high levels of poverty. These villages had not been able to benefit from state investment in maize production. However, changes in agricultural production, migration of people outside the area, and remittances, and in particular the explosion of tree farming, tomatoes, and potatoes in a relatively rich area, combined with infrastructural improvements, have been transformative. Change here has been driven by a mutually interlinked set of processes entailing agricultural transformation involving changing farming and rural transformation in a changing rural economy. This is visible in changes to asset ownership as well as relational and social well-being.","PeriodicalId":117283,"journal":{"name":"Prosperity in Rural Africa?","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134548959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-16DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198865872.003.0011
Agnes Andersson Djurfeldt, Ellen Hillbom, Elibariki Msuyawe
Theories of agricultural transformation commonly focus on changes in the availability of land, and the closing of land frontiers, and on the levels and sorts of technology that the changing availability of land and labour precipitate. However these theories have to take into account changing gender relations which affect the relations of production, as well as injections of capital from outside these agricultural systems. Using the AFRINT database this chapter explores the growth and flourishing of irrigated rice farming in two villages in Kilombero, Morogoro Region. It reports considerable transformations in the productivity of small-holder rice cultivation in these sites. These have followed from technological changes (mechanization and new seed varieties) as well as improved economic returns from rice. A difference emerges from these villages of not intensification driven by land scarcity, or by mechanization, but of divergent causes behind technological change including migration and new market opportunities.
{"title":"Ricing Fortunes","authors":"Agnes Andersson Djurfeldt, Ellen Hillbom, Elibariki Msuyawe","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198865872.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198865872.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"Theories of agricultural transformation commonly focus on changes in the availability of land, and the closing of land frontiers, and on the levels and sorts of technology that the changing availability of land and labour precipitate. However these theories have to take into account changing gender relations which affect the relations of production, as well as injections of capital from outside these agricultural systems. Using the AFRINT database this chapter explores the growth and flourishing of irrigated rice farming in two villages in Kilombero, Morogoro Region. It reports considerable transformations in the productivity of small-holder rice cultivation in these sites. These have followed from technological changes (mechanization and new seed varieties) as well as improved economic returns from rice. A difference emerges from these villages of not intensification driven by land scarcity, or by mechanization, but of divergent causes behind technological change including migration and new market opportunities.","PeriodicalId":117283,"journal":{"name":"Prosperity in Rural Africa?","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115078583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-16DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198865872.003.0012
S. Ponte, D. Brockington
This chapter analyses the patterns of poverty, prosperity, and rural transformation in Tanzania through longitudinal research examining livelihoods and asset change in a twenty-year period. We argue that some current measures of rural transformation are inadequate for capturing forms of change that matter to rural Africans. We consider in detail some of the processes that lie behind such change in selected locations in Morogoro region, noting the importance of improvements that are taking place through smallholder agriculture. In conclusion, the article discusses the implications of these findings for agricultural policy while also cautioning about the blindness of our methods to other forms of poverty.
{"title":"Involution and Enterprise in Rural Areas","authors":"S. Ponte, D. Brockington","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198865872.003.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198865872.003.0012","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter analyses the patterns of poverty, prosperity, and rural transformation in Tanzania through longitudinal research examining livelihoods and asset change in a twenty-year period. We argue that some current measures of rural transformation are inadequate for capturing forms of change that matter to rural Africans. We consider in detail some of the processes that lie behind such change in selected locations in Morogoro region, noting the importance of improvements that are taking place through smallholder agriculture. In conclusion, the article discusses the implications of these findings for agricultural policy while also cautioning about the blindness of our methods to other forms of poverty.","PeriodicalId":117283,"journal":{"name":"Prosperity in Rural Africa?","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121575064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-16DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198865872.003.0010
V. Loiske, D. Brockington
We present data based on recent re-surveys of Tanzanian households first visited in the early 1990s in Manyara Region. These demonstrate a marked increase in prosperity from high levels of poverty, using locally determined measures of wealth. It does not, however, follow that these improvements derive from GDP growth. We consider the implications of this research for further explorations of the relationship between economic growth and agricultural policy in rural areas. Finally we present local interpretations of the reasons for this change which focus on endogenous characteristics like mind-sets and attitudes which are fundamental for responding to exogenous change.
{"title":"Prosperity, Equality, and Power","authors":"V. Loiske, D. Brockington","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198865872.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198865872.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"We present data based on recent re-surveys of Tanzanian households first visited in the early 1990s in Manyara Region. These demonstrate a marked increase in prosperity from high levels of poverty, using locally determined measures of wealth. It does not, however, follow that these improvements derive from GDP growth. We consider the implications of this research for further explorations of the relationship between economic growth and agricultural policy in rural areas. Finally we present local interpretations of the reasons for this change which focus on endogenous characteristics like mind-sets and attitudes which are fundamental for responding to exogenous change.","PeriodicalId":117283,"journal":{"name":"Prosperity in Rural Africa?","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114891794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-16DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198865872.003.0007
C. Noe, O. Howland, D. Brockington
The transformations of the coffee sector have posed major challenges to rural farmers who have lost an important source of income. However, the way in which such shocks are experienced by families hinges on the gender relations governing families’ production and sale of coffee. In this article, it is argued that in Meru, Tanzania, which once had a strong coffee economy, the production of coffee depended on the subjugation of women by men. The collapse of coffee has created new opportunities for women. They do not mourn its demise, as one might expect from a merely financial perspective. At the same time, women’s new opportunities for income earning and business are also contested by men. The changes in this part of Tanzania in response to recent transformations can only be understood through the gender dynamics, and the contests, they fuel.
{"title":"Women’s Tears or Coffee Blight?","authors":"C. Noe, O. Howland, D. Brockington","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198865872.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198865872.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"The transformations of the coffee sector have posed major challenges to rural farmers who have lost an important source of income. However, the way in which such shocks are experienced by families hinges on the gender relations governing families’ production and sale of coffee. In this article, it is argued that in Meru, Tanzania, which once had a strong coffee economy, the production of coffee depended on the subjugation of women by men. The collapse of coffee has created new opportunities for women. They do not mourn its demise, as one might expect from a merely financial perspective. At the same time, women’s new opportunities for income earning and business are also contested by men. The changes in this part of Tanzania in response to recent transformations can only be understood through the gender dynamics, and the contests, they fuel.","PeriodicalId":117283,"journal":{"name":"Prosperity in Rural Africa?","volume":"126 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128076749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-16DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198865872.003.0003
O. Howland, C. Noe, D. Brockington
This book focuses heavily on changing patterns in ownership of assets. In other analyses where assets are used to investigate change then one of the standard means of investigating wealth and poverty is to construct asset indices to examine patterns across space and over time. Assets are important to local definitions of poverty and wealth in rural Africa. Yet their use in asset indices can miss locally valued change. The chapter presents data from seventeen villages across Tanzania to explore differences in the meaning of wealth and poverty across the country. Despite limitations in our site selection we found considerable diversity that makes a single asset index difficult to compile. Current abbreviated asset indices risk counting assets that do not matter locally.
{"title":"The Multiple Meanings of Prosperity and Poverty in Tanzania","authors":"O. Howland, C. Noe, D. Brockington","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198865872.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198865872.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This book focuses heavily on changing patterns in ownership of assets. In other analyses where assets are used to investigate change then one of the standard means of investigating wealth and poverty is to construct asset indices to examine patterns across space and over time. Assets are important to local definitions of poverty and wealth in rural Africa. Yet their use in asset indices can miss locally valued change. The chapter presents data from seventeen villages across Tanzania to explore differences in the meaning of wealth and poverty across the country. Despite limitations in our site selection we found considerable diversity that makes a single asset index difficult to compile. Current abbreviated asset indices risk counting assets that do not matter locally.","PeriodicalId":117283,"journal":{"name":"Prosperity in Rural Africa?","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130889483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-16DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198865872.003.0014
C. Sokoni, Verdiana T. Tilumanywa
Changes to villages near to Mbeya in the Uporoto Highlands show a mixture of changing fortunes. New cash crops such as potatoes and trees have arrived. But there has been a decline in pyretheum. And some stands of planted trees make neighbouring lots less productive. There have also been restrictions on access to land in state farms and new conservation areas. Herd growth, whilst there are indications of an improved standard of living in some instances, is patchy. Other domestic units are losing capabilities particular as they age. Poorer households have not been able to build assets easily.
{"title":"Exploring Long-Term Changes in People’s Welfare on the Uporoto Highlands, Mbeya District, Tanzania","authors":"C. Sokoni, Verdiana T. Tilumanywa","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198865872.003.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198865872.003.0014","url":null,"abstract":"Changes to villages near to Mbeya in the Uporoto Highlands show a mixture of changing fortunes. New cash crops such as potatoes and trees have arrived. But there has been a decline in pyretheum. And some stands of planted trees make neighbouring lots less productive. There have also been restrictions on access to land in state farms and new conservation areas. Herd growth, whilst there are indications of an improved standard of living in some instances, is patchy. Other domestic units are losing capabilities particular as they age. Poorer households have not been able to build assets easily.","PeriodicalId":117283,"journal":{"name":"Prosperity in Rural Africa?","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129356991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-16DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198865872.003.0009
W. Östberg, J. Mduma, D. Brockington
We studied livelihood changes and poverty dynamics over a twenty-five-year period in two villages in central Tanzania. The villages were, from the early 1990s and 2000s, strikingly poor with between 50 per cent and 55 per cent of families in the poorest wealth groups. Twenty-five years later much has changed: people have become substantially wealthier, with 64 per cent and 71 per cent in the middle wealth groups. The new wealth had been generated locally, from farming, particularly of sunflowers as a cash crop. This goes against a conventional view of small-scale farming in Tanzania as being stagnant or unproductive. The area of land farmed per family has increased, almost doubling in one village. People have made money, which they invest in mechanized farming, improved housing, education of their children, livestock, and consumer goods. Improved infrastructure and local entrepreneurs have played key roles in the area’s transformation. Locally identified wealth rankings showed that most villagers, those in the middle wealth groups and above, can now support themselves from their land, which is a notable change to a time when 71 per cent and 82 per cent in each village respectively depended on casual labour for their survival. This change has come at a cost to the environment. By 2016, the village forests have largely gone and been replaced by farms. Farmers were concerned that the climate was turning drier because of deforestation. Satellite data confirms extensive forest loss in this location. Studying the mundane—the material used in roofs, the size of farms, and so on—made it possible to trace and understand the radical transition the area has experienced.
{"title":"Self-Made Farmers and Sustainable Change?","authors":"W. Östberg, J. Mduma, D. Brockington","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198865872.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198865872.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"We studied livelihood changes and poverty dynamics over a twenty-five-year period in two villages in central Tanzania. The villages were, from the early 1990s and 2000s, strikingly poor with between 50 per cent and 55 per cent of families in the poorest wealth groups. Twenty-five years later much has changed: people have become substantially wealthier, with 64 per cent and 71 per cent in the middle wealth groups. The new wealth had been generated locally, from farming, particularly of sunflowers as a cash crop. This goes against a conventional view of small-scale farming in Tanzania as being stagnant or unproductive. The area of land farmed per family has increased, almost doubling in one village. People have made money, which they invest in mechanized farming, improved housing, education of their children, livestock, and consumer goods. Improved infrastructure and local entrepreneurs have played key roles in the area’s transformation. Locally identified wealth rankings showed that most villagers, those in the middle wealth groups and above, can now support themselves from their land, which is a notable change to a time when 71 per cent and 82 per cent in each village respectively depended on casual labour for their survival. This change has come at a cost to the environment. By 2016, the village forests have largely gone and been replaced by farms. Farmers were concerned that the climate was turning drier because of deforestation. Satellite data confirms extensive forest loss in this location. Studying the mundane—the material used in roofs, the size of farms, and so on—made it possible to trace and understand the radical transition the area has experienced.","PeriodicalId":117283,"journal":{"name":"Prosperity in Rural Africa?","volume":"615 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123206705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-16DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198865872.003.0016
A. Mdee
Uchira, in Kilimanjaro Region, provides an exception to the chapters in this book which record rising prosperity. Uchira’s economy has declined after the cattle market that it hosted collapsed, and as agriculture has become less and less productive. This chapter charts the growth and development of the village, the changes to its development projects and service provision, and the growth in its real estate market as migrants from Moshi seek relatively affordable houses well connected to the town and with good water supplies. The chapter explores two broad-brush aspects of change in Uchira during this period: livelihoods patterns and public and private infrastructure. It provides a contrasting example of persistent disadvantage compared to other chapters in this collection.
{"title":"The Urbanizing Frontier, Change and Continuity","authors":"A. Mdee","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198865872.003.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198865872.003.0016","url":null,"abstract":"Uchira, in Kilimanjaro Region, provides an exception to the chapters in this book which record rising prosperity. Uchira’s economy has declined after the cattle market that it hosted collapsed, and as agriculture has become less and less productive. This chapter charts the growth and development of the village, the changes to its development projects and service provision, and the growth in its real estate market as migrants from Moshi seek relatively affordable houses well connected to the town and with good water supplies. The chapter explores two broad-brush aspects of change in Uchira during this period: livelihoods patterns and public and private infrastructure. It provides a contrasting example of persistent disadvantage compared to other chapters in this collection.","PeriodicalId":117283,"journal":{"name":"Prosperity in Rural Africa?","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116790423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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