Pub Date : 2015-12-01DOI: 10.1109/SGC.2015.7857415
Sara Mollaee Vaneghi, M. Mashhadi, M. Barazesh
In recent years, electricity consumption growth and gradual penetration of renewable energies in electricity production, have increased the need for designing appropriate demand response programs. Determining an encouraging incentive rate for participation of customers in these programs is very important. In this paper, we introduce a new approach to determine an optimal incentive rate for incorporating large industries in demand response programs. These programs include decreasing peak demand and providing system reserve, by means of joint energy/reserve market framework. The objective of this approach is to minimize system costs in peak hours of the year, considering customers’ price offers for providing energy and reserve. To assess the performance of the method, a case study has been conducted on IEEE-RTS 24 standard grid. Results show the capability of the proposed method in lowering system costs.
{"title":"Introducing a new approach to improve demand response pricing for industrial customers in Iran","authors":"Sara Mollaee Vaneghi, M. Mashhadi, M. Barazesh","doi":"10.1109/SGC.2015.7857415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SGC.2015.7857415","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, electricity consumption growth and gradual penetration of renewable energies in electricity production, have increased the need for designing appropriate demand response programs. Determining an encouraging incentive rate for participation of customers in these programs is very important. In this paper, we introduce a new approach to determine an optimal incentive rate for incorporating large industries in demand response programs. These programs include decreasing peak demand and providing system reserve, by means of joint energy/reserve market framework. The objective of this approach is to minimize system costs in peak hours of the year, considering customers’ price offers for providing energy and reserve. To assess the performance of the method, a case study has been conducted on IEEE-RTS 24 standard grid. Results show the capability of the proposed method in lowering system costs.","PeriodicalId":117785,"journal":{"name":"2015 Smart Grid Conference (SGC)","volume":"120 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134258089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-12-01DOI: 10.1109/SGC.2015.7857420
Ramin Ahmadi Kordkheili, M. Mohammadi
This paper reflects the outcome of an investigation on economic benefits of scheduling electric vehicles charging and discharging for the purpose of peak load shaving in a distribution system. In this study, a number of wind turbines as a favourite type of renewable energy resources are placed in the power system under study. Two different cases are define with time of use and real time price to find related costs. Grid constraints like voltage profile and lines thermal limits beside customers comfort level are considered as the mandatory conditions to be met through the study. Genetic algorithm is utilized to find optimum value of charging and discharging power on an hourly based for individual vehicles corresponding to pricing signals. Monte Carlo simulation method is used to model uncertainties for the study. Simulation results verify electric vehicles capabilities in shaving peak load of the system. Intelligent scheduled charging also shows a substantial drop in cost of customers compared to the case of unplanned charging.
{"title":"Smart scheduling and economic analysis of electric vehicles for peak load shaving considering renewable energy resources","authors":"Ramin Ahmadi Kordkheili, M. Mohammadi","doi":"10.1109/SGC.2015.7857420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SGC.2015.7857420","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reflects the outcome of an investigation on economic benefits of scheduling electric vehicles charging and discharging for the purpose of peak load shaving in a distribution system. In this study, a number of wind turbines as a favourite type of renewable energy resources are placed in the power system under study. Two different cases are define with time of use and real time price to find related costs. Grid constraints like voltage profile and lines thermal limits beside customers comfort level are considered as the mandatory conditions to be met through the study. Genetic algorithm is utilized to find optimum value of charging and discharging power on an hourly based for individual vehicles corresponding to pricing signals. Monte Carlo simulation method is used to model uncertainties for the study. Simulation results verify electric vehicles capabilities in shaving peak load of the system. Intelligent scheduled charging also shows a substantial drop in cost of customers compared to the case of unplanned charging.","PeriodicalId":117785,"journal":{"name":"2015 Smart Grid Conference (SGC)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131888851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-12-01DOI: 10.1109/SGC.2015.7857391
M. R. K. Gharigh, M. Seydali Seyf Abad, J. Nokhbehzaeem, A. Safdarian
In future smart grids, energy storage systems (EESs) are expected to play an indispensable role in balancing continuous load changes arising from customers’ life-style as well as varying output of intermittent energy resources. This, however, needs significant investment that should be justified prior to their implementation. This paper presents a model to find the optimal capacity for ESSs in distribution systems. The model aims at maximizing system owner profit by reducing total electricity procurement costs. The model is formulated as a mixed integer non-linear programming problem. Due to the complexity and large size of the problem, a decouplebased method is proposed wherein optimal charge/discharge pattern of ESSs is obtained via a quadratic programming (QP) model. The method is applied to the IEEE 33-bus network and simulation results are thoroughly discussed.
{"title":"Optimal sizing of distributed energy storage in distribution systems","authors":"M. R. K. Gharigh, M. Seydali Seyf Abad, J. Nokhbehzaeem, A. Safdarian","doi":"10.1109/SGC.2015.7857391","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SGC.2015.7857391","url":null,"abstract":"In future smart grids, energy storage systems (EESs) are expected to play an indispensable role in balancing continuous load changes arising from customers’ life-style as well as varying output of intermittent energy resources. This, however, needs significant investment that should be justified prior to their implementation. This paper presents a model to find the optimal capacity for ESSs in distribution systems. The model aims at maximizing system owner profit by reducing total electricity procurement costs. The model is formulated as a mixed integer non-linear programming problem. Due to the complexity and large size of the problem, a decouplebased method is proposed wherein optimal charge/discharge pattern of ESSs is obtained via a quadratic programming (QP) model. The method is applied to the IEEE 33-bus network and simulation results are thoroughly discussed.","PeriodicalId":117785,"journal":{"name":"2015 Smart Grid Conference (SGC)","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116585378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-12-01DOI: 10.1109/SGC.2015.7857422
M. Maleki, H. Javadi, M. Khederzadeh, M. Bayrami, S. Farajzadeh
In this paper a scheme is proposed for a decentralized adaptive microgrid protection. In this scheme, the relays are monitoring the microgrid conditions using telecommunication. Once any change happened in the microgrid conditions, relays update their settings. Through standardization of exchanged data, unconventional data is not applied and a good mentality is built for the implementation of a protection scheme in the real world. So, the exchanged data among IEDs in the proposed protection scheme is defined by the IEC 61850. There is not any limitation for relay type required data is described for both instantaneous and inverse time. It can be shown that there is no problem in using inverse time over current relays in this protection scheme but there is a challenge in data definition for implementation of the protection scheme by instantaneous overcurrent relay. The mentioned standard lets the user define new logical node, data object and common data class in the scheme. In this paper two new data objects are also proposed for logical node of overcurrent relay in facing with occurred problems.
{"title":"Data exchange standardization in a microgrid protection scheme according to the IEC 61850","authors":"M. Maleki, H. Javadi, M. Khederzadeh, M. Bayrami, S. Farajzadeh","doi":"10.1109/SGC.2015.7857422","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SGC.2015.7857422","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper a scheme is proposed for a decentralized adaptive microgrid protection. In this scheme, the relays are monitoring the microgrid conditions using telecommunication. Once any change happened in the microgrid conditions, relays update their settings. Through standardization of exchanged data, unconventional data is not applied and a good mentality is built for the implementation of a protection scheme in the real world. So, the exchanged data among IEDs in the proposed protection scheme is defined by the IEC 61850. There is not any limitation for relay type required data is described for both instantaneous and inverse time. It can be shown that there is no problem in using inverse time over current relays in this protection scheme but there is a challenge in data definition for implementation of the protection scheme by instantaneous overcurrent relay. The mentioned standard lets the user define new logical node, data object and common data class in the scheme. In this paper two new data objects are also proposed for logical node of overcurrent relay in facing with occurred problems.","PeriodicalId":117785,"journal":{"name":"2015 Smart Grid Conference (SGC)","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126466786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-12-01DOI: 10.1109/SGC.2015.7857383
M. Tavakoli, J. Adabi, S. Zabihi
Photovoltaic systems cause problems for the power network because of uncertainty of their output power. One solution to eliminate these problems is to increase reserve power of conventional power plants in the network, which increases system cost and imposes more stress on power plants. Nowadays, the focus in photovoltaic systems is to extract the maximum power from photovoltaic modules. This action prevents these systems from participating in frequency control. This paper introduces a scheme to involve photovoltaic system in frequency control by considering a fraction of Photovoltaic generated power as reservation. For simulation, a system comprising of thermal, hydro and photovoltaic units is considered to investigate the performance of proposed method. This simulation is done in MATLAB Simulink. Moreover, a modified objective function is designed in order to satisfy desired specifications such as lower overshoot, fast settling time and smaller steady-state error. Out coming Results from simulation revealed that photovoltaic contribution in frequency control can improve network frequency noticeably.
{"title":"Improving load frequency control through PV contribution in a hybrid generation grid","authors":"M. Tavakoli, J. Adabi, S. Zabihi","doi":"10.1109/SGC.2015.7857383","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SGC.2015.7857383","url":null,"abstract":"Photovoltaic systems cause problems for the power network because of uncertainty of their output power. One solution to eliminate these problems is to increase reserve power of conventional power plants in the network, which increases system cost and imposes more stress on power plants. Nowadays, the focus in photovoltaic systems is to extract the maximum power from photovoltaic modules. This action prevents these systems from participating in frequency control. This paper introduces a scheme to involve photovoltaic system in frequency control by considering a fraction of Photovoltaic generated power as reservation. For simulation, a system comprising of thermal, hydro and photovoltaic units is considered to investigate the performance of proposed method. This simulation is done in MATLAB Simulink. Moreover, a modified objective function is designed in order to satisfy desired specifications such as lower overshoot, fast settling time and smaller steady-state error. Out coming Results from simulation revealed that photovoltaic contribution in frequency control can improve network frequency noticeably.","PeriodicalId":117785,"journal":{"name":"2015 Smart Grid Conference (SGC)","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125757542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-12-01DOI: 10.1109/SGC.2015.7857386
M. Kamran, M. S. Naderi, Mehrdad Mallaki, G. Gharehpetian
The multi-objective generation expansion planning problem includes making the best decisions of selecting generation technologies to be added to the existing power system in order to minimize cost and other desired factors. In this paper, an optimal generation expansion planning scheme for power systems considering electric vehicle load effect is presented. The optimum value is achieved by solving multiobjective optimization problem. Furthermore, the impact of electric vehicle charging method (typical or optimum) on generation expansion planning are calculated and analysed. Mont Carlo simulation is used to represent uncertainty of system component and then problem is solved using a multi objective genetic algorithm method.
{"title":"Effect of electric vehicle load and charging pattern on generation expansion planning","authors":"M. Kamran, M. S. Naderi, Mehrdad Mallaki, G. Gharehpetian","doi":"10.1109/SGC.2015.7857386","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SGC.2015.7857386","url":null,"abstract":"The multi-objective generation expansion planning problem includes making the best decisions of selecting generation technologies to be added to the existing power system in order to minimize cost and other desired factors. In this paper, an optimal generation expansion planning scheme for power systems considering electric vehicle load effect is presented. The optimum value is achieved by solving multiobjective optimization problem. Furthermore, the impact of electric vehicle charging method (typical or optimum) on generation expansion planning are calculated and analysed. Mont Carlo simulation is used to represent uncertainty of system component and then problem is solved using a multi objective genetic algorithm method.","PeriodicalId":117785,"journal":{"name":"2015 Smart Grid Conference (SGC)","volume":"320 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134016220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-12-01DOI: 10.1109/SGC.2015.7857414
Vahid Saeidi, A. Afzalian, D. Gharavian
The gas compressor station is constructed to compensate the pressure drop in gas transmission pipeline. There is a recycle valve, parallel to compressor station, which maintains the safety. This valve is the final protection device, which excited to open the inlet to outlet of compressor station for the safety consideration. In this paper, we synthesize the modular hierarchical supervisory control for surge avoidance in a gas compressor station using compressor and recycle valve. This is a method to reduce the complexity of supervisor synthesis procedure in a plant with some components. Some components modularly are under lower level supervision and synchronously are under higher level supervision with other components.
{"title":"Modular hierarchical supervisory control for surge avoidance in a gas compressor station","authors":"Vahid Saeidi, A. Afzalian, D. Gharavian","doi":"10.1109/SGC.2015.7857414","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SGC.2015.7857414","url":null,"abstract":"The gas compressor station is constructed to compensate the pressure drop in gas transmission pipeline. There is a recycle valve, parallel to compressor station, which maintains the safety. This valve is the final protection device, which excited to open the inlet to outlet of compressor station for the safety consideration. In this paper, we synthesize the modular hierarchical supervisory control for surge avoidance in a gas compressor station using compressor and recycle valve. This is a method to reduce the complexity of supervisor synthesis procedure in a plant with some components. Some components modularly are under lower level supervision and synchronously are under higher level supervision with other components.","PeriodicalId":117785,"journal":{"name":"2015 Smart Grid Conference (SGC)","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121236540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-12-01DOI: 10.1109/SGC.2015.7857421
R. Mehri, M. Kalantar
In this paper, operation cost and emission in the presence of Electric vehicles (EVs), conventional power plants and renewable energy sources have been evaluated. Also demand and wind speed uncertainties using scenario tree is considered and applied to model. In EVs scheduling problem, drive patterns, electricity prices and batteries have most effect on results. In order to have a real and accurate analysis, it is necessary to get on real drive patterns and electricity prices properly. Several kinds of EVs are introduced which every kind has specific battery. Different cases for EVs and renewable energy sources in a 33 bus distribution test system are considered. Simulation model consist of cost and emission functions that should be minimized. According to nonlinear power flow constraints, multi-objective function is a MINLP problem. GAMS has been selected for solving economic /environmental problem. The ε-constraint method has been used to solve multi-objective optimization problem. Also, the output of this method is pareto optimal solutions. Finally, using membership function, the best solution is selected. The results demonstrate that system operator and EVs owners can benefit from proper charge and discharge.
{"title":"Multi-objective scheduling of electric vehicles considering wind and demand uncertainties","authors":"R. Mehri, M. Kalantar","doi":"10.1109/SGC.2015.7857421","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SGC.2015.7857421","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, operation cost and emission in the presence of Electric vehicles (EVs), conventional power plants and renewable energy sources have been evaluated. Also demand and wind speed uncertainties using scenario tree is considered and applied to model. In EVs scheduling problem, drive patterns, electricity prices and batteries have most effect on results. In order to have a real and accurate analysis, it is necessary to get on real drive patterns and electricity prices properly. Several kinds of EVs are introduced which every kind has specific battery. Different cases for EVs and renewable energy sources in a 33 bus distribution test system are considered. Simulation model consist of cost and emission functions that should be minimized. According to nonlinear power flow constraints, multi-objective function is a MINLP problem. GAMS has been selected for solving economic /environmental problem. The ε-constraint method has been used to solve multi-objective optimization problem. Also, the output of this method is pareto optimal solutions. Finally, using membership function, the best solution is selected. The results demonstrate that system operator and EVs owners can benefit from proper charge and discharge.","PeriodicalId":117785,"journal":{"name":"2015 Smart Grid Conference (SGC)","volume":"22 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116745480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-12-01DOI: 10.1109/SGC.2015.7857384
M. Tavakoli, J. Adabi, S. Zabihi
This paper presents frequency control of a hybrid renewable energy system comprised of wind farms, fuel cell and battery with the main contribution of wind energy conversion system. Wind farm generated power varies by wind speed changes and therefore, high penetration of wind farms into the network decreases the system inertia and causes severe frequency deviation. Due to this fact, it is necessary to involve wind turbines in frequency control structure. The amount of kinetic energy stored in the rotating blades of wind turbines has a significant value, which has to be used in an efficient way to mitigate frequency deviation. On the other hand, adjusting the blade pitch angle is one of the most applicable approaches for regulating aerodynamic torque in wind turbine. Inertia control and direct pitch angle control of the wind turbine are introduced to improve the frequency deviation of the hybrid system. In addition to this, battery energy storage and fuel cell are utilized in order to help the frequency control. Utilization of proposed controls on wind turbines leads to lower size battery requirements that decreases the system cost. Simulation results are presented to analyse time domain behaviour of the mentioned hybrid system.
{"title":"Participation of wind turbines in frequency control of a hybrid renewable energy system","authors":"M. Tavakoli, J. Adabi, S. Zabihi","doi":"10.1109/SGC.2015.7857384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SGC.2015.7857384","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents frequency control of a hybrid renewable energy system comprised of wind farms, fuel cell and battery with the main contribution of wind energy conversion system. Wind farm generated power varies by wind speed changes and therefore, high penetration of wind farms into the network decreases the system inertia and causes severe frequency deviation. Due to this fact, it is necessary to involve wind turbines in frequency control structure. The amount of kinetic energy stored in the rotating blades of wind turbines has a significant value, which has to be used in an efficient way to mitigate frequency deviation. On the other hand, adjusting the blade pitch angle is one of the most applicable approaches for regulating aerodynamic torque in wind turbine. Inertia control and direct pitch angle control of the wind turbine are introduced to improve the frequency deviation of the hybrid system. In addition to this, battery energy storage and fuel cell are utilized in order to help the frequency control. Utilization of proposed controls on wind turbines leads to lower size battery requirements that decreases the system cost. Simulation results are presented to analyse time domain behaviour of the mentioned hybrid system.","PeriodicalId":117785,"journal":{"name":"2015 Smart Grid Conference (SGC)","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122360457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-12-01DOI: 10.1109/SGC.2015.7857392
S. M. Mohammadi H.N., S. Heydari, Hamed Mirsaeedi, A. Fereidunian, A. Kian
In modern electric power grids, microgrids are utilized in order to improve electric power grids' technical, economical, and environmental performance. In other words, both operator and consumers benefit the gained improvements by microgrids. However, operators confront certain ordeals to plan and operate the specific microgrid. In this paper, Combined Heat and Power (CHP) units, renewable energy resources, auxiliary thermal units and Electric Vehicles (EVs) are taken into consideration as a specific microgrid in California in the United States. Also, stochastic price of gas and electricity is taken into account. Moreover, uncertainty of the output power associated with non-dispatchable units like wind power plants as well as stochastic availability of the EVs adds to the complexity of the problem. The proposed approach plans to minimize total cost associated with the utilities as well as to minimize released emissions into the environment. Hence, the mentioned problem is a Multi-objective Linear Programming (MIP) which is solved using GAMS software. Finally, it has been showed that obtained solution is robust against uncertain parameters since there is just insignificant difference between solutions under this condition compared to condition that stochastic parameters are not modeled.
在现代电网中，微电网的应用是为了提高电网的技术、经济和环境性能。换句话说，运营商和消费者都受益于微电网的改进。然而，运营商在规划和运营特定的微电网时面临着一定的考验。本文将热电联产(Combined Heat and Power, CHP)机组、可再生能源、辅助热电机组和电动汽车作为美国加州具体的微电网进行考虑。同时考虑了燃气和电力的随机价格。此外，风力发电厂等非可调度机组的输出功率的不确定性以及电动汽车的随机可用性增加了问题的复杂性。拟议的方法计划将与公用事业相关的总成本降到最低，并将排放到环境中的排放物降到最低。因此，上述问题是一个多目标线性规划(MIP)问题，使用GAMS软件进行求解。最后，证明了所得到的解对不确定参数具有鲁棒性，因为在此条件下的解与未建模随机参数的解之间的差异不显著。
{"title":"Optimally operating microgrids in the presence of electric vehicles and renewable energy resources","authors":"S. M. Mohammadi H.N., S. Heydari, Hamed Mirsaeedi, A. Fereidunian, A. Kian","doi":"10.1109/SGC.2015.7857392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SGC.2015.7857392","url":null,"abstract":"In modern electric power grids, microgrids are utilized in order to improve electric power grids' technical, economical, and environmental performance. In other words, both operator and consumers benefit the gained improvements by microgrids. However, operators confront certain ordeals to plan and operate the specific microgrid. In this paper, Combined Heat and Power (CHP) units, renewable energy resources, auxiliary thermal units and Electric Vehicles (EVs) are taken into consideration as a specific microgrid in California in the United States. Also, stochastic price of gas and electricity is taken into account. Moreover, uncertainty of the output power associated with non-dispatchable units like wind power plants as well as stochastic availability of the EVs adds to the complexity of the problem. The proposed approach plans to minimize total cost associated with the utilities as well as to minimize released emissions into the environment. Hence, the mentioned problem is a Multi-objective Linear Programming (MIP) which is solved using GAMS software. Finally, it has been showed that obtained solution is robust against uncertain parameters since there is just insignificant difference between solutions under this condition compared to condition that stochastic parameters are not modeled.","PeriodicalId":117785,"journal":{"name":"2015 Smart Grid Conference (SGC)","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125450993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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