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Numerical Modelling and Investigation of the Impact Behaviour of Single Guardrail Posts 单根护栏柱冲击特性的数值模拟与研究
4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL Pub Date : 2023-10-30 DOI: 10.3390/geotechnics3040062
Mohamed Soliman, Roberto Cudmani
Vehicle restraint systems are vital hardware elements in road safety engineering. The certification process of a vehicle restraint system includes full-scale crash tests, component testing and numerical simulation of these tests. To achieve reliable crash test simulation results, the soil–post interaction must be modelled to capture the behaviour realistically. There is no standardised approach for modelling the soil–post interaction in the praxis. In this study, the finite element method is utilised to investigate the soil–post response under quasi-static and dynamic impact loading. Two different modelling techniques are applied for this purpose. The first technique is the finite element continuum method, with the soil modelled using the advanced hypoplastic constitutive relation and calibrated using laboratory test data. The second technique is a lumped-parameter model, for which a systematic parameters calibration routine using basic soil properties is introduced. The numerical models are validated using a series of full-scale field tests performed by the authors on single posts in standard road shoulder materials. The performance comparison of the investigated modelling techniques shows that the hypoplastic constitutive relation can capture the post behaviour realistically under different loading conditions using the same parameter set. The introduced lumped-parameter model adequately simulates the post behaviour with high computational efficiency, which is very important when simulating several posts. The conducted parametric study elucidates that the soil’s relative density, the post’s embedment length, and the post-section modulus govern the single post’s lateral load-bearing behaviour and energy dissipation capacity.
车辆约束系统是道路安全工程中重要的硬件组成部分。车辆约束系统的认证过程包括全尺寸碰撞试验、部件试验和这些试验的数值模拟。为了获得可靠的碰撞试验模拟结果,必须对土-桩相互作用进行建模,以真实地捕捉其行为。在实践中,没有标准化的方法来模拟土壤-桩的相互作用。本文采用有限元方法研究了准静态和动态冲击荷载作用下的桩土响应。为此目的应用了两种不同的建模技术。第一种方法是有限元连续体方法,采用先进的欠塑性本构关系对土壤进行建模,并使用实验室测试数据进行校准。第二种方法是集总参数模型,介绍了基于土壤基本特性的系统参数校准方法。作者在标准路肩材料的单桩上进行了一系列全尺寸现场试验,验证了数值模型的有效性。结果表明,在相同的参数集下,欠塑性本构关系能较真实地反映不同荷载条件下的桩体行为。所引入的集总参数模型以较高的计算效率充分地模拟了桩的行为,这在模拟多个桩时是非常重要的。参数化研究表明,土的相对密度、桩的埋置长度和后截面模量决定了单桩的侧向承载性能和耗能能力。
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引用次数: 0
Dynamic properties of HDPE-sand by large-scale direct shear experiments hdpe砂大尺度直剪动态特性试验
4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL Pub Date : 2023-10-20 DOI: 10.1680/jenge.22.00021
Mahyar Arabani, Masoomeh Khodabakhshi
Recycling and reuse of plastic waste in civil projects is one way to reduce its negative impacts on the environment. High-density polyethylene (HDPE) is a highly abundant plastic waste found widely and in high volumes worldwide. Although sand has a relatively high frictional resistance, if its dynamic parameters are improved, it can be used in geotechnical projects that require higher dynamic parameters than those of pure sand. This study aimed to investigate the dynamic properties of sand mixed with crushed HDPE waste and its application to mitigate its negative environmental impacts. Crushed HDPE was added to sand at 0, 4 and 8% by weight. Under three vertical stresses and two shear amplitudes, the dynamic parameters of the mixture, including damping and shear stiffness, were investigated by conducting a large-scale cyclic direct shear test under ten cycles and are discussed. The results showed that with increasing HDPE percentage, the damping ratio rose and the shear stiffness decreased compared with those of pure sand due to the elasticity, deformation, tensile properties and high potential of HDPE for energy absorption. Furthermore, the rise in shear amplitude decreased the dynamic shear stiffness and raised the damping ratio of the mixtures.
在民用项目中回收和再利用塑料废物是减少其对环境的负面影响的一种方法。高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)是一种含量很高的塑料废物,在世界范围内广泛存在并大量存在。砂土虽然具有较高的摩擦阻力,但如果改善其动力参数,则可用于比纯砂要求更高动力参数的岩土工程中。本研究旨在探讨破碎HDPE废料混合砂的动态特性及其在减轻其负面环境影响方面的应用。破碎的HDPE分别以重量的0、4%和8%加入砂中。在三种竖向应力和两种剪切幅值的作用下,进行了十次大循环直剪试验,研究了混合料的动态参数,包括阻尼和剪切刚度,并进行了讨论。结果表明:随着HDPE掺量的增加,与纯砂相比,HDPE的弹性、变形、拉伸性能和高吸能潜力使阻尼比增大,抗剪刚度减小;剪切幅值的增大降低了混合料的动剪切刚度,提高了混合料的阻尼比。
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引用次数: 1
Stability Analysis of Earth Dam Slopes Based on the Second-Order Work Criterion in Finite Element Modeling 基于有限元二阶功准则的土坝边坡稳定性分析
4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL Pub Date : 2023-10-20 DOI: 10.3390/geotechnics3040061
Anthony Mouyeaux, Claudio Carvajal, François Nicot, Antoine Wautier, Laurent Peyras
Slope instability issues could cause severe damage and endanger the population, especially when dams are concerned. Over the past years, more and more refined numerical approaches have been proposed to evaluate the slope stability. However, a criterion based on the lack of numerical convergence is generally considered to compute the safety factor with this kind of approaches, which may result in a dramatic increase in the overall computation time for the probabilistic assessment of the safety factor (e.g., using Monte Carlo simulations that require the automation of a large number of simulations). This paper proposes an original approach coupling the shear strength reduction technique with the second-order work criterion. This approach is implemented in the open finite element software Cast3M, version 22.0. The relevance and efficiency of the developed approach is illustrated with two case studies: a heuristic slope and an existing earth dam. Safety factors similar to those calculated by classical approaches are obtained, but without pushing the calculation to the point of non-convergence. Among other advantages described in the paper, the proposed approach makes it possible to compute safety factors using a rational and physically based criterion, while facilitating probabilistic calculations.
边坡失稳问题会造成严重的破坏,危及人口,特别是大坝。近年来,人们提出了越来越多精细化的边坡稳定性评价数值方法。然而,基于缺乏数值收敛性的准则通常被认为用这种方法来计算安全系数,这可能导致安全系数概率评估的总体计算时间急剧增加(例如,使用蒙特卡罗模拟,需要大量模拟的自动化)。提出了一种将抗剪强度折减法与二阶功准则相结合的方法。该方法在开放有限元软件Cast3M 22.0版中实现。用两个实例说明了所开发方法的相关性和有效性:一个启发式边坡和一个现有的土坝。得到了与经典方法相似的安全系数,但没有将计算推到非收敛点。在本文中描述的其他优点中,所提出的方法使得使用合理的和基于物理的标准计算安全系数成为可能,同时促进了概率计算。
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引用次数: 0
Influence of Weather, Soil Variability, and Vegetation on Seasonal Ground Movement: A Field Study 气候、土壤变异和植被对季节性地面运动的影响:野外研究
4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL Pub Date : 2023-10-16 DOI: 10.3390/geotechnics3040059
Donald Cameron, Md Rajibul Karim, Tim Johnson, Md Mizanur Rahman
Expansive soils change volume due to changes in moisture content, which results in ground movement. Lightweight shallow-depth structures such as pavements, residential footings, and pipelines can suffer distress as they face additional stresses from the moving ground. The soil reactivity (the ability of soil to expand or contract due to change in moisture content) and the interactions at the soil-atmosphere-vegetation boundary are two of the major contributing factors to the ground movement. The current methodology used in design to account for ground movement is based on limited field and laboratory observations. Aiming at a better understanding of the interaction at the soil-atmosphere-vegetation boundary and its correlation with ground movement, this paper presents results from a field study. The research site was located in a semi-arid climate area and consisted of moderately to highly reactive clay soils. Part of the site was vegetated with mature trees, and part was occupied by grass. The order of 10 s of mm difference was observed in the magnitude of movement across the site owing to site soil variability as well as differences in vegetation. The areas with large trees showed relatively lower ground movement over the study period compared to the area occupied by grass, which was attributed to the microclimate created by the tree canopy and the already established deeper drying of the soil near the trees.
膨胀土由于含水率的变化而引起体积的变化,从而引起地面运动。轻质的浅层结构,如路面、住宅基础和管道,由于面临来自移动地面的额外压力,可能会遭受压力。土壤反应性(土壤因含水量变化而膨胀或收缩的能力)和土壤-大气-植被边界的相互作用是地面运动的两个主要影响因素。目前用于解释地面移动的设计方法是基于有限的实地和实验室观察。为了更好地理解土壤-大气-植被边界的相互作用及其与地面运动的相关性,本文给出了野外研究的结果。研究地点位于半干旱气候区,由中高活性粘土组成。场地的一部分被成熟的树木所覆盖,一部分被草所占据。由于立地土壤的变异和植被的差异,在整个立地的移动幅度存在10秒mm的数量级差异。在研究期间,与被草占据的地区相比,有大树的地区地表运动相对较低,这是由于树冠造成的小气候和树木附近土壤已经形成的较深的干燥。
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引用次数: 0
Two-Dimensional Seismic Response Analysis to Evaluate the Site Effects of the New Belvedere Bridge (L’Aquila, Central Italy) 新贝尔维德大桥(意大利中部拉奎拉)场地效应的二维地震反应分析
4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL Pub Date : 2023-10-16 DOI: 10.3390/geotechnics3040060
Ferdinando Totani
To evaluate the importance of the site effects of large structures such as the new Belvedere Bridge (L’Aquila), which crosses a 25 m deep and 100 m valley in the city, one-dimensional and two-dimensional analyses were used to model the seismic response. The results indicate that the valley effects and the geometry of the bridge construction section have a significant influence on ground motions, especially at the points where the natural morphology has been altered by civil works carried out over time. In the presence of vertically propagating shear waves (SVs), the synthetic parameters of seismic motion, such as the maximum ground acceleration (PGA), the amplification factors (AFs), and the elastic acceleration response spectra (Ses), are crucial aspects to identify. The different motions generated between the anchorage points of the bridge foundations, even though they exhibit reduced proportions, and the site effects should be considered in bridge design.
为了评估大型结构的场地效应的重要性,例如新的Belvedere桥(L 'Aquila),它跨越了城市中25米深和100米深的山谷,一维和二维分析被用于模拟地震反应。结果表明,山谷效应和桥梁施工截面的几何形状对地面运动有显著影响,特别是在自然形态被长期进行的土建工程改变的地方。在垂直传播横波(SVs)存在的情况下,地震运动的综合参数,如最大地面加速度(PGA)、放大因子(AFs)和弹性加速度响应谱(Ses)是识别的关键方面。桥梁基础锚固点之间产生的不同运动,即使它们的比例减小,在桥梁设计中也应考虑场地效应。
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引用次数: 0
A simplified methodology for determining the thermal performance of thermo-active piles 确定热源桩热性能的简化方法
4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL Pub Date : 2023-10-16 DOI: 10.1680/jenge.22.00119
Ryan Yin Wai Liu, David M G Taborda
Ground source energy systems provide low carbon dioxide heating and cooling to buildings, but their efficient deployment requires a reliable estimate of their thermal performance. A simplified methodology is presented to determine the thermal performance of thermo-active piles when heating or cooling loads are specified with either inlet pipe temperatures or imposed heat fluxes. The proposed methodology avoids computationally expensive three-dimensional (3D) analyses and the explicit simulation of heat exchanger pipes, relying instead on two-dimensional thermal analyses. When the heating or cooling of a thermo-active pile is assessed by imposing inlet pipe temperatures, the proposed methodology allows the determination of the power of the pile per unit length. Conversely, when heating or cooling loads are specified through extracted or injected heat fluxes, the inlet and outlet fluid temperatures, as well as average temperatures at the pile wall, are determined. The proposed methodology has been shown to reproduce accurately the thermal performance of thermo-active piles modelled using 3D analyses where heat exchanger pipes are explicitly simulated, considering different patterns of heating and cooling cycles. The application of the proposed methodology to the case of a real thermo-active pile is demonstrated by comparing its predicted thermal performance with the results of a well-documented field thermal response test.
地源能源系统为建筑物提供低二氧化碳的加热和冷却,但它们的有效部署需要对其热性能进行可靠的估计。提出了一种简化的方法来确定热工桩的热性能,当加热或冷却负荷指定为进水管温度或施加的热通量时。提出的方法避免了计算昂贵的三维(3D)分析和换热器管道的显式模拟,而是依赖于二维热分析。当通过施加入口管道温度来评估热活性桩的加热或冷却时,建议的方法允许确定每单位长度的桩的功率。相反,当通过提取或注入热通量指定加热或冷却负荷时,则确定了入口和出口流体温度以及桩壁的平均温度。所提出的方法已被证明可以准确地再现热活动桩的热性能,使用3D分析建模,其中热交换器管道被明确地模拟,考虑到不同的加热和冷却循环模式。通过将预测的热性能与现场热响应测试结果进行比较,证明了所提出的方法在实际热活性桩案例中的应用。
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引用次数: 0
Perspectives of 3D Probabilistic Subsoil Modeling for BIM 面向BIM的三维概率底土建模视角
4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL Pub Date : 2023-10-14 DOI: 10.3390/geotechnics3040058
Andreas Wiegel, Andrés A. Peña-Olarte, Roberto Cudmani
Building information modeling (BIM) in the planning and construction of infrastructure projects, such as roads, tunnels, and excavations, requires the generation of comprehensive 3D subsoil models that encompass relevant geological and geotechnical information. Presently, this process relies on the deterministic interpolation of discrete data points obtained from exploratory boreholes and soundings, resulting in a single deterministic prediction. Commonly employed interpolation methods for this purpose include radial basis function and kriging. This contribution introduces probabilistic methods for quantifying prediction uncertainty. The proposed modeling approach is illustrated using simple examples, demonstrating how to use sequential Gaussian and Indicator Simulation techniques to model sedimentary processes such as erosion and lenticular bedding. Subsequently, a site in Munich serves as a case study. The widely used industry foundation classes (IFC) schema allows the integration of the model into the BIM environment. A mapping procedure allows transferring voxel models to the IFC schema. This article discusses the significance of incorporating uncertainty quantification into subsoil modeling and shows its integration into the BIM framework. The proposed approach and its efficient integration with evolving BIM standards and methodologies provides valuable insights for the planning and construction of infrastructure projects.
建筑信息模型(BIM)在道路、隧道、开挖等基础设施项目的规划和施工中,需要生成包含相关地质和岩土信息的全面的三维底土模型。目前,该过程依赖于从勘探钻孔和测深中获得的离散数据点的确定性插值,导致单一的确定性预测。常用的插值方法有径向基函数法和克里格法。这篇文章介绍了量化预测不确定性的概率方法。通过简单的例子说明了提出的建模方法,演示了如何使用顺序高斯和指标模拟技术来模拟沉积过程,如侵蚀和透镜状层理。随后,慕尼黑的一个场地作为案例研究。广泛使用的行业基础类(IFC)模式允许将模型集成到BIM环境中。映射程序允许将体素模型转换为IFC模式。本文讨论了将不确定性量化纳入底土建模的重要性,并展示了其与BIM框架的集成。所提出的方法及其与不断发展的BIM标准和方法的有效集成为基础设施项目的规划和建设提供了有价值的见解。
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引用次数: 0
Sorption and economic viability of peat, compost, and biochar for Zn-contaminated site remediation 泥炭、堆肥和生物炭对锌污染场地修复的吸附和经济可行性
4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL Pub Date : 2023-10-13 DOI: 10.1680/jenge.22.00046
Jacqueline Zanin Lima, Eduardo Anselmo Ferreira da Silva, Valéria Guimarães Silvestre Rodrigues
The growing demand for low-cost sorbents, which guarantee eco-efficiency in removing contaminants, has led to numerous studies in recent decades. In this sense, sorbents derived from organic residues have shown promising options; however, the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) has received little attention to date. This study compares the zinc (Zn) sorption performance of a traditional sorbent (peat) to that of materials derived from OFMSW (compost and biochar). According to Langmuir model, biochar showed the highest sorption capacity (53.494 mg g −1 ), followed by compost (37.569 mg g −1 ) and peat (5.842 mg g −1 ). Although the maximum sorption capacities adjusted by linear and non-linear regressions were close, the values were relevant only when they reached the saturation plateau. The cost estimate of the studied sorbents validated their economic viability compared to commercially available ones. The findings provide a theoretical basis for a better understanding of sorption experiments, from the choice of initial concentrations to the isothermal modelling of the results, for comparative evaluations of potential sorbents for the remediation of soils and waters contaminated with potentially toxic metals, such as Zn.
近几十年来,对低成本吸附剂的需求不断增长,这保证了去除污染物的生态效率,导致了许多研究。从这个意义上说,从有机残留物中提取的吸附剂显示出有希望的选择;然而,迄今为止,城市固体废物的有机部分(OFMSW)很少受到关注。本研究比较了传统吸附剂(泥炭)和来自OFMSW的材料(堆肥和生物炭)的锌(Zn)吸附性能。根据Langmuir模型,生物炭的吸附量最大(53.494 mg g−1),其次是堆肥(37.569 mg g−1)和泥炭(5.842 mg g−1)。线性和非线性回归调整后的最大吸附量接近,但只有在达到饱和平台时才具有相关性。与市售吸附剂相比,所研究吸附剂的成本估算验证了它们的经济可行性。这些发现为更好地理解吸附实验提供了理论基础,从初始浓度的选择到结果的等温建模,以便对潜在的吸附剂进行比较评估,以修复被潜在有毒金属(如锌)污染的土壤和水域。
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引用次数: 0
Increased Microbially Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation (MICP) Efficiency in Multiple Treatment Sand Biocementation Processes by Augmentation of Cementation Medium with Ammonium Chloride 氯化铵强化胶结介质提高多处理砂生物胶结过程中微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀(MICP)效率
4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL Pub Date : 2023-10-12 DOI: 10.3390/geotechnics3040057
Christine Ann Spencer, Henrik Sass, Leon van Paassen
The cementation medium for ureolytic microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) typically consists of urea and a calcium source. While some studies have augmented this basic medium, the effects of adding substrates such as ammonium chloride are unclear. The studies detailed in this paper sought to quantify the effect of the ammonium chloride augmentation of cementation medium (CM) on the process of MICP. An aqueous MICP study was initially carried out to study the effects of adding ammonium chloride to the urea–calcium cementation medium. This batch test also explored the effect of varying the concentration of calcium chloride dihydrate (calcium source) in the CM. A subsequent sand column study was undertaken, whereby multiple treatments of CM were injected over several days to produce a biocement. Six columns were prepared using F65 sand bioaugmented with Sporosarcina pasteurii, half of which were injected with the basic medium only and half with the augmented medium for treatment two onwards. Effluent displaced from columns was tested using ion chromatography and Nesslerisation to determine the calcium and ammonium ion concentrations, respectively, and hence the treatment efficiency. Conductivity and pH testing of effluent gave insights into the bacterial urease activity. The addition of 0.187 M ammonium chloride to the CM resulted in approximately 100% chemical conversion efficiency within columns, based on calcium ion measurements, compared to only 57% and 33% efficiency for treatments three and four, respectively, when using the urea–calcium medium. Columns treated with the CM containing ammonium chloride had unconfined compressive strengths which were 1.8 times higher on average than columns treated with the urea–calcium medium only.
用于溶尿微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀(MICP)的胶结介质通常由尿素和钙源组成。虽然一些研究已经增加了这种基本介质,但添加底物如氯化铵的效果尚不清楚。本文详细的研究旨在量化胶结介质(CM)的氯化铵增强对MICP过程的影响。为了研究在尿素-钙胶结介质中加入氯化铵的效果,初步进行了水相MICP研究。本批试验还探讨了不同浓度氯化钙(钙源)在CM中的作用。随后进行了砂柱研究,在几天内注入多次CM处理以产生生物水泥。用F65培养基制备了6根巴氏孢子孢杆菌生物增强柱,其中一半只注射基本培养基,一半注射增强培养基,进行第2次处理。用离子色谱法和neslerisation法分别测定从柱中排出的废水的钙离子和铵离子浓度,从而测定处理效率。废水的电导率和pH值测试对细菌脲酶活性有深入的了解。在CM中添加0.187 M氯化铵导致柱内化学转化效率约为100%,基于钙离子测量,相比之下,当使用尿素-钙培养基时,处理3和处理4的效率分别只有57%和33%。含氯化铵CM处理柱的无侧限抗压强度比仅用脲钙介质处理柱平均高1.8倍。
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引用次数: 0
Correlations for Estimating Coefficients for the Prediction of Maximum and Minimum Index Void Ratios for Mixtures of Sand and Non-Plastic Silt 砂与非塑性淤泥混合最大和最小指数空隙比预测系数估计的相关性
4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL Pub Date : 2023-10-08 DOI: 10.3390/geotechnics3040056
Carmine P. Polito
One common method of estimating emax and emin for mixtures of sand and silt requires that the values of several empirical constants be determined. These empirical constants are the filling coefficients, a, and embedment coefficients, b, which can be determined either via lab testing or correlations. The study reported here developed simple correlations for estimating the filling and embedment coefficients using readily obtained laboratory data. These models were found to be excellent in producing filling and embedment coefficients that accurately predicted values of the index void ratios for sand and silt mixtures, with most R2 values being 0.94 or greater.
估计砂粉混合物emax和emin的一种常用方法需要确定几个经验常数的值。这些经验常数是填充系数a和嵌入系数b,它们可以通过实验室测试或相关性来确定。本文报道的研究利用现成的实验室数据开发了估算填充和嵌套系数的简单相关性。结果表明,这些模型能够较好地生成能够准确预测砂粉混合料指标孔隙比的充填系数和嵌入系数,R2值大多在0.94以上。
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引用次数: 0
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Environmental geotechnics
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