Pub Date : 2023-09-13DOI: 10.3390/geotechnics3030049
Nicolas Chabrat, Olivier Cuisinier, Farimah Masrouri
This paper assesses the performance of an embankment constructed in 2010 with a stabilised expansive soil. Two types of treatment were employed at construction time: 4% lime and a mix of 2% lime and 3% cement. A sampling campaign was carried out in 2021 to evaluate the long-term performance of the stabilised soil properties. To assess the compressibility of the soil, oedometer tests were carried out on samples from different parts of the embankment. The results were compared to the compression curve of the untreated soil, also sampled in the same embankment. Complementary shrinkage tests were performed to investigate the effect of the treatment on swelling and shrinkage. The obtained results show that the yield stress of the material from the outer part was inferior to 100 kPa, similarly to the yield stress of the untreated soil, demonstrating a strong alteration in the effect of both treatments over time. This alteration was noticeable to a distance of approximately 2 m from the external surface. Beyond this distance, the performance of the soil was comparable to the behaviour of recently treated soil, with yield stresses close to 1000 kPa. These observations, similar for each treatment dosage, raise questions as to the durability of the treatment on the outer part of the backfill.
{"title":"In Situ Alteration of the Hydro-Mechanical Behaviour of a Compacted Stabilised Expansive Soil","authors":"Nicolas Chabrat, Olivier Cuisinier, Farimah Masrouri","doi":"10.3390/geotechnics3030049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/geotechnics3030049","url":null,"abstract":"This paper assesses the performance of an embankment constructed in 2010 with a stabilised expansive soil. Two types of treatment were employed at construction time: 4% lime and a mix of 2% lime and 3% cement. A sampling campaign was carried out in 2021 to evaluate the long-term performance of the stabilised soil properties. To assess the compressibility of the soil, oedometer tests were carried out on samples from different parts of the embankment. The results were compared to the compression curve of the untreated soil, also sampled in the same embankment. Complementary shrinkage tests were performed to investigate the effect of the treatment on swelling and shrinkage. The obtained results show that the yield stress of the material from the outer part was inferior to 100 kPa, similarly to the yield stress of the untreated soil, demonstrating a strong alteration in the effect of both treatments over time. This alteration was noticeable to a distance of approximately 2 m from the external surface. Beyond this distance, the performance of the soil was comparable to the behaviour of recently treated soil, with yield stresses close to 1000 kPa. These observations, similar for each treatment dosage, raise questions as to the durability of the treatment on the outer part of the backfill.","PeriodicalId":11823,"journal":{"name":"Environmental geotechnics","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135739986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Geotechnical engineering relies heavily on predicting soil strength to ensure safe and efficient construction projects. This paper presents a study on the accurate prediction of soil strength properties, focusing on hydrated-lime activated rice husk ash (HARHA) treated soil. To achieve precise predictions, the researchers employed two grey-box machine learning models—classification and regression trees (CART) and genetic programming (GP). These models introduce innovative equations and trees that readers can readily apply to new databases. The models were trained and tested using a comprehensive laboratory database consisting of seven input parameters and three output variables. The results indicate that both the proposed CART trees and GP equations exhibited excellent predictive capabilities across all three output variables—California bearing ratio (CBR), unconfined compressive strength (UCS), and resistance value (Rvalue) (according to the in-situ cone penetrometer test). The GP proposed equations, in particular, demonstrated a superior performance in predicting the UCS and Rvalue parameters, while remaining comparable to CART in predicting the CBR. This research highlights the potential of integrating grey-box machine learning models with geotechnical engineering, providing valuable insights to enhance decision-making processes and safety measures in future infrastructural development projects.
{"title":"Predicting the Strength Performance of Hydrated-Lime Activated Rice Husk Ash-Treated Soil Using Two Grey-Box Machine Learning Models","authors":"Abolfazl Baghbani, Amin Soltani, Katayoon Kiany, Firas Daghistani","doi":"10.3390/geotechnics3030048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/geotechnics3030048","url":null,"abstract":"Geotechnical engineering relies heavily on predicting soil strength to ensure safe and efficient construction projects. This paper presents a study on the accurate prediction of soil strength properties, focusing on hydrated-lime activated rice husk ash (HARHA) treated soil. To achieve precise predictions, the researchers employed two grey-box machine learning models—classification and regression trees (CART) and genetic programming (GP). These models introduce innovative equations and trees that readers can readily apply to new databases. The models were trained and tested using a comprehensive laboratory database consisting of seven input parameters and three output variables. The results indicate that both the proposed CART trees and GP equations exhibited excellent predictive capabilities across all three output variables—California bearing ratio (CBR), unconfined compressive strength (UCS), and resistance value (Rvalue) (according to the in-situ cone penetrometer test). The GP proposed equations, in particular, demonstrated a superior performance in predicting the UCS and Rvalue parameters, while remaining comparable to CART in predicting the CBR. This research highlights the potential of integrating grey-box machine learning models with geotechnical engineering, providing valuable insights to enhance decision-making processes and safety measures in future infrastructural development projects.","PeriodicalId":11823,"journal":{"name":"Environmental geotechnics","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135936903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-05DOI: 10.3390/geotechnics3030047
E. Evangelou, I. Markou, Sofia E. Verykaki, Konstantinos E. Bantralexis
The design of fiber-reinforced soil structures, such as embankments and pavements, can be carried out using the results of unconsolidated, undrained triaxial compression tests conducted on specimens at their “as-compacted” water content and analyzed in terms of total stresses. The effects of soil and fiber type on the mechanical behavior of fiber-reinforced soils have not been methodically or adequately examined in the past under these conditions, and the effects of fiber length and content on the shear strength parameters of fiber-reinforced soils need further experimental documentation. Accordingly, five soils ranging from “excellent” to “poor” materials for use in earthwork structures were tested in the present study, in combination with five types of polypropylene fibers having lengths ranging from 9 to 50 mm. Unconsolidated undrained triaxial compression tests were conducted on specimens at their “as-compacted” water content, with fiber contents ranging from 0.5 to 2% by weight of dry soil. Fiber reinforcement reduces the stiffness and increases the deformability of the soil. The fiber-reinforced soils exhibit a more ductile behavior in comparison with the unreinforced soils. A Mohr–Coulomb type linear failure criterion satisfactorily describes the shear strength behavior of fiber-reinforced soils in total stress terms. The cohesion values of the fiber-reinforced soils range between 61 kPa and 301 kPa and increase up to seven times in comparison with the cohesion values of the unreinforced soils. The variations of the angle of internal friction of soils due to fiber reinforcement are generally limited to ±25%. The cohesion improvement due to fiber reinforcement is increased with increasing fiber content and fiber length up to 30 mm and is inversely proportional to the fine-grained fraction and the cohesion of the unreinforced soil.
{"title":"Mechanical Behavior of Fiber-Reinforced Soils under Undrained Triaxial Loading Conditions","authors":"E. Evangelou, I. Markou, Sofia E. Verykaki, Konstantinos E. Bantralexis","doi":"10.3390/geotechnics3030047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/geotechnics3030047","url":null,"abstract":"The design of fiber-reinforced soil structures, such as embankments and pavements, can be carried out using the results of unconsolidated, undrained triaxial compression tests conducted on specimens at their “as-compacted” water content and analyzed in terms of total stresses. The effects of soil and fiber type on the mechanical behavior of fiber-reinforced soils have not been methodically or adequately examined in the past under these conditions, and the effects of fiber length and content on the shear strength parameters of fiber-reinforced soils need further experimental documentation. Accordingly, five soils ranging from “excellent” to “poor” materials for use in earthwork structures were tested in the present study, in combination with five types of polypropylene fibers having lengths ranging from 9 to 50 mm. Unconsolidated undrained triaxial compression tests were conducted on specimens at their “as-compacted” water content, with fiber contents ranging from 0.5 to 2% by weight of dry soil. Fiber reinforcement reduces the stiffness and increases the deformability of the soil. The fiber-reinforced soils exhibit a more ductile behavior in comparison with the unreinforced soils. A Mohr–Coulomb type linear failure criterion satisfactorily describes the shear strength behavior of fiber-reinforced soils in total stress terms. The cohesion values of the fiber-reinforced soils range between 61 kPa and 301 kPa and increase up to seven times in comparison with the cohesion values of the unreinforced soils. The variations of the angle of internal friction of soils due to fiber reinforcement are generally limited to ±25%. The cohesion improvement due to fiber reinforcement is increased with increasing fiber content and fiber length up to 30 mm and is inversely proportional to the fine-grained fraction and the cohesion of the unreinforced soil.","PeriodicalId":11823,"journal":{"name":"Environmental geotechnics","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75342222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-05DOI: 10.3390/geotechnics3030046
A. Tessari, Mark Muszynski
The analysis of sands, and the foundation systems with which they interact, are largely dependent on macroscale behavioral parameters that represent the aggregated response of several microscale characteristics. This research paper examines the influence of surface texture, or smoothness, on the behavior of sands. The challenge of estimating or measuring smoothness, due to its microscale feature domain, is addressed through an examination of six artificially graded sand specimens. These specimens are evaluated both visually and numerically to characterize their surface smoothness. The first approach described is a simple visual method that uses a smoothness scale consistent with those of roundness and sphericity. This method, which can be performed with a tool as simple as a hand lens, evaluates a group of representative particles collectively. The second approach is also a visual evaluation, but it utilizes images obtained via scanning electronic microscopy, traditional optical microscopy, and newer low-cost digital microscopes that can be rapidly connected to a smartphone or laptop. To validate these visual estimates, a novel third approach is introduced. This approach is a more objective numerical analysis measurement technique that enables rapid and economic quantification of smoothness. This technique may assist both practitioners and academics in their understanding of the macroscale response of coarse-grained soils. In addition to the visual methods, this research also conducted several laboratory index tests to observe the mechanical behavior of the specimens, considering their particle shape and surface smoothness properties. The results indicate that angular sands have greater minimum and maximum void ratios, a larger difference between the minimum and maximum void ratios, greater critical state friction angles, and greater flow rates through an orifice of fixed size. When adjusted for surface smoothness using the proposed approach, the behavior of the sands—particularly the limit void ratio results—appears to be more predictable in some cases. These results provide additional evidence of particle smoothness contributing to the strength behavior of sand, which may be particularly useful in the domains of slope stability, land reclamation, soil–structure interaction, and soil dynamics.
{"title":"Evaluating Sand Particle Surface Smoothness Using a New Computer-Based Approach to Improve the Characterization of Macroscale Parameters","authors":"A. Tessari, Mark Muszynski","doi":"10.3390/geotechnics3030046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/geotechnics3030046","url":null,"abstract":"The analysis of sands, and the foundation systems with which they interact, are largely dependent on macroscale behavioral parameters that represent the aggregated response of several microscale characteristics. This research paper examines the influence of surface texture, or smoothness, on the behavior of sands. The challenge of estimating or measuring smoothness, due to its microscale feature domain, is addressed through an examination of six artificially graded sand specimens. These specimens are evaluated both visually and numerically to characterize their surface smoothness. The first approach described is a simple visual method that uses a smoothness scale consistent with those of roundness and sphericity. This method, which can be performed with a tool as simple as a hand lens, evaluates a group of representative particles collectively. The second approach is also a visual evaluation, but it utilizes images obtained via scanning electronic microscopy, traditional optical microscopy, and newer low-cost digital microscopes that can be rapidly connected to a smartphone or laptop. To validate these visual estimates, a novel third approach is introduced. This approach is a more objective numerical analysis measurement technique that enables rapid and economic quantification of smoothness. This technique may assist both practitioners and academics in their understanding of the macroscale response of coarse-grained soils. In addition to the visual methods, this research also conducted several laboratory index tests to observe the mechanical behavior of the specimens, considering their particle shape and surface smoothness properties. The results indicate that angular sands have greater minimum and maximum void ratios, a larger difference between the minimum and maximum void ratios, greater critical state friction angles, and greater flow rates through an orifice of fixed size. When adjusted for surface smoothness using the proposed approach, the behavior of the sands—particularly the limit void ratio results—appears to be more predictable in some cases. These results provide additional evidence of particle smoothness contributing to the strength behavior of sand, which may be particularly useful in the domains of slope stability, land reclamation, soil–structure interaction, and soil dynamics.","PeriodicalId":11823,"journal":{"name":"Environmental geotechnics","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82147098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Six machine learning methods (Linear Regression, Logistic Regression, XGBoost, SVM, KNN,and ANN) were used to predict/classify hydraulic conductivity of conventional sodium-bentonite geosynthetic clay liners (Na-B GCLs) to saline solutions or leachates. Data were collected from literature and randomly divided into two groups, i.e., 80% of the data were used to train machine learning models and the rest 20% were applied to evaluate model performance. Features, that are known to affect the hydraulic conductivity of Na-B GCLs (e.g., mass per unit area of GCLs, monovalent and divalent cation, ionic strength (I), relative abundance of monovalent and divalent cations (RMD), swell index, and effective stress), were employed to predict/classify hydraulic conductivity of Na-B GCLs. Comparative analyses were conducted with seven Subsets corresponding to the combination of different features and the best model was determined via cross-validation. The results showed that XGBoost consistently had the best performance among all methods over all Subsets of feature for both regression and classification analyses. Subset 4, using swell index, I, RMD, I2·RMD, monovalent cation, divalent cation, effective stress, and mass per unit area as features, outperformed all other six Subsets in both regression analysis (R2=0.826) and classification analysis (Accuracy=0.887) in the out-of-sample tests.
{"title":"Prediction of hydraulic conductivity of sodium bentonite GCLs by machine learning approaches","authors":"Dong Li, Zhenlong Jiang, Kuo Tian, Ran Ji","doi":"10.1680/jenge.22.00181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jenge.22.00181","url":null,"abstract":"Six machine learning methods (Linear Regression, Logistic Regression, XGBoost, SVM, KNN,and ANN) were used to predict/classify hydraulic conductivity of conventional sodium-bentonite geosynthetic clay liners (Na-B GCLs) to saline solutions or leachates. Data were collected from literature and randomly divided into two groups, i.e., 80% of the data were used to train machine learning models and the rest 20% were applied to evaluate model performance. Features, that are known to affect the hydraulic conductivity of Na-B GCLs (e.g., mass per unit area of GCLs, monovalent and divalent cation, ionic strength (I), relative abundance of monovalent and divalent cations (RMD), swell index, and effective stress), were employed to predict/classify hydraulic conductivity of Na-B GCLs. Comparative analyses were conducted with seven Subsets corresponding to the combination of different features and the best model was determined via cross-validation. The results showed that XGBoost consistently had the best performance among all methods over all Subsets of feature for both regression and classification analyses. Subset 4, using swell index, I, RMD, I2·RMD, monovalent cation, divalent cation, effective stress, and mass per unit area as features, outperformed all other six Subsets in both regression analysis (R2=0.826) and classification analysis (Accuracy=0.887) in the out-of-sample tests.","PeriodicalId":11823,"journal":{"name":"Environmental geotechnics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45473986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, the analytical solutions for one-dimensional (1-D) transport of organic solutes in multi-layered porous media are developed by the methods of matrix transfer and variable separation, where the multi-factors such as advection, diffusion, mechanical dispersion, adsorption, degradation, boundary condition type as well as the change of concentration are systematically incorporated for the first time. Compared with the existing analytical solutions solved by the techniques of integral transformation or Laplace transformation, the approaches adopted in this paper are simpler with quicker convergence speed. Also, the proposed analytical solutions are more practical with clear expressions and the consideration of the multi-factors, which can be applied to various engineering cases such as bottom liner system at landfills, covering system of contaminated sediments and vertical barrier system in contaminated sites. Furthermore, the correctness of the derived analytical solutions is effectively validated by comparison with the experimental results, the existing analytical solution and a numerical method. Following this, the effects of different factors on the transport process of a single organic solute in a five-layered media are investigated, and some novel and vital laws are obtained. Overall, this research contributes to appropriately evaluating the transport behaviors in multi-layered porous media.
{"title":"Analytical solutions for 1-D transport of organic solutes in multi-layered porous media","authors":"Wenhao Jiang, S. Ge, C. Feng, Jiang Li","doi":"10.1680/jenge.22.00186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jenge.22.00186","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the analytical solutions for one-dimensional (1-D) transport of organic solutes in multi-layered porous media are developed by the methods of matrix transfer and variable separation, where the multi-factors such as advection, diffusion, mechanical dispersion, adsorption, degradation, boundary condition type as well as the change of concentration are systematically incorporated for the first time. Compared with the existing analytical solutions solved by the techniques of integral transformation or Laplace transformation, the approaches adopted in this paper are simpler with quicker convergence speed. Also, the proposed analytical solutions are more practical with clear expressions and the consideration of the multi-factors, which can be applied to various engineering cases such as bottom liner system at landfills, covering system of contaminated sediments and vertical barrier system in contaminated sites. Furthermore, the correctness of the derived analytical solutions is effectively validated by comparison with the experimental results, the existing analytical solution and a numerical method. Following this, the effects of different factors on the transport process of a single organic solute in a five-layered media are investigated, and some novel and vital laws are obtained. Overall, this research contributes to appropriately evaluating the transport behaviors in multi-layered porous media.","PeriodicalId":11823,"journal":{"name":"Environmental geotechnics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47331194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-23DOI: 10.3390/geotechnics3030045
R. Tiwari, N. Bhandary
This article introduces a novel numerical scheme within the finite element method (FEM) to study soil heterogeneity, specifically focusing on the root–soil matrix in fracture treatments. Material properties, such as Young’s modulus of elasticity, cohesion, and the friction angle, are considered as randomly distributed variables. To address the inherent uncertainty associated with these distributions, a Monte Carlo simulation is employed. By incorporating the uncertainties related to material properties, particularly the root component that contributes to soil heterogeneity, this article provides a reliable estimation of the factor of safety, failure surface, and slope deformation, all of which demonstrate a progressive behavior. The probability distribution curve for the factor of safety (FOS) reveals that an increase in the root area ratio (RAR) results in a narrower range and greater certainty in the population mean, indicating reduced material variation. Moreover, as the slope angle increases, the sample mean falls within a wider range of the probability density curve, indicating an enhanced level of material heterogeneity. This heterogeneity amplifies the level of uncertainty when predicting the factor of safety, highlighting the crucial importance of accurate information regarding heterogeneity to enhancing prediction accuracy.
{"title":"Stochastic Finite Element Analysis of Root-Reinforcement Effects in Long and Steep Slopes","authors":"R. Tiwari, N. Bhandary","doi":"10.3390/geotechnics3030045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/geotechnics3030045","url":null,"abstract":"This article introduces a novel numerical scheme within the finite element method (FEM) to study soil heterogeneity, specifically focusing on the root–soil matrix in fracture treatments. Material properties, such as Young’s modulus of elasticity, cohesion, and the friction angle, are considered as randomly distributed variables. To address the inherent uncertainty associated with these distributions, a Monte Carlo simulation is employed. By incorporating the uncertainties related to material properties, particularly the root component that contributes to soil heterogeneity, this article provides a reliable estimation of the factor of safety, failure surface, and slope deformation, all of which demonstrate a progressive behavior. The probability distribution curve for the factor of safety (FOS) reveals that an increase in the root area ratio (RAR) results in a narrower range and greater certainty in the population mean, indicating reduced material variation. Moreover, as the slope angle increases, the sample mean falls within a wider range of the probability density curve, indicating an enhanced level of material heterogeneity. This heterogeneity amplifies the level of uncertainty when predicting the factor of safety, highlighting the crucial importance of accurate information regarding heterogeneity to enhancing prediction accuracy.","PeriodicalId":11823,"journal":{"name":"Environmental geotechnics","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89987166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-10DOI: 10.3390/geotechnics3030044
H. U. Levatti
This paper reviews numerical methods used to simulate desiccation cracks in clayey soils. It examines five numerical approaches: Finite Element (FEM), Lattice Boltzmann (LBM), Discrete Element (DEM), Cellular Automaton (CAM), and Phase Field (PFM) Methods. The paper presents a simplified description of the methods, including their basic numerical formulations. Several factors such as the multiphase nature of soils, heterogeneity, nonlinearities, coupling, scales of analysis, and computational aspects are discussed. The review highlights the characteristics, strengths, and limitations of each method. FEM shows a good capacity to deal with the thermo-hydromechanical behavior of clays when drying that complement well with the ability of DEM to deal with particle interactions as well as LBM, PFM, and CAM to deal with complex crack patterns. The article concludes by reviewing the integration of multiple numerical methods to enhance the simulation of desiccation cracks in clayey soils and proposing what is the best option to continue improving the study of this problem.
{"title":"Review of Methods to Solve Desiccation Cracks in Clayey Soils","authors":"H. U. Levatti","doi":"10.3390/geotechnics3030044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/geotechnics3030044","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reviews numerical methods used to simulate desiccation cracks in clayey soils. It examines five numerical approaches: Finite Element (FEM), Lattice Boltzmann (LBM), Discrete Element (DEM), Cellular Automaton (CAM), and Phase Field (PFM) Methods. The paper presents a simplified description of the methods, including their basic numerical formulations. Several factors such as the multiphase nature of soils, heterogeneity, nonlinearities, coupling, scales of analysis, and computational aspects are discussed. The review highlights the characteristics, strengths, and limitations of each method. FEM shows a good capacity to deal with the thermo-hydromechanical behavior of clays when drying that complement well with the ability of DEM to deal with particle interactions as well as LBM, PFM, and CAM to deal with complex crack patterns. The article concludes by reviewing the integration of multiple numerical methods to enhance the simulation of desiccation cracks in clayey soils and proposing what is the best option to continue improving the study of this problem.","PeriodicalId":11823,"journal":{"name":"Environmental geotechnics","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83559534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-09DOI: 10.3390/geotechnics3030043
F. T. Jeremias, J. Cripps
Mudrocks are fine-grained clay-rich rocks that comprise different lithotypes forming more than 60% of all sedimentary rocks, and thus, they occur frequently in engineering projects either as natural ground or as made ground. These rocks may display a range of engineering behaviours controlled mostly by their composition and structural features. Due to rapid breakdown and susceptibility to volume changes, they may cause problems both during and after construction. Research into the susceptibility of mudrocks to breakdown aims to predict problematic behaviour and provide guidance for avoiding or mitigating these effects. Low-durability materials that disintegrate during sampling and testing can be especially difficult to assess. The paper reviews laboratory techniques for mudrock characterization as well as describes geological and engineering geological classification schemes generally used to describe and classify these materials. The value of some of the tests and determinations in the evaluation of a series of mudrock data taken from the literature is presented.
{"title":"Laboratory Testing and Classification of Mudrocks: A Review","authors":"F. T. Jeremias, J. Cripps","doi":"10.3390/geotechnics3030043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/geotechnics3030043","url":null,"abstract":"Mudrocks are fine-grained clay-rich rocks that comprise different lithotypes forming more than 60% of all sedimentary rocks, and thus, they occur frequently in engineering projects either as natural ground or as made ground. These rocks may display a range of engineering behaviours controlled mostly by their composition and structural features. Due to rapid breakdown and susceptibility to volume changes, they may cause problems both during and after construction. Research into the susceptibility of mudrocks to breakdown aims to predict problematic behaviour and provide guidance for avoiding or mitigating these effects. Low-durability materials that disintegrate during sampling and testing can be especially difficult to assess. The paper reviews laboratory techniques for mudrock characterization as well as describes geological and engineering geological classification schemes generally used to describe and classify these materials. The value of some of the tests and determinations in the evaluation of a series of mudrock data taken from the literature is presented.","PeriodicalId":11823,"journal":{"name":"Environmental geotechnics","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77834453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-08DOI: 10.3390/geotechnics3030042
B. Chowdepalli, Kenji Watanabe
To effectively apply various soil types for embankments, understanding their compaction characteristics is crucial. One crucial factor affecting compaction is suction, which plays a significant role as it is typically performed under unsaturated conditions. Suction varies with soil density, water content, and fines content. This study directly measures suction after soil compaction using the triaxial apparatus, unlike the Soil water characteristic curve (SWCC), assessing its impact on compaction characteristics. Immediate suction measurement after compaction provides apparent suction, resembling on-site conditions with open pore air pressure. Comparing SWCC with apparent suction at each compacted state reveals that suction and air entry value increase with initial density, positively impacting compaction. Notably, apparent suction aligns better with wetting process suction from the SWCC due to added water during specimen preparation. Empirical equations are derived to obtain suction contours across various density and saturation ranges, aiding in understanding suction variations on the compaction curve. Even slight variations in saturation causes noticeable changes in apparent suction during higher compaction efforts, affecting soil compaction characteristics. Therefore, the precise control of saturation control is needed to achieve desired properties of compacted soil, especially at higher compaction efforts and with various soil types. This understanding significantly impacts the mechanical behavior of unsaturated soils.
{"title":"Empirical Equations Expressing the Effects of Measured Suction on the Compaction Curve for Sandy Soils Varying Fines Content","authors":"B. Chowdepalli, Kenji Watanabe","doi":"10.3390/geotechnics3030042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/geotechnics3030042","url":null,"abstract":"To effectively apply various soil types for embankments, understanding their compaction characteristics is crucial. One crucial factor affecting compaction is suction, which plays a significant role as it is typically performed under unsaturated conditions. Suction varies with soil density, water content, and fines content. This study directly measures suction after soil compaction using the triaxial apparatus, unlike the Soil water characteristic curve (SWCC), assessing its impact on compaction characteristics. Immediate suction measurement after compaction provides apparent suction, resembling on-site conditions with open pore air pressure. Comparing SWCC with apparent suction at each compacted state reveals that suction and air entry value increase with initial density, positively impacting compaction. Notably, apparent suction aligns better with wetting process suction from the SWCC due to added water during specimen preparation. Empirical equations are derived to obtain suction contours across various density and saturation ranges, aiding in understanding suction variations on the compaction curve. Even slight variations in saturation causes noticeable changes in apparent suction during higher compaction efforts, affecting soil compaction characteristics. Therefore, the precise control of saturation control is needed to achieve desired properties of compacted soil, especially at higher compaction efforts and with various soil types. This understanding significantly impacts the mechanical behavior of unsaturated soils.","PeriodicalId":11823,"journal":{"name":"Environmental geotechnics","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86884581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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