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Intervention to Improve Children's Hygiene in Urban Squatter Settlement Schools in Pakistan: An Implementation Research. 干预措施改善巴基斯坦城市棚户区学校儿童卫生:实施研究。
IF 2.3 Q2 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Pub Date : 2025-01-03 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/11786302241306288
Nousheen Akber Pradhan, Muzna Hashmi, Laraib Mazhar, Muhammad Uzair, Laeba Hussain, Maleeha Naseem, Shagufta Iqbal, Tazeen Saeed Ali, Rozina Karmaliani, Fauzia Basaria Hasnani

Background: School-based interventions are crucial for promoting healthy behaviors in children and preventing the spread of diseases. This study aimed to enhance hygiene knowledge and practices (K&P) among school children through a school-based intervention.

Objective: To improve personal and environmental hygiene K&P amongst primary and middle-grade students in urban squatter settlement schools in Karachi, Pakistan using school-based intervention.

Design: Quasi-experimental study conducted in three schools over 2 years.

Setting: Urban squatter settlement schools in Karachi, Pakistan, serving primary, and middle-grade students.

Participants: A total of 156 students participated in the study, with a majority of 55.77% being girls (n = 87). Pre- and post-intervention assessments were conducted to evaluate the impact of the intervention.

Intervention: Behavioral Change Communication (BCC) strategies aimed at improving school children's hygiene K&P.

Primary outcome measures: The primary outcome measures included changes in hygiene K&P pre- and post-intervention, specifically focusing on personal hygiene and environmental hygiene.

Results: Significant improvements observed post-intervention. Mean knowledge score differences were 20.33 (SD = 5.85) for personal hygiene and 10.08 (SD = 7.72) for environmental hygiene. Practice scores also increased, with mean differences of 2.52 (SD = 1.98) and 2.47 (SD = 2.08) for personal and environmental hygiene, respectively. Statistically significant improvements (P < .05) were noted across most of the hygiene domains.

Conclusions: The school-based intervention effectively improved personal and environmental hygiene K&P among primary and middle-grade children in urban squatter settlement schools. Key recommendations include integrating hygiene education into the curriculum, providing enabling environment to children and capacity building of school teachers to teach hygiene education.

背景:以学校为基础的干预措施对于促进儿童健康行为和预防疾病传播至关重要。本研究旨在通过校本干预提高学童的卫生知识和卫生习惯。目的:利用校本干预措施改善巴基斯坦卡拉奇城市棚户区学校中小学生的个人和环境卫生K&P。设计:在三所学校进行为期两年的准实验研究。背景:巴基斯坦卡拉奇的城市棚户区学校,服务于中小学生。参与者:共有156名学生参与研究,其中女生占55.77% (n = 87)。进行了干预前和干预后评估,以评估干预的影响。干预:旨在改善学龄儿童卫生K&P的行为改变沟通(BCC)策略。主要结果测量:主要结果测量包括干预前后卫生K&P的变化,特别关注个人卫生和环境卫生。结果:干预后观察到显著改善。个人卫生知识得分平均差异为20.33分(SD = 5.85),环境卫生知识得分平均差异为10.08分(SD = 7.72)。实践得分也有所提高,个人卫生和环境卫生的平均差异分别为2.52分(SD = 1.98)和2.47分(SD = 2.08)。结论:校本干预有效改善了城市棚户区学校中小年级儿童的个人卫生和环境卫生K&P。主要建议包括将卫生教育纳入课程,为儿童提供有利的环境以及学校教师进行卫生教育的能力建设。
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引用次数: 0
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Burden of Meats Singed with Different Fuel Sources from Abattoirs in Ghana and Associated Cancer Risk Assessment. 加纳屠宰场不同燃料燃烧肉类的多环芳烃负担及相关癌症风险评估。
IF 2.3 Q2 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Pub Date : 2025-01-03 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/11786302241310842
Prosper Manu Abdulai, Chika Ossai, Anthoneth Ndidi Ezejiofor, Chiara Frazzoli, Joaquim Rovira, Osazuwa Clinton Ekhator, Caleb Kesse Firempong, Orish Ebere Orisakwe

This study evaluated the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and the carcinogenic risks of cattle and goat meats singed with either firewood, Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) or tyres from five cities in Ghana. The meat samples, before and after singeing, as well as after scraping and washing, were collected from abattoirs and sent to Clinical Analysis Laboratory (Can-Lab) of Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) for PAH analysis. Tyre-singed meats exhibit significantly higher PAHs concentrations (P = .01304) compared to those singed with firewood and LPG. Benzo[a]pyrene was the predominant PAH in tyre-singed cattle and goat meats, with concentrations of 23.1 mg/kg and 12.16 mg/kg, respectively. Washing singed meats reduced PAH levels, yet tyre-singed samples retained higher and dangerous concentrations than those singed with other fuels. Statistical analysis using ANOVA confirmed a significant effect of fuel type on PAH16 concentrations (P = .01304). The Tukey HSD test indicated a significant difference between LPG and tyre (P = .0105). Estimated daily intake (EDI) calculations highlighted potential health risks, particularly from tyre-singed meats, which exceeded regulatory limits set by health authorities. The findings emphasize the health hazards associated with consuming meats singed with tyres in Ghana and underscore the need for stringent regulatory measures and public awareness to mitigate PAH exposure.

这项研究评估了加纳五个城市用柴火、液化石油气(LPG)或轮胎烘烤的牛和山羊肉的多环芳烃(PAHs)浓度和致癌风险。从屠宰场收集烧焦前后以及刮擦和洗涤后的肉类样本,并送到Kwame Nkrumah科技大学(KNUST)临床分析实验室(Can-Lab)进行多环芳烃分析。与柴火和液化石油气烤肉相比,轮胎烤肉的多环芳烃浓度明显更高(P = 0.01304)。苯并[a]芘是轮胎烤牛肉和山羊肉中主要的多环芳烃,其浓度分别为23.1 mg/kg和12.16 mg/kg。清洗烧焦的肉类降低了多环芳烃的含量,但轮胎烧焦的样品比用其他燃料烧焦的样品保留了更高和危险的浓度。方差分析证实燃料类型对PAH16浓度有显著影响(P = 0.01304)。Tukey HSD测试表明LPG和tire之间存在显著差异(P = 0.0105)。估计每日摄入量(EDI)的计算强调了潜在的健康风险,特别是轮胎烧焦的肉类,超过了卫生当局设定的监管限制。研究结果强调了在加纳食用用轮胎烧焦的肉类对健康的危害,并强调了采取严格的监管措施和提高公众意识以减少多环芳烃暴露的必要性。
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引用次数: 0
Presence of Heavy Metals in Vegetables Irrigated with Wastewater-Impacted Rivers and Its Health Risks in Ethiopia: Systematic Review. 埃塞俄比亚污水河流灌溉蔬菜中重金属的存在及其健康风险:系统评价。
IF 2.3 Q2 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Pub Date : 2025-01-02 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/11786302241310661
Belay Negassa, Dessalegn Dadi, Negasa Eshete Soboksa, Samuel Fekadu

Background: Vegetables play critical role in human nutrition and overall health. However, consumption of vegetables cultivated through wastewater-impacted river can be source of potentially toxic heavy metals, which can cause detrimental health effects when their concentration exceeds the recommended maximum levels. Despite growing body of evidence highlighting the dangers associated with heavy metal accumulation in vegetables, there remains critical gap in systematic assessments within Ethiopian context. Therefore, objective of this review is to reveal heavy metals concentrations in vegetables grown with wastewater-impacted river and assess associated public health risks.

Methodology: Research articles published in English were identified through systematic searching using electronic databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, WHO/FAO library, and searching from Google manually. The outcomes of interest were mean concentration of heavy metals in vegetables and associated health risks. Cross-sectional studies that met inclusion criteria were considered. Data were extracted by independent reviewers. Methodological quality of included studies was assessed using critical appraisal tools. Moreover, health risks of consumers were assessed through evaluating estimated daily intakes (EDI), Health Risk Index (HRI), and Hazard Index (HI).

Results: Nineteen articles were included in this systematic review. The findings revealed that the mean concentration of Pb, Cr, Cd, As, Hg, Cu, Ni, Zn, Mn, and Fe in tested vegetables ranged from: 0.28-7.68, 0.75-33.01, 0.14-3.93, 0.05-3.13, ND-4.25, 0.92-15.33, 2.13-13.1, 18.27-62.83, 8.83-331.8, and 177.8-1034.3 mg/kg (dry weight), respectively. The EDI of Pb, Cr, Cd, As, Hg, Cu, Ni, Zn, Mn, and Fe in vegetables was range from: 0.00104-0.0286, 0.00279-0.123, 0.00052-0.0146, 0.0000372-0.0116, 0.0124-0.0158, 0.00342-0.0439, 0.0079-0.0487, 0.068-0.23, 0.03-1.23, and 0.53-3.84 mg/kg/day, respectively. The HRI of toxic heavy metals for all vegetable types ranged as; Pb (0.26-7.15), Cr (0.00186-0.0820), Cd (0.52-14.6), As (0.12-38.7), and Hg (1.24-1.58). The HRI due to consumption of all vegetables was 35, 0.168, 46.6, 70, and 2.82 for Pb, Cr, Cd, As, and Hg, respectively indicating severe health impact except for Cr.

Conclusion: This review underscores health implications linked to consumption of vegetables cultivated using wastewater in Ethiopia. It revealed that the concentration of toxic heavy metals in vegetables grown with wastewater-affected water was higher than the maximum allowable safe limit set for edible vegetables by WHO that would be a public health risk.

背景:蔬菜在人体营养和整体健康中起着至关重要的作用。然而,通过受废水影响的河流种植的蔬菜的消费可能是潜在有毒重金属的来源,当其浓度超过建议的最高水平时,可能会对健康造成有害影响。尽管越来越多的证据强调了蔬菜中重金属积累的相关危险,但在埃塞俄比亚的情况下,系统评估仍然存在严重差距。因此,本综述的目的是揭示受污水影响的河流中蔬菜的重金属浓度,并评估相关的公共健康风险。方法:通过系统检索PubMed、谷歌Scholar、WHO/FAO library等电子数据库,以及手动检索谷歌,确定英文发表的研究论文。感兴趣的结果是蔬菜中重金属的平均浓度和相关的健康风险。考虑了符合纳入标准的横断面研究。数据由独立审稿人提取。采用关键评价工具对纳入研究的方法学质量进行评估。此外,通过估算每日摄入量(EDI)、健康风险指数(HRI)和危害指数(HI)来评估消费者的健康风险。结果:本系统综述纳入了19篇文章。结果表明,蔬菜中Pb、Cr、Cd、As、Hg、Cu、Ni、Zn、Mn和Fe的平均含量分别为0.28 ~ 7.68、0.75 ~ 33.01、0.14 ~ 3.93、0.05 ~ 3.13、ND-4.25、0.92 ~ 15.33、2.13 ~ 13.1、18.27 ~ 62.83、8.83 ~ 331.8和177.8 ~ 1034.3 mg/kg(干重)。蔬菜中Pb、Cr、Cd、As、Hg、Cu、Ni、Zn、Mn、Fe的EDI分别为0.00104 ~ 0.0286、0.00279 ~ 0.123、0.00052 ~ 0.0146、0.0000372 ~ 0.0116、0.0124 ~ 0.0158、0.00342 ~ 0.0439、0.0079 ~ 0.0487、0.068 ~ 0.23、0.03 ~ 1.23和0.53 ~ 3.84 mg/kg/d。各类蔬菜中有毒重金属的HRI值为;Pb(0.26 - -7.15)、铬(0.00186 - -0.0820),Cd(0.52 - -14.6),(0.12 - -38.7)和Hg(1.24 - -1.58)。食用所有蔬菜对Pb、Cr、Cd、As和Hg的HRI分别为35、0.168、46.6、70和2.82,表明除Cr外对健康有严重影响。结论:本综述强调了埃塞俄比亚使用废水种植蔬菜对健康的影响。报告显示,用受污水影响的水种植的蔬菜中有毒重金属的浓度高于世卫组织为食用蔬菜设定的最大允许安全限值,这将构成公共健康风险。
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引用次数: 0
Challenges Associated With PFAS Detection Method in Africa. 非洲PFAS检测方法面临的挑战。
IF 2.3 Q2 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Pub Date : 2025-01-02 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/11786302241310430
Abdullahi Tunde Aborode, Ridwan Olamilekan Adesola, Ibrahim Idris, Waheed Sakariyau Adio, Segun Olapade, Gladys Oluwafisayo, Isreal Ayobami Onifade, Sodiq Fakorede, Taiwo Bakare-Abidola, Jelil Olaoye, Adedeji Daniel Ogunyemi, Oluwaseun Adeolu Ogundijo, Olamilekan Gabriel Banwo, Adetolase Azizat Bakre, Peter Oladoye, Grace Adegoye, Noimat Abeni Jinadu

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of man-made chemicals that are widely present in many industries. Monitoring and analyzing PFAS in Africa is challenging due to the limited availability of mass spectrometry (MS), which is an essential technique for detecting PFAS. This review assesses the scope and impact of the shortage of mass spectrometry instruments in Africa, emphasizing the resulting limitations in monitoring environmental and public health threats. The review analyzes the existing PFAS monitoring, the accessibility of MS instruments, and the technical capabilities within the continent. This study suggests that fewer African countries have sufficient MS instruments, resulting in significant underreport of environmental data and related public health issues. The review proposes financial support and programs to address these difficulties to provide necessary MS instruments. The review suggests that it is highly important to develop regional centers of excellence for PFAS monitoring using MS instruments and investing in training programs to address the gap in monitoring efforts. So, enhancing these are crucial for the successful management of the environment and safeguarding public health from the effects of PFAS contamination.

全氟和多氟烷基物质(PFAS)是一组广泛存在于许多工业中的人造化学品。由于质谱法(MS)的可用性有限,在非洲监测和分析PFAS具有挑战性,而质谱法是检测PFAS的基本技术。本审查报告评估了非洲质谱仪器短缺的范围和影响,强调了由此造成的监测环境和公共健康威胁方面的限制。该审查分析了现有的PFAS监测、MS仪器的可及性以及非洲大陆的技术能力。这项研究表明,拥有足够质谱仪器的非洲国家较少,导致严重漏报环境数据和相关公共卫生问题。该审查建议财政支持和计划,以解决这些困难,提供必要的MS仪器。这篇综述建议,利用质谱仪器建立区域性PFAS监测卓越中心,并投资于培训计划,以解决监测工作中的差距,这是非常重要的。因此,加强这些对于成功管理环境和保护公众健康免受PFAS污染的影响至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Wastewater Management in the Philippines: A Call for Localized Solutions and Policy Integration. 菲律宾的废水管理:寻求本地化解决方案和政策整合。
IF 2.3 Q2 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Pub Date : 2025-01-02 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/11786302241311529
Jeff Clyde G Corpuz

I read with great interest the recent study by Omohwovo on wastewater management challenges in Africa, which has strong parallels with the Philippines' own struggles in this area. Like Africa, our country is experiencing rapid population growth and urbanization without the necessary infrastructure to support effective wastewater treatment. The Philippines is also facing poor wastewater management that has led to severe heath concerns for humans, animals, and ecosystem. Since wastewater treatment and disposal facilities are rare, domestic wastewater is discharged without treatment. This has resulted in serious public health risks and environmental damage-problems that mirror those highlighted in Africa and emphasize the urgency of meeting the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG 6) for clean water and sanitation. This paper aims to provide guidelines for the Philippine government to consider localized solutions and policy integration to solve the issue of wastewater management in the Philippines.

我饶有兴趣地阅读了Omohwovo最近关于非洲废水管理挑战的研究,该研究与菲律宾在这一领域的斗争有很强的相似之处。与非洲一样,我国正在经历人口快速增长和城市化,却没有必要的基础设施来支持有效的废水处理。菲律宾还面临着废水管理不善的问题,这给人类、动物和生态系统带来了严重的健康问题。由于污水处理和处置设施很少,生活污水未经处理就直接排放。这造成了严重的公共健康风险和环境破坏,这些问题与非洲所突出的问题类似,并强调了实现联合国关于清洁水和卫生设施的可持续发展目标6(可持续发展目标6)的紧迫性。本文旨在为菲律宾政府考虑本地化解决方案和政策整合来解决菲律宾的废水管理问题提供指导。
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引用次数: 0
Corrigendum to "Rotavirus in Water Environments: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". “水环境中的轮状病毒:系统综述和荟萃分析”的勘误表。
IF 2.3 Q2 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Pub Date : 2024-12-26 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/11786302241311641

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1177/11786302241276667.].

[这更正了文章DOI: 10.1177/11786302241276667.]。
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引用次数: 0
Insight into the Environmental Health Consciousness of Medical Students Regarding the Perceived Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health. 医学生对气候变化对人类健康影响的环境健康意识的洞察。
IF 2.3 Q2 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Pub Date : 2024-12-24 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/11786302241310031
Yumna Shariff, Muneeba Mushtaq, Syed Muhammad Abdullah Shah, Hurais Malik, Muhammad Abdullah, Muhammad Usama Jamil, Abdul Rehman, Muhammad Hudaib, Manahil, Ahmad Umais Ahad, Sanila Mughal, Mohammed Mahmmoud Fadelallah Eljack

Climate change represents an unprecedented global public health crisis with extensive and profound implications. The Lancet Commission identified it as the foremost health challenge of the 21st century. In 2015, air pollution alone caused approximately 9 million premature deaths worldwide. Climate change also exacerbates extreme weather events, displacement, mental health disorders, disease vectors, food insecurity, and malnutrition, particularly impacting vulnerable developing countries like Pakistan due to its agricultural reliance, diverse topography, and limited resources. This study assesses Pakistani medical students' perceptions of climate change's health impacts. Conducted in February 2024, a cross-sectional survey of 632 students using a standardized questionnaire was employed via online Google Forms. The questionnaire was validated and an Exploratory Factor Analysis identified seven subscales of environmental health consciousness. The mean participant age was 21.17 years, with a balanced gender distribution. Students showed high environmental health consciousness (Mean = 35.6, SD = 5.2), with 88% attributing climate change to human activities and 89.1% anticipating serious future health impacts. Significant concerns included air quality-related illness (91%), water-availability illness (86%), healthcare disruption (85%), cold-related illness (83%), and flooding-related displacement (87%). Psychological impacts were acknowledged by 68%. Household income, age, and gender were significant predictors. These results highlight the need for integrating climate change and health education into medical curricula to prepare future healthcare providers.

气候变化是一场前所未有的全球公共卫生危机,影响广泛而深刻。《柳叶刀》委员会将其确定为21世纪最重要的健康挑战。2015年,仅空气污染一项就造成全世界约900万人过早死亡。气候变化还加剧了极端天气事件、流离失所、精神健康障碍、疾病媒介、粮食不安全和营养不良,对巴基斯坦等依赖农业、地形多样和资源有限的脆弱发展中国家的影响尤其严重。这项研究评估了巴基斯坦医科学生对气候变化对健康影响的看法。该研究于2024年2月通过谷歌在线表格对632名学生进行了标准化问卷调查。对问卷进行了验证,并通过探索性因素分析确定了环境健康意识的七个分量表。参与者平均年龄21.17岁,性别分布均衡。学生表现出较高的环境健康意识(Mean = 35.6, SD = 5.2), 88%的学生将气候变化归因于人类活动,89.1%的学生预计未来会对健康产生严重影响。主要问题包括与空气质量有关的疾病(91%)、可用水性疾病(86%)、医疗中断(85%)、与寒冷有关的疾病(83%)和与洪水有关的流离失所(87%)。68%的人承认有心理影响。家庭收入、年龄和性别是显著的预测因子。这些结果强调需要将气候变化和健康教育纳入医学课程,为未来的医疗保健提供者做好准备。
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引用次数: 0
A Systematic Review on Heavy Metals Contamination in Bangladeshi Fruits and Their Associated Health Risks. 孟加拉国水果中重金属污染及其相关健康风险的系统评价。
IF 2.3 Q2 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Pub Date : 2024-12-23 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/11786302241309280
Md Hafizul Islam, Abira Nowar, Saiful Islam, Md Moniruzzaman Nayan, Ahmed Jubayer

In Bangladesh, ensuring food safety from various hazardous contaminants, including heavy metals in different food items, has become a significant policy concern. This systematic review aimed to summarize the heavy metal contamination of locally produced fruits in Bangladesh and estimate the subsequent health risks of heavy metals upon consumption of reported fruits. A total of 1458 articles were retrieved from PubMed, Google Scholar, and manual Google searching, of which 10 were included in the current review. Health risks associated with the intake of these metals were evaluated in terms of estimated daily intake and carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risks by target cancer risk, target hazard quotient, and hazard index. The heavy metal concentrations (mg/kg of fresh edible weight) in the fruits were As (ND-1.3), Cd (ND-0.64), Pb (ND-2.4), Cr (ND-2.5), Mn (ND-570), Ni (ND-9.0), Cu (0.5-32), Zn (0.24-134), and Hg (ND-0.006). The concentration of different heavy metals in various fruits particularly in the banana, mango, jackfruit, guava, litchi, blackberry, lemon, and tamarind fruit, were higher than the maximum acceptable concentration. All of the metals were consumed daily in amounts below the maximum tolerated daily intake for all fruits. The results showed that, except for As, all metals' target hazard quotients were below the safety level. The target hazard quotient for strawberry, guava, mango, pineapple, banana, and papaya surpassed the safety level. On the other hand, the target cancer risk levels of As, Cd, Cr, and Ni were higher than the acceptable levels for most fruit items, suggesting that long-term exposure to these toxic metals may raise the risk of developing various malignancies, including stomach and lung cancer. A more integrated strategy to reduce the contamination burden of heavy metals in fruits is important to conserve the health of the population.

在孟加拉国,确保食品安全不受各种有害污染物的影响,包括不同食品中的重金属,已成为一项重要的政策关切。本系统综述旨在总结孟加拉国当地生产水果的重金属污染情况,并估计食用报告水果后重金属对健康的风险。从PubMed、b谷歌Scholar和手动谷歌检索中共检索到1458篇文章,其中10篇被纳入当前综述。根据目标癌症风险、目标危害商和危害指数,评估与这些金属摄入相关的健康风险,以及致癌和非致癌风险。果实中重金属含量(mg/kg新鲜食用重量)分别为As (ND-1.3)、Cd (ND-0.64)、Pb (ND-2.4)、Cr (ND-2.5)、Mn (ND-570)、Ni (ND-9.0)、Cu(0.5-32)、Zn(0.24-134)、Hg (ND-0.006)。各种水果中不同重金属的浓度,特别是香蕉、芒果、菠萝蜜、番石榴、荔枝、黑莓、柠檬和罗望子的浓度,都高于最高可接受浓度。所有金属的每日摄入量都低于所有水果的最大耐受摄入量。结果表明,除砷外,所有金属的目标危害商均低于安全水平。草莓、番石榴、芒果、菠萝、香蕉和木瓜的目标危害商数超过安全水平。另一方面,砷、镉、铬和镍的目标致癌风险水平高于大多数水果的可接受水平,这表明长期接触这些有毒金属可能会增加患各种恶性肿瘤的风险,包括胃癌和肺癌。一项减少水果中重金属污染负担的更综合战略对保护人口健康至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Parasitic Contamination and Its Associated Factors in Fruits and Vegetables Collected From Ethiopia's Local Markets: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. 从埃塞俄比亚当地市场收集的水果和蔬菜中的寄生虫污染及其相关因素:系统回顾和荟萃分析。
IF 2.3 Q2 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Pub Date : 2024-12-19 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/11786302241307882
Abayeneh Girma, Aleka Aemiro, Getachew Alamnie, Yitbarek Mulie

Background: Vegetables and fruits are vital components of a healthy diet; however, consuming unclean, uncooked, or improperly prepared products can lead to parasitic infections. Contamination often occurs during both the pre-harvest and post-harvest phases. Thus, the aim of this study is to provide evidence-based scientific information about the level of parasitic contamination and risk factors in Ethiopian fruits and vegetables sold in local markets.

Methods: A random effects model was selected for analysis. Subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses were performed to explore potential sources of heterogeneity using the I 2 test. Publication bias was evaluated using the funnel plot, Begg's, and Egger's tests.

Results: A total of 3697 samples from 11 studies were included. The pooled prevalence of parasitic contamination was 43.99% (1642/3697) with (95% CI: 38.04-49.95). The highest prevalence was recorded from helminths (26.42%), followed by protozoan infections (17.57%). The most predominant parasites were Entamoeba spp. (6.40%), Ascaris spp. (6.28%), Giardia spp. (5.98%), and Strongylida (4.59%). Contamination rate of fruits alone was 7.02%, while that of vegetables was 36.97%. Additionally, cabbage (8.14%), lettuce (6.46%), tomato (6.12%), carrot (5.71%), and green pepper (5.12%) were the most contaminated vegetables. Factors such as the vegetable produce (aOR = 2.26; 95% CI: 0.86-3.65) and not washed prior to display (aOR = 3.36; 95% CI: 2.00-4.73) were factors associated significantly with parasitic contamination of fruits and vegetables.

Conclusion: The current finding revealed a significant level of parasitic contamination in fruits and vegetables. As a result, food and drug regulatory bodies, the agricultural sector, and public health organizations need to educate vendors, farmers, and consumers about safe methods for growing, transporting, handling, and eating these products, while also ensuring the establishment of safe market environments.

Registration: The review was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) with the registration number "CRD42024585961."

背景:蔬菜和水果是健康饮食的重要组成部分;然而,食用不洁、未煮熟或制备不当的产品可导致寄生虫感染。污染通常发生在收获前和收获后阶段。因此,本研究的目的是提供关于在当地市场销售的埃塞俄比亚水果和蔬菜中寄生虫污染水平和风险因素的循证科学信息。方法:采用随机效应模型进行分析。使用i2检验进行亚组分析和敏感性分析以探索潜在的异质性来源。采用漏斗图、Begg’s和Egger’s检验评估发表偏倚。结果:共纳入11项研究的3697份样本。寄生虫污染总患病率为43.99% (1642/3697),95% CI: 38.04 ~ 49.95。寄生虫感染率最高(26.42%),原虫感染率次之(17.57%)。主要寄生虫为内阿米巴(6.40%)、蛔虫(6.28%)、贾第鞭毛虫(5.98%)和强线虫(4.59%)。水果的污染率为7.02%,蔬菜的污染率为36.97%。其次是白菜(8.14%)、生菜(6.46%)、番茄(6.12%)、胡萝卜(5.71%)、青椒(5.12%)。蔬菜生产(aOR = 2.26;95% CI: 0.86-3.65),显示前未清洗(aOR = 3.36;95% CI: 2.00-4.73)是与水果和蔬菜寄生虫污染显著相关的因素。结论:目前的研究结果表明,水果和蔬菜中的寄生虫污染程度很高。因此,食品和药品监管机构、农业部门和公共卫生组织需要教育供应商、农民和消费者关于种植、运输、处理和食用这些产品的安全方法,同时确保建立安全的市场环境。注册:该综述已在国际前瞻性系统评论注册库(PROSPERO)注册,注册号为“CRD42024585961”。
{"title":"Parasitic Contamination and Its Associated Factors in Fruits and Vegetables Collected From Ethiopia's Local Markets: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Abayeneh Girma, Aleka Aemiro, Getachew Alamnie, Yitbarek Mulie","doi":"10.1177/11786302241307882","DOIUrl":"10.1177/11786302241307882","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Vegetables and fruits are vital components of a healthy diet; however, consuming unclean, uncooked, or improperly prepared products can lead to parasitic infections. Contamination often occurs during both the pre-harvest and post-harvest phases. Thus, the aim of this study is to provide evidence-based scientific information about the level of parasitic contamination and risk factors in Ethiopian fruits and vegetables sold in local markets.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A random effects model was selected for analysis. Subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses were performed to explore potential sources of heterogeneity using the <i>I</i> <sup>2</sup> test. Publication bias was evaluated using the funnel plot, Begg's, and Egger's tests.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 3697 samples from 11 studies were included. The pooled prevalence of parasitic contamination was 43.99% (1642/3697) with (95% CI: 38.04-49.95). The highest prevalence was recorded from helminths (26.42%), followed by protozoan infections (17.57%). The most predominant parasites were <i>Entamoeba</i> spp. (6.40%), <i>Ascaris</i> spp. (6.28%), <i>Giardia</i> spp. (5.98%), and Strongylida (4.59%). Contamination rate of fruits alone was 7.02%, while that of vegetables was 36.97%. Additionally, cabbage (8.14%), lettuce (6.46%), tomato (6.12%), carrot (5.71%), and green pepper (5.12%) were the most contaminated vegetables. Factors such as the vegetable produce (aOR = 2.26; 95% CI: 0.86-3.65) and not washed prior to display (aOR = 3.36; 95% CI: 2.00-4.73) were factors associated significantly with parasitic contamination of fruits and vegetables.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The current finding revealed a significant level of parasitic contamination in fruits and vegetables. As a result, food and drug regulatory bodies, the agricultural sector, and public health organizations need to educate vendors, farmers, and consumers about safe methods for growing, transporting, handling, and eating these products, while also ensuring the establishment of safe market environments.</p><p><strong>Registration: </strong>The review was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) with the registration number \"CRD42024585961.\"</p>","PeriodicalId":11827,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Health Insights","volume":"18 ","pages":"11786302241307882"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11656433/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142863647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Health Risk Assessment of Occupational Exposures of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Phthalates, and Semi-Volatile Chlorinated Organic Compounds in Urine of Commercial Fish Smokers, Ghana. 加纳商业捕鱼者尿液中多环芳烃、邻苯二甲酸盐和半挥发性氯化有机化合物职业暴露的健康风险评估。
IF 2.3 Q2 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Pub Date : 2024-12-18 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/11786302241306932
Charity Owusu, Albert Ofori, Frank Adusei-Mensah, Joseph Kweku Adjei, George Yaw Hadzi, John Kwesi Bentum, Reginald Quansah, David K Essumang

Occupational exposure to smoke and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) poses significant health risks, especially for commercial fish smokers who are regularly exposed to high levels of smoke and particulate matter. This study aimed to evaluate the exposure levels and assess the health risks associated with PAHs, phenols, phthalates, and substituted benzenes among 155 fish smokers in Ghana. A total of 155 urine samples from fish smokers across selected coastal regions in Ghana were collected and analyzed. The sample preparation was conducted using the Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe (QuEChERs) method, as standardized by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (A.O.A.C.). Analysis was performed utilizing the Shimadzu GC-MS QP 2020. The type of firewood used by fish smokers significantly influenced the levels of PAHs detected in the urine samples. Hardwoods such as odum, acacia, and cocoa, with their dense structures and combustion characteristics, were found to produce higher levels of PAHs. In contrast, softer woods like sugar cane and palm kernel released lower PAH levels during combustion. The findings indicate that fish smokers utilizing various wood types and unfiltered ovens, specifically the "Chorkor Oven," are exposed to elevated levels of PAHs, phenols, phthalates, and substituted benzenes through inhalation during work hours. Cancer risk assessments revealed risk levels for PAHs ranging from 6.00E-04 to 4.14E-01, phenols from 0.00E+00 to 3.70E-01, substituted benzenes from 9.04E-08 to 1.99E-01, and phthalates from 3E-04 to 2.09E+04. These values exceed the limits by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.E.P.A.) of 10E-06. Furthermore, the estimated non-cancer hazard quotient values for hydrocarbons ranged from 8.42E+00 to 1.99E+01, all exceeding the threshold of 1, as outlined by both the U.S.E.P.A. and the World Health Organization (WHO), indicating substantial potential health risks for commercial fish smokers.

职业接触烟雾和多环芳烃(多环芳烃)构成重大健康风险,特别是对于经常接触高水平烟雾和颗粒物的商业鱼类吸烟者。本研究旨在评估加纳155名鱼类吸烟者的暴露水平,并评估与多环芳烃、酚类、邻苯二甲酸盐和取代苯相关的健康风险。在加纳选定的沿海地区,共收集和分析了155份来自吸鱼者的尿液样本。样品制备采用快速、简单、廉价、有效、坚固、安全(QuEChERs)方法,该方法由美国官方分析化学家协会(a.o.a.c)标准化。采用Shimadzu GC-MS qp2020进行分析。熏鱼者使用的木柴类型显著影响尿液样本中检测到的多环芳烃水平。硬木,如欧杜姆,金合欢和可可,由于其致密的结构和燃烧特性,被发现产生更高水平的多环芳烃。相比之下,甘蔗和棕榈仁等较软的木材在燃烧时释放的多环芳烃含量较低。研究结果表明,使用各种木材类型和未经过滤的烤炉,特别是“Chorkor烤炉”的熏鱼者,在工作时间内通过吸入,暴露于高水平的多环芳烃、酚类、邻苯二甲酸盐和取代苯。癌症风险评估显示,多环芳烃的风险水平为6.00E-04至4.14E-01,苯酚的风险水平为0.00E+00至3.70E-01,取代苯的风险水平为9.04E-08至1.99E-01,邻苯二甲酸盐的风险水平为3E-04至2.09E+04。这些数值超过了美国环境保护署(u.s.e.p.a) 10E-06的限制。此外,据估计,碳氢化合物的非癌症危害商数值在8.42E+00至1.99E+01之间,均超过了美国环保署和世界卫生组织(世卫组织)规定的1的阈值,表明商业鱼类吸烟者存在巨大的潜在健康风险。
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Environmental Health Insights
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