European Journal of Anaesthesiology最新文献

Background: Midazolam and propofol are frequently used for procedural sedation. Remimazolam may provide a more controllable sedation with fewer adverse effects.

Objective: To assess the sedation success rate and respiratory and cardiovascular complications of remimazolam versus placebo and other sedatives in adults undergoing procedural sedation.

Design: A systematic review of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) with meta-analyses, trial sequential analyses (TSA), and GRADE evaluations of the certainty of evidence.

Data sources: We searched Medline, Embase, CENTRAL, BIOSIS, CINAHL, and Web of Science Core Collection from their inception to 22 June 2024.

Eligibility criteria: RCTs allocating participants undergoing procedural sedation to remimazolam versus placebo or any active comparator.

Results: We included 63 trials randomising 13 953 participants. All included trial results were judged to be at high risk of bias. The sedation success rate was similar with remimazolam versus active comparators, relative risk (RR) 1.04, [97.5% confidence interval (CI), 0.96 to 1.14; TSA-adjusted CI, 0.95 to 1.18], P  = 0.26, GRADE: very low. Subgroup analyses indicated that remimazolam versus midazolam increased sedation success rate, while the risks were similar with remimazolam versus comparators. Remimazolam versus active comparators decreased the risk of respiratory complications, RR 0.47, (97.5% CI, 0.36 to 0.61; TSA-adjusted CI, 0.35 to 0.61), P < 0.01; and cardiovascular complications, RR 0.46, (97.5% CI, 0.37 to 0.56; TSA-adjusted CI, 0.38 to 0.57), P < 0.01. Subgroup analyses indicated that remimazolam versus propofol reduced respiratory and cardiovascular complications, while the risks were similar versus midazolam.

Conclusion: Remimazolam seems to provide a similar sedation success rate as other active comparators (propofol, ciprofol, midazolam, dexmedetomidine, etomidate), although subgroup analyses indicated that remimazolam increased sedation success rate compared to midazolam. Remimazolam compared to propofol may decrease the risk of respiratory and cardiovascular complications. The certainty of the evidence was very low to low, and firm conclusions could not be drawn.

Background: Fibrinolytic activity contributes to bleeding after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB).

Objective: Our objectives were, in a group of infants undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB: to document the extent of peri-operative fibrinolysis using rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) and standard biomarkers; to compare the agreement between these fibrinolytic measures; to assess whether fibrinolytic activity is associated with early postoperative mediastinal bleeding and assess whether supplementation with fibrinogen concentrate affected fibrinolysis.

Design: Prospective cohort, mechanistic substudy, nested within the FIBrinogen CONcentrate (FIBCON) randomised controlled trial.

Setting: Single centre, tertiary paediatric cardiac surgery and paediatric intensive care units.

Patients: Ninety infants (median age 6.3 months) undergoing cardiac surgery, who all received routine intra-operative tranexamic acid. The infants were randomised to receive either an individualised dose of fibrinogen concentrate (n = 60) or placebo (n = 30) during CPB.

Main outcome measures: We measured the ROTEM variable maximum clot lysis (ML), and fibrinolytic biomarkers including plasmin-antiplasmin (PAP) and tissue plasminogen activator antigen (tPA-Ag). Blood was sampled pre-CPB, on-CPB and post-CPB, and 4 h after PICU admission.

Results: tPA-Ag, PAP and ROTEM ML increased significantly after CPB despite the use of tranexamic acid. The two fibrinolytic biomarkers t-PA and PAP, correlated (P = 0.001) but neither correlated with ROTEM ML. Early postoperative blood loss was inversely associated with PAP levels. Each 100 μg l-1 rise in PAP was associated with a 7.9% reduction in mean blood loss. Fibrinogen concentrate supplementation as expected did not affect tPA-Ag but was temporally associated with an increase in PAP levels and a decrease in ROTEM fibrinolytic activity.

Conclusion: Fibrinolysis is activated after paediatric cardiac CPB surgery as indicated by increased tPA-Ag and ROTEM ML. The substantial increase in tPA-Ag post-PICU admission is probably accompanied by a similar rise of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) as part of the acute phase response to surgery, thereby limiting clinical fibrinolysis. Supplementation of fibrinogen concentrate was associated with increased PAP activity and less clinical bleeding, consistent with the known role for fibrinogen in being a substrate for plasmin.

Trial registration: ISCTRN:50553029, Eudract:2013-003532-68.

Background: Recent studies indicate that clavipectoral fascia plane block (CPB) efficacy may stem from injectate distribution to the anterosuperior clavicular periosteum. We conducted an anatomical study combining the CPB with injection within the subclavius muscle.

Objective: Our hypothesis was that the anaesthetic injectate would fully cover both the anterosuperior and posteroinferior surfaces of the clavicular periosteum in the midclavicular region.

Design: Observational human cadaver study.

Setting: Laboratory of Surgical Neuroanatomy, Unit of Anatomy and Human Embryology of the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona.

Participants: Five fresh human cadavers.

Interventions: The cadavers received both a CPB and subclavius muscle injections under ultrasound guidance in 10 clavicular regions.

Main outcome measures: After the procedures on the cadaveric models, an anatomical dissection by planes was performed to evaluate the distribution pattern of methylene blue on the clavicular periosteum. A probabilistic map of the colour spectrum and staining temperature on the clavicular surfaces was generated.

Results: Methylene blue stained 37 ± 16% of the anterosuperior surface and 23 ± 13% of the posteroinferior surface of the clavicular periosteum, particularly in the middle third of each surface. Although the staining did not achieve complete circumferential coverage or perfect alignment between the surfaces, the areas exhibited a close relationship, indicating significant distribution and relevant coverage.

Conclusion: Our anatomical study demonstrates that the midclavicular block achieves effective distribution around the middle third of the clavicle, although complete circumferential anaesthesia of the clavicular periosteum was not achieved. Although this block may provide periosteal and bone anaesthesia, it does not address other sources of pain, such as muscle spasms and skin components. Additional clinical studies are needed to evaluate the overall efficacy of this dual block technique for clavicle surgery.

Background: Rapid onset of epidural analgesia is an important concern for the parturient. Commonly, the local anaesthetic mixture is administered through the epidural catheter. Drugs administered through the epidural needle might decrease the onset time and enhance the spread of medication within the epidural space.

Objectives: The primary aim of this study was to compare the onset time of analgesia when a loading dose of dilute local anaesthetic opioid mixture was injected through either the Tuohy needle or a single end-hole epidural catheter.

Design: A prospective, double-blinded, randomised clinical trial.

Setting: Single university hospital, from November 2022 to August 2023.

Participants: A total of 200 healthy nulliparous women who requested epidural analgesia for labour were randomly allocated to the needle group (n = 100) or the catheter group (n = 100).

Interventions: In the needle group, after identification of the epidural space, a test dose of 3 ml 0.1% ropivacaine with 0.3 μg ml-1 sufentanil was injected through the Tuohy needle followed 3 min later by a 15 ml loading dose of the same mixture over 30 s. Then the catheter was inserted into the epidural space. In the catheter group, after identification of the epidural space, a catheter was advanced into the epidural space and the ropivacaine/sufentanil mixture was injected in an identical manner though the catheter.

Main outcome mearsures: The primary outcome was the onset time of labour analgesia (defined as the time from drug administration to adequate analgesia). Adequate analgesia was defined as a visual analogue score 10 mm or less during uterine contractions.

Results: Median [IQR] onset time of labour analgesia did not differ significantly between the two groups (needle group: 20 [16 to 30] minutes; catheter group: 20 [15 to 25] minutes, P = 0.232).

Conclusion: Compared with bolus injection though a single end-hole epidural catheter, injection through the epidural needle did not shorten the analgesia onset time for adequate labour analgesia.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05594771).

Background: Labour epidural analgesia reportedly fails in up to 10 to 25% of cases. A joint taskforce of European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care (ESAIC) experts was created to develop this focused guideline on the management of failing epidural analgesia in a previously well functioning epidural catheter.

Design: Six clinical questions were defined using a PICO (Population/Intervention/Comparison/Outcome) strategy to conduct a systematic literature search. The questions pertained to clinical management of failing epidural (PICOs 1, 2 and 3), human resource and team training (PICOs 4 and 5) and clinical management of a failing epidural for intrapartum caesarean delivery (PICO 6). The taskforce produced recommendations and clinical practice statements (CPS) and validated them through a Delphi process. The final version of the guideline was submitted to all ESAIC members for critical review and approved by the Guidelines Committee and the ESAIC Board of Directors.

Results: In the initial search, 3737 titles were identified, 93 were retained for complete article analysis and 56 were finally allocated to the PICOs. The full-text analysis of the selected articles precluded extraction of significant data for all PICOs except for PICO 6, for which six articles were identified. Based on the experience, knowledge and opinion of the experts, the task force proposed and validated two recommendations and 11 CPSs.

Conclusion: This guideline complemented other recently published expert opinion papers. We hope that this new guidance will serve clinicians to increase parturient safety and quality of care during labour and delivery, while at the same time provide inspiration for further research to fill the current knowledge gaps.

Background: Clinical trials and validation studies demonstrate promising hypotension prediction capability by the Hypotension Prediction Index (HPI). Most studies that evaluate HPI derive it from invasive blood pressure readings, but a direct comparison with the noninvasive alternative remains undetermined. Such a comparison could provide valuable insights for clinicians in deciding between invasive and noninvasive monitoring strategies.

Objectives: Evaluating predictive differences between HPI when obtained through noninvasive versus invasive blood pressure monitoring.

Design: Post hoc analysis of a prospective observational study conducted between 2018 and 2020.

Setting: Single-centre study conducted in an academic hospital in the Netherlands.

Patients: Adult noncardiac surgery patients scheduled for over 2 h long elective procedures. After obtaining informed consent, 91 out of the 105 patients had sufficient data for analysis.

Main outcome measures: The primary outcome was the difference in area under the receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) curve (AUC) obtained for HPI predictions between the two datasets. Additionally, difference in time-to-event estimations were calculated.

Results: AUC (95% confidence interval (CI)) results revealed a nonsignificant difference between invasive and noninvasive HPI, with areas of 94.2% (90.5 to 96.8) and 95.3% (90.4 to 98.2), respectively with an estimated difference of 1.1 (-3.9 to 6.1)%; P  = 0.673. However, noninvasive HPI demonstrated significantly longer time-to-event estimations for higher HPI values.

Conclusion: Noninvasive HPI is reliably accessible to clinicians during noncardiac surgery, showing comparable accuracy in HPI probabilities and the potential for additional response time.

Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03795831) https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03795831.