Jean Benoist a participe en 1964 a la troisieme conference sur la question raciale, organisee par l’Unesco a Moscou en 1964, plus specifiquement consacree aux aspects biologiques de la question. Il rappelle quels etaient les enjeux de cette conference, durant laquelle a pu se degager un consensus concernant l’inadequation par rapport au reel d’une approche typologique de la diversite humaine, sur l’absence de « tares » raciales, ainsi que sur la dissociation totale entre traits physiques et comportements sociaux et culturels. Il retrace son itineraire et la maturation de sa pensee sur le sujet, en evoquant comment celui-ci etait alors traite par l’anthropologie francaise, puis precisant sa position par rapport aux avancees biologiques recentes dans le domaine et face a la perduration des representations populaires de la race.
{"title":"Retour sur les propositions concernant les aspects biologiques de la race. Unesco, Moscou, 1964.Entretien avec Jean-Luc Bonniol","authors":"Jean Benoist","doi":"10.4000/urmis.2288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4000/urmis.2288","url":null,"abstract":"Jean Benoist a participe en 1964 a la troisieme conference sur la question raciale, organisee par l’Unesco a Moscou en 1964, plus specifiquement consacree aux aspects biologiques de la question. Il rappelle quels etaient les enjeux de cette conference, durant laquelle a pu se degager un consensus concernant l’inadequation par rapport au reel d’une approche typologique de la diversite humaine, sur l’absence de « tares » raciales, ainsi que sur la dissociation totale entre traits physiques et comportements sociaux et culturels. Il retrace son itineraire et la maturation de sa pensee sur le sujet, en evoquant comment celui-ci etait alors traite par l’anthropologie francaise, puis precisant sa position par rapport aux avancees biologiques recentes dans le domaine et face a la perduration des representations populaires de la race.","PeriodicalId":119696,"journal":{"name":"Cahiers de l’Urmis","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115920254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The sequencing of the human genome (2003) has been followed by a number of technical developments that allow detailed characterization (including complete sequencing) of the DNA of thousands of individuals. This has provided an estimate of human genetic diversity: approx. 3 million base substitutions within our genome that includes 3,000 million bases. Although the divergence between any two individuals is small, it is responsible for much of the phenotypic diversity observed within the human population, and current techniques make it possible to measure genetic distances between any two individuals whose genome has been analysed. When results from a large sample of persons are analysed by sophisticated multi-dimensional representation, fairly distinct clusters appear in the population, indicating groups of individuals that are more similar to each other than to persons from other groups. Although these groups are defined by genome analysis, without any a priori information on their origin, it turns out that they largely correspond to so-called “ethnic” categories that reflect genetic ancestry (e.g. Europeans, Africans and Asians). Every group is internally quite diverse, but analysis of thousands of genetic markers does indeed differentiate between them. “Race”, as commonly defined, is a very imperfect proxy for these ancestry groups, as it suggests high homogeneity within each group, implies assumptions about behaviour and “character” that have no scientific basis, and is heavily tainted by past uses in support of oppression and even genocide. Thus “ancestry” or “ancestry group” is a highly preferable term, especially now that more and more people are of mixed ancestry. These methods have been widely applied to current populations and to “ancient DNA” from historical samples, and have made possible great strides in understanding the history of our species.
{"title":"Genomics and human diversity","authors":"B. Jordan","doi":"10.4000/urmis.2397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4000/urmis.2397","url":null,"abstract":"The sequencing of the human genome (2003) has been followed by a number of technical developments that allow detailed characterization (including complete sequencing) of the DNA of thousands of individuals. This has provided an estimate of human genetic diversity: approx. 3 million base substitutions within our genome that includes 3,000 million bases. Although the divergence between any two individuals is small, it is responsible for much of the phenotypic diversity observed within the human population, and current techniques make it possible to measure genetic distances between any two individuals whose genome has been analysed. When results from a large sample of persons are analysed by sophisticated multi-dimensional representation, fairly distinct clusters appear in the population, indicating groups of individuals that are more similar to each other than to persons from other groups. Although these groups are defined by genome analysis, without any a priori information on their origin, it turns out that they largely correspond to so-called “ethnic” categories that reflect genetic ancestry (e.g. Europeans, Africans and Asians). Every group is internally quite diverse, but analysis of thousands of genetic markers does indeed differentiate between them. “Race”, as commonly defined, is a very imperfect proxy for these ancestry groups, as it suggests high homogeneity within each group, implies assumptions about behaviour and “character” that have no scientific basis, and is heavily tainted by past uses in support of oppression and even genocide. Thus “ancestry” or “ancestry group” is a highly preferable term, especially now that more and more people are of mixed ancestry. These methods have been widely applied to current populations and to “ancient DNA” from historical samples, and have made possible great strides in understanding the history of our species.","PeriodicalId":119696,"journal":{"name":"Cahiers de l’Urmis","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124529873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
La pandemie de Covid-19, par la nature de cette crise et de sa gestion avant tout sanitaire, medicale et biologique, offre une occasion inedite pour observer les debats scientifiques autour de la notion de « race », utilisee et conceptualisee tantot en tant que realite biologique, tantot en tant que construction sociale. En s’appuyant sur une lecture synthetique d’un eventail des productions scientifiques – en medecine, en sante publique, en epidemiologie et en sciences sociales – discutant des disparites ethno-raciales dans les cas de morbidite et de mortalite liees au Covid-19, cet article montre que les deux modeles d’interpretation – biologique/genetique et socio-economique/sociodemographique – ne sont pas antagoniques l’un de l’autre : les relations entre la race et les facteurs de risque de morbidite et de mortalite lies au Covid-19, qui ont ete mises en evidence par des chercheurs, sont souvent conditionnees a la fois par des mecanismes biologiques et des facteurs socio-economiques. Par ailleurs, l’approche intersectionnelle – articulant les divers rapports sociaux de race, de classe, de genre, d’âge, de handicap, etc. – s’avere particulierement feconde dans l’apprehension des disparites ethno-raciales dans les cas de morbidite et de mortalite liees au Covid-19.
{"title":"Les disparités ethno-raciales dans les cas de morbidité et de mortalité liées au Covid-19","authors":"Simeng Wang","doi":"10.4000/urmis.2399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4000/urmis.2399","url":null,"abstract":"La pandemie de Covid-19, par la nature de cette crise et de sa gestion avant tout sanitaire, medicale et biologique, offre une occasion inedite pour observer les debats scientifiques autour de la notion de « race », utilisee et conceptualisee tantot en tant que realite biologique, tantot en tant que construction sociale. En s’appuyant sur une lecture synthetique d’un eventail des productions scientifiques – en medecine, en sante publique, en epidemiologie et en sciences sociales – discutant des disparites ethno-raciales dans les cas de morbidite et de mortalite liees au Covid-19, cet article montre que les deux modeles d’interpretation – biologique/genetique et socio-economique/sociodemographique – ne sont pas antagoniques l’un de l’autre : les relations entre la race et les facteurs de risque de morbidite et de mortalite lies au Covid-19, qui ont ete mises en evidence par des chercheurs, sont souvent conditionnees a la fois par des mecanismes biologiques et des facteurs socio-economiques. Par ailleurs, l’approche intersectionnelle – articulant les divers rapports sociaux de race, de classe, de genre, d’âge, de handicap, etc. – s’avere particulierement feconde dans l’apprehension des disparites ethno-raciales dans les cas de morbidite et de mortalite liees au Covid-19.","PeriodicalId":119696,"journal":{"name":"Cahiers de l’Urmis","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126171792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jean Benoist a participe en 1964 a la troisieme conference sur la question raciale, organisee par l’Unesco a Moscou en 1964, plus specifiquement consacree aux aspects biologiques de la question. Il rappelle quels etaient les enjeux de cette conference, durant laquelle a pu se degager un consensus concernant l’inadequation par rapport au reel d’une approche typologique de la diversite humaine, sur l’absence de « tares » raciales, ainsi que sur la dissociation totale entre traits physiques et comportements sociaux et culturels. Il retrace son itineraire et la maturation de sa pensee sur le sujet, en evoquant comment celui-ci etait alors traite par l’anthropologie francaise, puis precisant sa position par rapport aux avancees biologiques recentes dans le domaine et face a la perduration des representations populaires de la race.
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The sequencing of the human genome (2003) has been followed by a number of technical developments that allow detailed characterization (including complete sequencing) of the DNA of thousands of individuals. This has provided an estimate of human genetic diversity: approx. 3 million base substitutions within our genome that includes 3,000 million bases. Although the divergence between any two individuals is small, it is responsible for much of the phenotypic diversity observed within the human population, and current techniques make it possible to measure genetic distances between any two individuals whose genome has been analysed. When results from a large sample of persons are analysed by sophisticated multi-dimensional representation, fairly distinct clusters appear in the population, indicating groups of individuals that are more similar to each other than to persons from other groups. Although these groups are defined by genome analysis, without any a priori information on their origin, it turns out that they largely correspond to so-called “ethnic” categories that reflect genetic ancestry (e.g. Europeans, Africans and Asians). Every group is internally quite diverse, but analysis of thousands of genetic markers does indeed differentiate between them. “Race”, as commonly defined, is a very imperfect proxy for these ancestry groups, as it suggests high homogeneity within each group, implies assumptions about behaviour and “character” that have no scientific basis, and is heavily tainted by past uses in support of oppression and even genocide. Thus “ancestry” or “ancestry group” is a highly preferable term, especially now that more and more people are of mixed ancestry. These methods have been widely applied to current populations and to “ancient DNA” from historical samples, and have made possible great strides in understanding the history of our species.
{"title":"La génomique et la diversité humaine","authors":"B. Jordan","doi":"10.4000/urmis.2387","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4000/urmis.2387","url":null,"abstract":"The sequencing of the human genome (2003) has been followed by a number of technical developments that allow detailed characterization (including complete sequencing) of the DNA of thousands of individuals. This has provided an estimate of human genetic diversity: approx. 3 million base substitutions within our genome that includes 3,000 million bases. Although the divergence between any two individuals is small, it is responsible for much of the phenotypic diversity observed within the human population, and current techniques make it possible to measure genetic distances between any two individuals whose genome has been analysed. When results from a large sample of persons are analysed by sophisticated multi-dimensional representation, fairly distinct clusters appear in the population, indicating groups of individuals that are more similar to each other than to persons from other groups. Although these groups are defined by genome analysis, without any a priori information on their origin, it turns out that they largely correspond to so-called “ethnic” categories that reflect genetic ancestry (e.g. Europeans, Africans and Asians). Every group is internally quite diverse, but analysis of thousands of genetic markers does indeed differentiate between them. “Race”, as commonly defined, is a very imperfect proxy for these ancestry groups, as it suggests high homogeneity within each group, implies assumptions about behaviour and “character” that have no scientific basis, and is heavily tainted by past uses in support of oppression and even genocide. Thus “ancestry” or “ancestry group” is a highly preferable term, especially now that more and more people are of mixed ancestry. These methods have been widely applied to current populations and to “ancient DNA” from historical samples, and have made possible great strides in understanding the history of our species.","PeriodicalId":119696,"journal":{"name":"Cahiers de l’Urmis","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133733793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The COVID-19 pandemic, by the nature of this crisis and its primarily sanitary, medical and biological management, offers an exceptional opportunity for observations on the scientific debates surrounding the notion of “race”, used and conceptualised at times as a biological reality, at others as a social construct. Based on a synthetic reading of a variety of scientific productions –in medicine, public health, epidemiology, and social sciences– discussing ethno-racial disparities in COVID-19 related morbidity and mortality, this article shows that these two models of interpretation –biological/genetic and socio-economic/socio-demographic– do not stand in opposition to each other: the relationships between race and identified risk factors in COVID-19 related morbidity and mortality, as recognised by researchers are often conjointly conditioned by both biological mechanisms and socio-economic factors. Furthermore, the intersectional approach –articulating various social relations of race, class, gender, age, disability, etc.– proves to be particularly fruitful in grasping the ethno-racial disparities in COVID-19 related morbidity and mortality.
{"title":"Ethno-racial disparities in COVID-19 morbidity and mortality","authors":"Simeng Wang","doi":"10.4000/urmis.2409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4000/urmis.2409","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic, by the nature of this crisis and its primarily sanitary, medical and biological management, offers an exceptional opportunity for observations on the scientific debates surrounding the notion of “race”, used and conceptualised at times as a biological reality, at others as a social construct. Based on a synthetic reading of a variety of scientific productions –in medicine, public health, epidemiology, and social sciences– discussing ethno-racial disparities in COVID-19 related morbidity and mortality, this article shows that these two models of interpretation –biological/genetic and socio-economic/socio-demographic– do not stand in opposition to each other: the relationships between race and identified risk factors in COVID-19 related morbidity and mortality, as recognised by researchers are often conjointly conditioned by both biological mechanisms and socio-economic factors. Furthermore, the intersectional approach –articulating various social relations of race, class, gender, age, disability, etc.– proves to be particularly fruitful in grasping the ethno-racial disparities in COVID-19 related morbidity and mortality.","PeriodicalId":119696,"journal":{"name":"Cahiers de l’Urmis","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122383785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
On this first issue of Appartenances & Alterites, we have decided to present excerpts from Michel Leiris' book, Contacts de civilisations en Martinique et en Guadeloupe, published in 1955 under the aegis of UNESCO. This text seems remarkable to us for the finesse and acuity of its analysis of societies that are historically structured by racial criteria, and for its theoretical intuitions, which were far ahead of their time, at least for French research, in the field of race relations. This ...
{"title":"(Re)Reading Contacts of civilizations in Martinique and Guadeloupe, by Michel Leiris.Text excerpts presented by Jean-Luc Bonniol and Ary Gordi","authors":"J-L Bonniol, Ary Gordien","doi":"10.4000/urmis.2504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4000/urmis.2504","url":null,"abstract":"On this first issue of Appartenances & Alterites, we have decided to present excerpts from Michel Leiris' book, Contacts de civilisations en Martinique et en Guadeloupe, published in 1955 under the aegis of UNESCO. This text seems remarkable to us for the finesse and acuity of its analysis of societies that are historically structured by racial criteria, and for its theoretical intuitions, which were far ahead of their time, at least for French research, in the field of race relations. This ...","PeriodicalId":119696,"journal":{"name":"Cahiers de l’Urmis","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116686917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
« Who controls the past controls the future ; who controls the present controls the past ». La celebre phrase de George Orwell, tiree de son magnum opus 1984 et citee par Evelyne Heyer dans son livre L’odyssee des genes, semble illustrer parfaitement le propos general de l’ouvrage de cette anthropologue de la genetique : l’ecriture et l’interpretation de l’histoire de l’humanite – y compris l’histoire de notre heritage genetique – est une affaire de pouvoir. S’inspirant du recit de voyage att...
{"title":"Dans les filaments de l’histoire : L’odyssée des gènes.Compte-rendu de l’ouvrage de Évelyne Heyer (Paris, Flammarion, 2020)","authors":"Marcos Azevedo","doi":"10.4000/urmis.2414","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4000/urmis.2414","url":null,"abstract":"« Who controls the past controls the future ; who controls the present controls the past ». La celebre phrase de George Orwell, tiree de son magnum opus 1984 et citee par Evelyne Heyer dans son livre L’odyssee des genes, semble illustrer parfaitement le propos general de l’ouvrage de cette anthropologue de la genetique : l’ecriture et l’interpretation de l’histoire de l’humanite – y compris l’histoire de notre heritage genetique – est une affaire de pouvoir. S’inspirant du recit de voyage att...","PeriodicalId":119696,"journal":{"name":"Cahiers de l’Urmis","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132042891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For many decades, sociologists have routinely drawn a line between productions in the social sciences that define race as a social construct and research findings in the natural sciences that use this same notion in order to describe genetically circumscribed groups. The latter publications are labeled essentialist, and are accused of promoting biological reductionism: they are viewed largely negatively by social scientists. Ann Morning’s various books and articles published after completing ...
{"title":"Introduction to Ann Morning’s article “And you thought we had moved beyond all that: biological race returns to the social sciences”, 2014","authors":"Élodie Edwards-Grossi","doi":"10.4000/urmis.2354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4000/urmis.2354","url":null,"abstract":"For many decades, sociologists have routinely drawn a line between productions in the social sciences that define race as a social construct and research findings in the natural sciences that use this same notion in order to describe genetically circumscribed groups. The latter publications are labeled essentialist, and are accused of promoting biological reductionism: they are viewed largely negatively by social scientists. Ann Morning’s various books and articles published after completing ...","PeriodicalId":119696,"journal":{"name":"Cahiers de l’Urmis","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130034658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The notion of race, as commonly employed, is often and spontaneously associated with a biological foundation. To explain this connection with biology it is necessary to undertake an archaeological approach to the concept of race. Such an approach will identify different semantic strata, which, for both the scientific community and lay circles, have come to overlap. The first stratum corresponds to the period before biology was recognized as a scientific discipline. There was a longstanding te...
{"title":"Introduction to Race and Biology","authors":"J-L Bonniol, Élodie Edwards-Grossi, Simeng Wang","doi":"10.4000/urmis.2283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4000/urmis.2283","url":null,"abstract":"The notion of race, as commonly employed, is often and spontaneously associated with a biological foundation. To explain this connection with biology it is necessary to undertake an archaeological approach to the concept of race. Such an approach will identify different semantic strata, which, for both the scientific community and lay circles, have come to overlap. The first stratum corresponds to the period before biology was recognized as a scientific discipline. There was a longstanding te...","PeriodicalId":119696,"journal":{"name":"Cahiers de l’Urmis","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126344478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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