C. Sheppard, A. Jenn, J. Greenblatt, Gordon S Bauer, B. Gerke
Transportation is the fastest-growing source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and energy consumption globally. While the convergence of shared mobility, vehicle automation, and electrification has the potential to drastically reduce transportation impacts, it requires careful integration with rapidly evolving electricity systems. Here, we examine these interactions using a U.S.-wide simulation framework encompassing private electric vehicles (EVs), shared automated EVs (SAEVs), charging infrastructure, controlled EV charging, and a grid economic dispatch model to simulate personal mobility exclusively using EVs. We find that private EVs with uncontrolled charging would reduce GHG emissions by 46% compared to gasoline vehicles. Private EVs with fleetwide controlled charging would achieve a 49% reduction in emissions from baseline and reduce peak charging demand by 53% from the uncontrolled scenario. We also find that an SAEV fleet 9% the size of today's active vehicle fleet can satisfy trip demand with only 2.6 million chargers (0.2 per EV). Such an SAEV fleet would achieve a 70% reduction in GHG emissions at 41% of the lifecycle cost as a private EV fleet with controlled charging. The emissions and cost advantage of SAEVs is primarily due to reduced vehicle manufacturing compared with private EVs.
{"title":"Private Versus Shared, Automated Electric Vehicles for U.S. Personal Mobility: Energy Use, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Grid Integration and Cost Impacts","authors":"C. Sheppard, A. Jenn, J. Greenblatt, Gordon S Bauer, B. Gerke","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3575130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3575130","url":null,"abstract":"Transportation is the fastest-growing source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and energy consumption globally. While the convergence of shared mobility, vehicle automation, and electrification has the potential to drastically reduce transportation impacts, it requires careful integration with rapidly evolving electricity systems. Here, we examine these interactions using a U.S.-wide simulation framework encompassing private electric vehicles (EVs), shared automated EVs (SAEVs), charging infrastructure, controlled EV charging, and a grid economic dispatch model to simulate personal mobility exclusively using EVs. We find that private EVs with uncontrolled charging would reduce GHG emissions by 46% compared to gasoline vehicles. Private EVs with fleetwide controlled charging would achieve a 49% reduction in emissions from baseline and reduce peak charging demand by 53% from the uncontrolled scenario. We also find that an SAEV fleet 9% the size of today's active vehicle fleet can satisfy trip demand with only 2.6 million chargers (0.2 per EV). Such an SAEV fleet would achieve a 70% reduction in GHG emissions at 41% of the lifecycle cost as a private EV fleet with controlled charging. The emissions and cost advantage of SAEVs is primarily due to reduced vehicle manufacturing compared with private EVs.","PeriodicalId":120253,"journal":{"name":"GeographyRN: Economic Geography (Topic)","volume":"167 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123834461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic and its devastating impact on public health and social and economic systems has induced citizens, central banks, and governments to rethink sustainable finance. Still, climate change is not the only challenge human societies face today. Racial, gender, and income inequality and the fate of liberal democracy are as important and should feature prominently in public debate and policy-makers’ agendas. Achieving these policy objectives as encapsulated in the United Nations (UN) Sustainability Development Goals (SDGs), requires substantial investment. The growing field of sustainable finance has sought to provide that funding, but the current funding gap remains enormous. The funding gap is the product of three formidable obstacles: (a) legal restrictions, (b) lack of a reliable mechanism for the monitoring and verification of the actual sustainability impact of green investments and policies, and (c) finance models that narrowly measure investment risk and return. These obstacles act like a dam with regards to sustainable finance flows and the dam may only be breached if public policy takes a stronger role in actively encouraging sustainable investment through tax and regulatory incentives. To implement that policy an accord among G-20 countries, from which most private investment flows originate, is required. A tax that would treat capital flows that do not have a direct or indirect sustainability impact, for example, investments in the carbon fuel industry, as a negative externality would constitute a radical departure from the more benign policies tried so far such as reporting/disclosure and pricing of carbon emissions. To be effective it would require international consensus. While calls for a similar levy were also raised in the aftermath of the Global Financial Crisis and went nowhere, the result of the recent US election in combination with the devastating impact of the pandemic may prove the watershed moment. Moreover, cutting-edge financial technology encompassing artificial intelligence, machine learning and blockchain technology can be critical in terms of boosting sustainable finance and creating a scientifically accurate environment for the allocation of the proposed here green taxes and subsidies among investment portfolios. With the advent of autonomous finance gathering momentum there has never been a better time for such a shift in the mechanics of investing.
{"title":"Resolving The Sustainable Finance Conundrum: Activist Policies And Financial Technology","authors":"E. Avgouleas","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.3772959","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.3772959","url":null,"abstract":"The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic and its devastating impact on public health and social and economic systems has induced citizens, central banks, and governments to rethink sustainable finance. Still, climate change is not the only challenge human societies face today. Racial, gender, and income inequality and the fate of liberal democracy are as important and should feature prominently in public debate and policy-makers’ agendas. Achieving these policy objectives as encapsulated in the United Nations (UN) Sustainability Development Goals (SDGs), requires substantial investment. The growing field of sustainable finance has sought to provide that funding, but the current funding gap remains enormous. The funding gap is the product of three formidable obstacles: (a) legal restrictions, (b) lack of a reliable mechanism for the monitoring and verification of the actual sustainability impact of green investments and policies, and (c) finance models that narrowly measure investment risk and return. These obstacles act like a dam with regards to sustainable finance flows and the dam may only be breached if public policy takes a stronger role in actively encouraging sustainable investment through tax and regulatory incentives. To implement that policy an accord among G-20 countries, from which most private investment flows originate, is required. A tax that would treat capital flows that do not have a direct or indirect sustainability impact, for example, investments in the carbon fuel industry, as a negative externality would constitute a radical departure from the more benign policies tried so far such as reporting/disclosure and pricing of carbon emissions. To be effective it would require international consensus. While calls for a similar levy were also raised in the aftermath of the Global Financial Crisis and went nowhere, the result of the recent US election in combination with the devastating impact of the pandemic may prove the watershed moment. Moreover, cutting-edge financial technology encompassing artificial intelligence, machine learning and blockchain technology can be critical in terms of boosting sustainable finance and creating a scientifically accurate environment for the allocation of the proposed here green taxes and subsidies among investment portfolios. With the advent of autonomous finance gathering momentum there has never been a better time for such a shift in the mechanics of investing.","PeriodicalId":120253,"journal":{"name":"GeographyRN: Economic Geography (Topic)","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123926167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Adamou, B. Ibrahim, A. Bonkaney, A. Seyni, M. Idrissa
The Sahel is one of the most vulnerable regions to climate change in the world. Located in the central part, Niger is facing many complex and interconnected challenges which strongly hinder the achievement of the key sustainable development goals (SDGs). The high population growth rate (3.8% per year), weak infrastructure capacity, shortage of essential resources (including water, energy, food) coupled with the adverse impacts of variability and climate change threaten the population and reduce the country’s economic growth efforts. With more than 77% of landmass area receiving less than 150 mm of precipitation yearly, and about 80% of the population depending on rainfed agriculture, water scarcity and dryness constitute serious constraints for the agriculture and livestock sectors. In addition, the unequal distribution of agricultural land and livestock worsens the poverty incidence among households, which is characterized by a GINI coefficient of 0.46 and 0.68 for land and livestock respectively. Access to drinking water remains very poor with high disparities between urban (64%) and rural areas (48%). Water sanitation amounting to only 2% in rural and 38% in urban areas, respectively, also remains a great issue. Elsewhere, several drought and flood episodes have negatively impacted agricultural productivity, causing recurrent famines and livestock losses. The situation is exacerbated by the impacts of land degradation, the advancement of desertification and also by climate change and variability threats, which are projected to increase in magnitude, intensity, duration and number over the country under all climate change scenarios. The country’s high potential of renewable and non-renewable groundwater resources can be used for residential, agricultural and industrial purposes to overcome negative climate change impacts. Regarding the energy sector, the country is currently in an undesirable state, with very limited modern energy services (2% of the population), low electricity access (average rate of 18%, with around 10% in rural areas) and high dependency on traditional biomass (77% of primary energy consumption). However, the country is fortunate to have a tremendous amount of energy resources, including fossil fuels (oil, coal and gas) and renewables (solar, hydropower, and wind), that can be used to overcome many of the observed challenges and thereby contribute significantly in the achievement of various SDGs, including those related to affordable and clean energy, no poverty, and zero hunger. Indeed, in addition to resources for electricity production, Niger has a large surface water potential in the Niger River, with an average discharge of 6000 m3/s and length of about 550 km, which can be mobilized for irrigation to enable food security. Therefore, socioeconomic development requires an integrated approach that brings all the key sectors into a common framework in order to solve the aforementioned challenges. Hence, in key development
{"title":"Niger - Land, Climate, Energy, Agriculture and Development: A Study in the Sudano-Sahel Initiative for Regional Development, Jobs, and Food Security","authors":"R. Adamou, B. Ibrahim, A. Bonkaney, A. Seyni, M. Idrissa","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.308806","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.308806","url":null,"abstract":"The Sahel is one of the most vulnerable regions to climate change in the world. Located in the central part, Niger is facing many complex and interconnected challenges which strongly hinder the achievement of the key sustainable development goals (SDGs). The high population growth rate (3.8% per year), weak infrastructure capacity, shortage of essential resources (including water, energy, food) coupled with the adverse impacts of variability and climate change threaten the population and reduce the country’s economic growth efforts. With more than 77% of landmass area receiving less than 150 mm of precipitation yearly, and about 80% of the population depending on rainfed agriculture, water scarcity and dryness constitute serious constraints for the agriculture and livestock sectors. In addition, the unequal distribution of agricultural land and livestock worsens the poverty incidence among households, which is characterized by a GINI coefficient of 0.46 and 0.68 for land and livestock respectively. Access to drinking water remains very poor with high disparities between urban (64%) and rural areas (48%). Water sanitation amounting to only 2% in rural and 38% in urban areas, respectively, also remains a great issue. Elsewhere, several drought and flood episodes have negatively impacted agricultural productivity, causing recurrent famines and livestock losses. The situation is exacerbated by the impacts of land degradation, the advancement of desertification and also by climate change and variability threats, which are projected to increase in magnitude, intensity, duration and number over the country under all climate change scenarios. The country’s high potential of renewable and non-renewable groundwater resources can be used for residential, agricultural and industrial purposes to overcome negative climate change impacts. Regarding the energy sector, the country is currently in an undesirable state, with very limited modern energy services (2% of the population), low electricity access (average rate of 18%, with around 10% in rural areas) and high dependency on traditional biomass (77% of primary energy consumption). However, the country is fortunate to have a tremendous amount of energy resources, including fossil fuels (oil, coal and gas) and renewables (solar, hydropower, and wind), that can be used to overcome many of the observed challenges and thereby contribute significantly in the achievement of various SDGs, including those related to affordable and clean energy, no poverty, and zero hunger. Indeed, in addition to resources for electricity production, Niger has a large surface water potential in the Niger River, with an average discharge of 6000 m3/s and length of about 550 km, which can be mobilized for irrigation to enable food security. Therefore, socioeconomic development requires an integrated approach that brings all the key sectors into a common framework in order to solve the aforementioned challenges. Hence, in key development","PeriodicalId":120253,"journal":{"name":"GeographyRN: Economic Geography (Topic)","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125595845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Do US air pollution offset markets disproportionately relocate pollution to or from low-income or minority communities? Concerns about an equal distribution of environmental quality across communities--environmental justice--have growing policy influence. We relate prices and quantities of offset transactions to the demographics of the communities surrounding polluting plants. We find little association of offset prices or offset-induced movements in pollution with the share of a community that is Black or Hispanic or with mean household income. This analysis of 12 prominent offset markets suggests that they do not substantially increase or decrease the equity of environmental outcomes.
{"title":"Where is Pollution Moving? Environmental Markets and Environmental Justice","authors":"Joseph S. Shapiro, Reed Walker","doi":"10.1257/PANDP.20211004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/PANDP.20211004","url":null,"abstract":"Do US air pollution offset markets disproportionately relocate pollution to or from low-income or minority communities? Concerns about an equal distribution of environmental quality across communities--environmental justice--have growing policy influence. We relate prices and quantities of offset transactions to the demographics of the communities surrounding polluting plants. We find little association of offset prices or offset-induced movements in pollution with the share of a community that is Black or Hispanic or with mean household income. This analysis of 12 prominent offset markets suggests that they do not substantially increase or decrease the equity of environmental outcomes.","PeriodicalId":120253,"journal":{"name":"GeographyRN: Economic Geography (Topic)","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122714371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Women always have an inherent love for beauty. Cosmetics have become a routine tool to make women more presentable. Organic cosmetics are produced without the usage of some type of chemical substance. They bear no toxins or impurities to causes threats to public wellbeing and affect the quality of the environment. This research aims at exploring market acceptance and their views about organic cosmetic goods, which will in turn disclose the rising potential of the market and pattern of organic consumerism proposed field of inquiry. Using the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to examine the effects of various factors on consumer purchase intention of organic Cosmetic products in Pakistan. These factors included consumer Consciousness about Appearance, Health, Environmental, Price, and Ecological Awareness, along with Subjective Norms, and personal factors like Openness to Experience, and Knowledge of Cosmetic Organic. Primary data is obtained electronically Survey via Social Media using a close-ended questionnaire. The study is conducted in different cities of Pakistan and samples of 300 respondents are considered. The data is analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis and structured equation modeling. The results suggested that Ecological Awareness and Openness to Experience seems to have a significant positive effect on purchase intentions. Whereas Appearance Consciousness seems to be negatively affecting purchase intention. Research Enable organic marketers to study their marketing campaigns and Researchers to identify holes for potential in-depth research.
{"title":"The Effect Consumers' Consciousness, Social and Personality Factors on Purchase Intention for Organic Cosmetic in Pakistan","authors":"Rafia Khan, D. Siddiqui","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3756979","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3756979","url":null,"abstract":"Women always have an inherent love for beauty. Cosmetics have become a routine tool to make women more presentable. Organic cosmetics are produced without the usage of some type of chemical substance. They bear no toxins or impurities to causes threats to public wellbeing and affect the quality of the environment. This research aims at exploring market acceptance and their views about organic cosmetic goods, which will in turn disclose the rising potential of the market and pattern of organic consumerism proposed field of inquiry. Using the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to examine the effects of various factors on consumer purchase intention of organic Cosmetic products in Pakistan. These factors included consumer Consciousness about Appearance, Health, Environmental, Price, and Ecological Awareness, along with Subjective Norms, and personal factors like Openness to Experience, and Knowledge of Cosmetic Organic. Primary data is obtained electronically Survey via Social Media using a close-ended questionnaire. The study is conducted in different cities of Pakistan and samples of 300 respondents are considered. The data is analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis and structured equation modeling. The results suggested that Ecological Awareness and Openness to Experience seems to have a significant positive effect on purchase intentions. Whereas Appearance Consciousness seems to be negatively affecting purchase intention. Research Enable organic marketers to study their marketing campaigns and Researchers to identify holes for potential in-depth research.","PeriodicalId":120253,"journal":{"name":"GeographyRN: Economic Geography (Topic)","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129517871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Why are some communities more resilient to flagship decline than others? This paper compares how Finland and Waterloo, Ontario adapted to the failure of their flagship, high-technology enterprises, Nokia and Research in Motion (RIM). While both regions exhibited a degree of resilience, Nokia’s decline proved more disruptive, causing technology employment to decline by 10% between 2008 and 2016. By contrast, technology employment in Waterloo was roughly stable as RIM shrank and, by some measures, even increased. The Waterloo’s region’s resilience is particularly striking given that RIM employed a higher share of the local labor force. After eliminating several alternative explanations, the paper identifies a tradeoff in the way communities embed flagship firms. In Finland, Nokia’s ties to policymakers and local industry ensured that the benefits of its growth were widely distributed, but this increased regional vulnerability to the firm’s decline. By contrast, RIM’s relatively aloof position within the Waterloo ecosystem limited positive spillovers as it grew, but this permitted the construction of an independent ecosystem which could absorb the resources released by RIM’s collapse. In Finland, this creative reallocation of resources was more painful and protracted.
{"title":"When Flagships Falter: How Finland and Waterloo Adapted to Anchor Firm Collapse","authors":"Darius Ornston","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3744255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3744255","url":null,"abstract":"Why are some communities more resilient to flagship decline than others? This paper compares how Finland and Waterloo, Ontario adapted to the failure of their flagship, high-technology enterprises, Nokia and Research in Motion (RIM). While both regions exhibited a degree of resilience, Nokia’s decline proved more disruptive, causing technology employment to decline by 10% between 2008 and 2016. By contrast, technology employment in Waterloo was roughly stable as RIM shrank and, by some measures, even increased. The Waterloo’s region’s resilience is particularly striking given that RIM employed a higher share of the local labor force. After eliminating several alternative explanations, the paper identifies a tradeoff in the way communities embed flagship firms. In Finland, Nokia’s ties to policymakers and local industry ensured that the benefits of its growth were widely distributed, but this increased regional vulnerability to the firm’s decline. By contrast, RIM’s relatively aloof position within the Waterloo ecosystem limited positive spillovers as it grew, but this permitted the construction of an independent ecosystem which could absorb the resources released by RIM’s collapse. In Finland, this creative reallocation of resources was more painful and protracted.","PeriodicalId":120253,"journal":{"name":"GeographyRN: Economic Geography (Topic)","volume":"152 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116632261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose This study aims to focus on assessing how improving openness influences carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Design/methodology/approach This study focusses on 49 countries in SSA for the period 2000–2018 divided into: 44 countries in SSA for the period 2000–2012; and 49 countries for the period 2006–2018. Openness is measured in terms of trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows. The empirical evidence is based on the generalised method of moments. Findings The following main findings are established. First, enhancing trade openness has a net positive impact on CO2 emissions, while increasing FDI has a net negative impact. Second, the relationship between CO2 emissions and trade is a Kuznets shape, while the nexus between CO2 emissions and FDI inflows is a U-shape. Third, a minimum trade openness (imports plus exports) threshold of 100 (% of gross domestic product (GDP)) and 200 (% of GDP) is beneficial in promoting a green economy for the first and second samples, respectively. Fourth, FDI is beneficial for the green economy below critical masses of 28.571 of net FDI inflows (% of GDP) and 33.333 of net FDI inflows (% of GDP) for first and second samples, respectively. It follows from findings that while FDI can be effectively managed to reduce CO2 emissions, this may not be the case with trade openness because the corresponding thresholds for trade openness are closer to the maximum limit. Originality/value This study complements the extant literature by providing critical masses of trade and FDI that are relevant in promoting the green economy in SSA.
{"title":"Trade and FDI Thresholds of CO 2 emissions for a Green Economy in Sub-Saharan Africa","authors":"S. Asongu, N. Odhiambo","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3713091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3713091","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000This study aims to focus on assessing how improving openness influences carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA).\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000This study focusses on 49 countries in SSA for the period 2000–2018 divided into: 44 countries in SSA for the period 2000–2012; and 49 countries for the period 2006–2018. Openness is measured in terms of trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows. The empirical evidence is based on the generalised method of moments.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000The following main findings are established. First, enhancing trade openness has a net positive impact on CO2 emissions, while increasing FDI has a net negative impact. Second, the relationship between CO2 emissions and trade is a Kuznets shape, while the nexus between CO2 emissions and FDI inflows is a U-shape. Third, a minimum trade openness (imports plus exports) threshold of 100 (% of gross domestic product (GDP)) and 200 (% of GDP) is beneficial in promoting a green economy for the first and second samples, respectively. Fourth, FDI is beneficial for the green economy below critical masses of 28.571 of net FDI inflows (% of GDP) and 33.333 of net FDI inflows (% of GDP) for first and second samples, respectively. It follows from findings that while FDI can be effectively managed to reduce CO2 emissions, this may not be the case with trade openness because the corresponding thresholds for trade openness are closer to the maximum limit.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000This study complements the extant literature by providing critical masses of trade and FDI that are relevant in promoting the green economy in SSA.\u0000","PeriodicalId":120253,"journal":{"name":"GeographyRN: Economic Geography (Topic)","volume":"121 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116311668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Prior studies show that women are more willing to accept lower wages for shorter commutes than men. We show that gender differences in commuting preferences lead to a gender wage gap only if there is a wage penalty for shortening commutes, determined by the geography of jobs. We demonstrate this by showing that the commuting and wage gaps are considerably smaller among workers living near city centers, especially for occupations with a high geographic concentration of high-wage jobs. We highlight the geography of jobs as a key force that amplifies the impact of commuting preferences on the gender wage gap.
{"title":"The Geography of Jobs and the Gender Wage Gap","authors":"Sitian Liu, Yichen Su","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3695052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3695052","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Prior studies show that women are more willing to accept lower wages for shorter commutes than men. We show that gender differences in commuting preferences lead to a gender wage gap only if there is a wage penalty for shortening commutes, determined by the geography of jobs. We demonstrate this by showing that the commuting and wage gaps are considerably smaller among workers living near city centers, especially for occupations with a high geographic concentration of high-wage jobs. We highlight the geography of jobs as a key force that amplifies the impact of commuting preferences on the gender wage gap.","PeriodicalId":120253,"journal":{"name":"GeographyRN: Economic Geography (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129018849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cities worldwide exhibit a variety of street network patterns and configurations that shape human mobility, equity, health, and livelihoods. This study models and analyzes the street networks of every urban area in the world, using boundaries derived from the Global Human Settlement Layer. Street network data are acquired and modeled from OpenStreetMap with the open‐source OSMnx software. In total, this study models over 160 million OpenStreetMap street network nodes and over 320 million edges across 8,914 urban areas in 178 countries, and attaches elevation and grade data. This article presents the study’s reproducible computational workflow, introduces two new open data repositories of ready‐to‐use global street network models and calculated indicators, and discusses summary findings on street network form worldwide. It makes four contributions. First, it reports the methodological advances of this open‐source workflow. Second, it produces an open data repository containing street network models for each urban area. Third, it analyzes these models to produce an open data repository containing street network form indicators for each urban area. No such global urban street network indicator data set has previously existed. Fourth, it presents a summary analysis of urban street network form, reporting the first such worldwide results in the literature.
{"title":"Street Network Models and Indicators for Every Urban Area in the World","authors":"G. Boeing","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3695331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3695331","url":null,"abstract":"Cities worldwide exhibit a variety of street network patterns and configurations that shape human mobility, equity, health, and livelihoods. This study models and analyzes the street networks of every urban area in the world, using boundaries derived from the Global Human Settlement Layer. Street network data are acquired and modeled from OpenStreetMap with the open‐source OSMnx software. In total, this study models over 160 million OpenStreetMap street network nodes and over 320 million edges across 8,914 urban areas in 178 countries, and attaches elevation and grade data. This article presents the study’s reproducible computational workflow, introduces two new open data repositories of ready‐to‐use global street network models and calculated indicators, and discusses summary findings on street network form worldwide. It makes four contributions. First, it reports the methodological advances of this open‐source workflow. Second, it produces an open data repository containing street network models for each urban area. Third, it analyzes these models to produce an open data repository containing street network form indicators for each urban area. No such global urban street network indicator data set has previously existed. Fourth, it presents a summary analysis of urban street network form, reporting the first such worldwide results in the literature.","PeriodicalId":120253,"journal":{"name":"GeographyRN: Economic Geography (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116435831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Problem Definition: Firms can reduce the risk of rare disasters by accounting for more frequent near misses: precursor events that could have escalated to a disaster but did not. Investigating a near miss reveals its root cause, allowing the firm to improve process safety and reduce disaster risk. A managing firm, however, usually does not directly observe the occurrence of a near miss but instead relies on the report of an agent (an employee or contractor) who is also responsible for precautionary measures that prevent such incidents. This paper explains why near-miss reporting may not take place in such a decentralized setting. Academic/practical relevance: Literature and practitioners have acknowledged the crucial role of near-miss reports in improving process safety. Nevertheless, even at sophisticated and experienced organizations, disaster inquiries invariably uncover a history of unreported or ignored near misses preceding an accident. We provide an explanation for this persistent phenomenon based on rational economic incentives. Methodology: We examine the firm’s problem through a dynamic principal-agent model that captures the agent’s potential for under-reporting near misses along with moral hazard related to their precautionary effort. Results: We find that the firm may fail to capitalize on near miss information because of conflicting incentives. For instance, the agent may be unwilling to report near misses because the resulting safety improvements hurt them financially. This happens because safety improvements replace the need for the agent’s precautionary effort, thereby lowering moral hazard and allowing the firm to extract more rent from the agent. However, even when the agent is willing to report near misses, we find that the firm may choose not to record them, opting instead to create stronger incentives for precaution. In both scenarios, the firm forgoes opportunities for process-safety improvement and instead focuses on existing precautionary measures. Managerial implications: Our findings highlight the challenges in providing incentives for both reporting and precautionary measures that can result in a failure to leverage near miss information. We examine remedies that alleviate these issues and increase reporting in both voluntary and mandatory reporting environments.
{"title":"Prevent or Report? Managing Near Misses for Safer Operations","authors":"Nitin Bakshi, H. Peura","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3259308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3259308","url":null,"abstract":"Problem Definition: Firms can reduce the risk of rare disasters by accounting for more frequent near misses: precursor events that could have escalated to a disaster but did not. Investigating a near miss reveals its root cause, allowing the firm to improve process safety and reduce disaster risk. A managing firm, however, usually does not directly observe the occurrence of a near miss but instead relies on the report of an agent (an employee or contractor) who is also responsible for precautionary measures that prevent such incidents. This paper explains why near-miss reporting may not take place in such a decentralized setting. Academic/practical relevance: Literature and practitioners have acknowledged the crucial role of near-miss reports in improving process safety. Nevertheless, even at sophisticated and experienced organizations, disaster inquiries invariably uncover a history of unreported or ignored near misses preceding an accident. We provide an explanation for this persistent phenomenon based on rational economic incentives. Methodology: We examine the firm’s problem through a dynamic principal-agent model that captures the agent’s potential for under-reporting near misses along with moral hazard related to their precautionary effort. Results: We find that the firm may fail to capitalize on near miss information because of conflicting incentives. For instance, the agent may be unwilling to report near misses because the resulting safety improvements hurt them financially. This happens because safety improvements replace the need for the agent’s precautionary effort, thereby lowering moral hazard and allowing the firm to extract more rent from the agent. However, even when the agent is willing to report near misses, we find that the firm may choose not to record them, opting instead to create stronger incentives for precaution. In both scenarios, the firm forgoes opportunities for process-safety improvement and instead focuses on existing precautionary measures. Managerial implications: Our findings highlight the challenges in providing incentives for both reporting and precautionary measures that can result in a failure to leverage near miss information. We examine remedies that alleviate these issues and increase reporting in both voluntary and mandatory reporting environments.","PeriodicalId":120253,"journal":{"name":"GeographyRN: Economic Geography (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130496448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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