Pub Date : 2023-12-13DOI: 10.1186/s13638-023-02322-8
Husam Rajab, Husam Al-Amaireh, Taoufik Bouguera, Tibor Cinkler
The majority of IoT implementations demand sensor nodes to run reliably for an extended time. Furthermore, the radio settings can endure a high data rate transmission while optimizing the energy-efficiency. The LoRa/LoRaWAN is one of the primary low-power wide area network (LPWAN) technologies that has highly enticed much concentration. The energy limits is a significant issue in wireless sensor networks since battery lifetime that supplies sensor nodes have a restricted amount of energy and neither expendable nor rechargeable in most cases. A common hypothesis is that the energy consumed by sensors in sleep mode is negligible. With this hypothesis, the usual approach is to consider subsets of nodes that reach all the iterative targets. These subsets also called coverage sets, are then put in the active mode, considering the others are in the low-power or sleep mode. In this paper, we address this question by proposing an energy consumption model based on LoRa and LoRaWAN, which optimizes the energy consumption of the sensor node for different tasks for a period of time. Our energy consumption model assumes the following, the processing unit is in on-state along the working sequence which enhances the MCU unit by constructing it in low-power modes through most of the activity cycle, a constant time duration, and the radio module sends a packet of data at a specified transmission power level. The proposed analytical approach permits considering the consumed power of every sensor node element where the numerical results show that the scenario in which the sensor node transfers data to the gateway then receives an acknowledgment RX2 without receiving RX1 consumes the most energy; furthermore, it can be used to analyze different LoRaWAN modes to determine the most desirable sensor node design to reach its energy autonomy where the numerical results detail the impact of scenario, spreading factor, and bandwidth on power consumption.
{"title":"Evaluation of energy consumption of LPWAN technologies","authors":"Husam Rajab, Husam Al-Amaireh, Taoufik Bouguera, Tibor Cinkler","doi":"10.1186/s13638-023-02322-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13638-023-02322-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The majority of IoT implementations demand sensor nodes to run reliably for an extended time. Furthermore, the radio settings can endure a high data rate transmission while optimizing the energy-efficiency. The LoRa/LoRaWAN is one of the primary low-power wide area network (LPWAN) technologies that has highly enticed much concentration. The energy limits is a significant issue in wireless sensor networks since battery lifetime that supplies sensor nodes have a restricted amount of energy and neither expendable nor rechargeable in most cases. A common hypothesis is that the energy consumed by sensors in sleep mode is negligible. With this hypothesis, the usual approach is to consider subsets of nodes that reach all the iterative targets. These subsets also called coverage sets, are then put in the active mode, considering the others are in the low-power or sleep mode. In this paper, we address this question by proposing an energy consumption model based on LoRa and LoRaWAN, which optimizes the energy consumption of the sensor node for different tasks for a period of time. Our energy consumption model assumes the following, the processing unit is in on-state along the working sequence which enhances the MCU unit by constructing it in low-power modes through most of the activity cycle, a constant time duration, and the radio module sends a packet of data at a specified transmission power level. The proposed analytical approach permits considering the consumed power of every sensor node element where the numerical results show that the scenario in which the sensor node transfers data to the gateway then receives an acknowledgment RX2 without receiving RX1 consumes the most energy; furthermore, it can be used to analyze different LoRaWAN modes to determine the most desirable sensor node design to reach its energy autonomy where the numerical results detail the impact of scenario, spreading factor, and bandwidth on power consumption.</p>","PeriodicalId":12040,"journal":{"name":"EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138628470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-29DOI: 10.1186/s13638-023-02324-6
Ghida Jubran Alqahtani, Fatma Bouabdallah
Recently, there has been an increasing interest in monitoring and exploring the underwater environment for scientific applications such as oceanographic data collection, marine surveillance, and pollution detection. Underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASN) have been proposed as the enabling technology to observe, map and explore the ocean. Due to the unique characteristics of underwater aquatic environment, which are low bandwidth, long propagation delays, and high energy consumption, the data forwarding process is very difficult. This paper presents a survey of the routing protocols for UASN. The addressed routing protocols are classified from a mobility point of view in freely floating underwater sensor networks. Indeed, managing the mobility of freely floating underwater sensors is one of the most critical constraints in the design of routing protocols. That is why we classify the routing protocols into “reliable data forwarding protocols” and “prediction-based data forwarding protocols.” In the first category, the proposed protocols mainly endure nodes’ mobility by continuously updating location information aiming at delivering the packets to the sink. In the second category, routing protocols try to rather master the nodes’ mobility by predicting the future nodes’ positions either based on a mobility model or on historical nodes’ positions using filtering techniques. We believe that our classification will help not only in deeply understanding the main characteristics of each protocol but also in investigating the evolution of research work evolution to provide energy-efficient data forwarding solutions for freely floating UASN.
{"title":"Routing protocols based on node selection for freely floating underwater wireless sensor networks: a survey","authors":"Ghida Jubran Alqahtani, Fatma Bouabdallah","doi":"10.1186/s13638-023-02324-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13638-023-02324-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Recently, there has been an increasing interest in monitoring and exploring the underwater environment for scientific applications such as oceanographic data collection, marine surveillance, and pollution detection. Underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASN) have been proposed as the enabling technology to observe, map and explore the ocean. Due to the unique characteristics of underwater aquatic environment, which are low bandwidth, long propagation delays, and high energy consumption, the data forwarding process is very difficult. This paper presents a survey of the routing protocols for UASN. The addressed routing protocols are classified from a mobility point of view in freely floating underwater sensor networks. Indeed, managing the mobility of freely floating underwater sensors is one of the most critical constraints in the design of routing protocols. That is why we classify the routing protocols into “reliable data forwarding protocols” and “prediction-based data forwarding protocols.” In the first category, the proposed protocols mainly endure nodes’ mobility by continuously updating location information aiming at delivering the packets to the sink. In the second category, routing protocols try to rather master the nodes’ mobility by predicting the future nodes’ positions either based on a mobility model or on historical nodes’ positions using filtering techniques. We believe that our classification will help not only in deeply understanding the main characteristics of each protocol but also in investigating the evolution of research work evolution to provide energy-efficient data forwarding solutions for freely floating UASN.</p>","PeriodicalId":12040,"journal":{"name":"EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking","volume":"117 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138527393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-28DOI: 10.1186/s13638-023-02325-5
Chao Chen, Zhengyang Wu, Xiaohan Yu, Bo Ma, Chuanhuang Li
We consider a fundamental file dissemination problem in a two-hop relay-based heterogeneous network consisting of a macro base station, a half-duplex relay station, and multiple users. To minimize the dissemination delay, rateless code is employed at the base station. Our goal is to find an efficient channel-aware scheduling policy at the half-duplex relay station, i.e., either fetch a packet from the base station or broadcast a packet to the users at each time slot, such that the file dissemination delay is minimized. We formulate the scheduling problem as a Markov decision process and propose an intelligent deep reinforcement learning-based scheduling algorithm. We also extend the proposed algorithm to adapt to dynamic network conditions. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm performs very close to a lower bound on the dissemination delay and significantly outperforms baseline schemes.
{"title":"Intelligent deep reinforcement learning-based scheduling in relay-based HetNets","authors":"Chao Chen, Zhengyang Wu, Xiaohan Yu, Bo Ma, Chuanhuang Li","doi":"10.1186/s13638-023-02325-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13638-023-02325-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We consider a fundamental file dissemination problem in a two-hop relay-based heterogeneous network consisting of a macro base station, a half-duplex relay station, and multiple users. To minimize the dissemination delay, rateless code is employed at the base station. Our goal is to find an efficient channel-aware scheduling policy at the half-duplex relay station, i.e., either fetch a packet from the base station or broadcast a packet to the users at each time slot, such that the file dissemination delay is minimized. We formulate the scheduling problem as a Markov decision process and propose an intelligent deep reinforcement learning-based scheduling algorithm. We also extend the proposed algorithm to adapt to dynamic network conditions. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm performs very close to a lower bound on the dissemination delay and significantly outperforms baseline schemes.</p>","PeriodicalId":12040,"journal":{"name":"EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking","volume":"104 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138527395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-27DOI: 10.1186/s13638-023-02326-4
Mohamed A. Mohamed, Hassan A. Hassan, M. Essai, Hamada Esmaiel, Ahmed S. A. Mubarak, Osama A. Omer
{"title":"Modified state activation functions of deep learning-based SC-FDMA channel equalization system","authors":"Mohamed A. Mohamed, Hassan A. Hassan, M. Essai, Hamada Esmaiel, Ahmed S. A. Mubarak, Osama A. Omer","doi":"10.1186/s13638-023-02326-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13638-023-02326-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12040,"journal":{"name":"EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking","volume":"29 1","pages":"1-26"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139231738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Wireless localization technology has been widely used in indoor and outdoor fields. Channel estimation based on channel state information is a hot research topic in recent years. However, due to the interference of acquisition bandwidth, noise and Doppler effect, high-resolution channel estimation is a difficult problem. In this paper, the least squares estimate the amplitude of the signal subspace projection and estimate the time delay, using wireless channel state information to delay obey exponential distribution and magnitude obey normal distribution features, and reconstruction after the signal space and sampling to the Euclidean distance between the signal space, common as gradient optimization parameters, estimate the arrival time delay of high precision. The algorithm proposed in this paper filters out the noise interference in wireless communication and improves the accuracy of channel estimation through the method of least square and gradient optimization, which provides a feasible scheme for indoor wireless localization.
{"title":"Channel state information-based wireless localization by signal reconstruction","authors":"Yunbing Hu, Ao Peng, Shenghong Li, Biyu Tang, Wei Ni, Xianzhi Lu, Jianguo Tang","doi":"10.1186/s13638-023-02303-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13638-023-02303-x","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Wireless localization technology has been widely used in indoor and outdoor fields. Channel estimation based on channel state information is a hot research topic in recent years. However, due to the interference of acquisition bandwidth, noise and Doppler effect, high-resolution channel estimation is a difficult problem. In this paper, the least squares estimate the amplitude of the signal subspace projection and estimate the time delay, using wireless channel state information to delay obey exponential distribution and magnitude obey normal distribution features, and reconstruction after the signal space and sampling to the Euclidean distance between the signal space, common as gradient optimization parameters, estimate the arrival time delay of high precision. The algorithm proposed in this paper filters out the noise interference in wireless communication and improves the accuracy of channel estimation through the method of least square and gradient optimization, which provides a feasible scheme for indoor wireless localization.","PeriodicalId":12040,"journal":{"name":"EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking","volume":"15 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135590047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-06DOI: 10.1186/s13638-023-02323-7
Jianli Xie, Binhan Zhu, Cuiran Li
Abstract Due to the dense deployment and the diversity of user service types in the 5G HUDN environment, a more flexible network selection algorithm is required to reduce the network blocking rate and improve the user’s quality of service (QoS). Considering the QoS requirements and preferences of the users, a network selection algorithm based on Dueling-DDQN is proposed by using deep reinforcement learning. Firstly, the state, action space and reward function of the user-selected network are designed. Then, by calculating the network selection benefits for different types of services initiated by users, the analytic hierarchy process is used to establish the weight relationship between the different user services and the network attributes. Finally, a deep Q neural network is used to solve and optimize the proposed target and obtain the user’s best network selection strategy and long-term network selection benefits. The simulation results show that compared with other algorithms, the proposed algorithm can effectively reduce the network blocking rate while reducing the switching times.
{"title":"Research of 5G HUDN network selection algorithm based on Dueling-DDQN","authors":"Jianli Xie, Binhan Zhu, Cuiran Li","doi":"10.1186/s13638-023-02323-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13638-023-02323-7","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Due to the dense deployment and the diversity of user service types in the 5G HUDN environment, a more flexible network selection algorithm is required to reduce the network blocking rate and improve the user’s quality of service (QoS). Considering the QoS requirements and preferences of the users, a network selection algorithm based on Dueling-DDQN is proposed by using deep reinforcement learning. Firstly, the state, action space and reward function of the user-selected network are designed. Then, by calculating the network selection benefits for different types of services initiated by users, the analytic hierarchy process is used to establish the weight relationship between the different user services and the network attributes. Finally, a deep Q neural network is used to solve and optimize the proposed target and obtain the user’s best network selection strategy and long-term network selection benefits. The simulation results show that compared with other algorithms, the proposed algorithm can effectively reduce the network blocking rate while reducing the switching times.","PeriodicalId":12040,"journal":{"name":"EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking","volume":"18 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135590051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-04DOI: 10.1186/s13638-023-02320-w
S. Manoj, C. Valliyammai
Abstract Wildfires are one of the most frequent natural disasters which significantly harm the environment, society, and the economy. Transfer learning algorithms and modern machine learning tools can help in early forest fire prediction, detection, and dynamic fire quenching. A group of drones that has high-definition image processing and decision-making capabilities are used to detect the forest fires in the very early stage. The proposed system generates a fire quenching plan using particle swarm optimization technique and alerts the fire and rescue department for a quick action, thereby stop the forest fire at an early stage. Also, the drone network plays a major role to track the live status of forest fire and quenches the fire. ResNet, VGGNet, MobileNet, AlexNet, and GoogLeNet are used to detect the forest fire hazards. The experimental results prove that the proposed technique GoogLeNet-TL provides 96% accuracy and 97% F1 score in comparison with the state-of-the-art deep learning models.
{"title":"Drone network for early warning of forest fire and dynamic fire quenching plan generation","authors":"S. Manoj, C. Valliyammai","doi":"10.1186/s13638-023-02320-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13638-023-02320-w","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Wildfires are one of the most frequent natural disasters which significantly harm the environment, society, and the economy. Transfer learning algorithms and modern machine learning tools can help in early forest fire prediction, detection, and dynamic fire quenching. A group of drones that has high-definition image processing and decision-making capabilities are used to detect the forest fires in the very early stage. The proposed system generates a fire quenching plan using particle swarm optimization technique and alerts the fire and rescue department for a quick action, thereby stop the forest fire at an early stage. Also, the drone network plays a major role to track the live status of forest fire and quenches the fire. ResNet, VGGNet, MobileNet, AlexNet, and GoogLeNet are used to detect the forest fire hazards. The experimental results prove that the proposed technique GoogLeNet-TL provides 96% accuracy and 97% F1 score in comparison with the state-of-the-art deep learning models.","PeriodicalId":12040,"journal":{"name":"EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking","volume":"15 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135774732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-27DOI: 10.1186/s13638-023-02317-5
Riccardo Tuninato, Daniel Gaetano Riviello, Roberto Garello, Bruno Melis, Roberto Fantini
Abstract The 5G New Radio synchronization procedure is the first step that the user must complete to access the mobile network. It mainly consists of the detection of the primary and secondary synchronization signals (PSS and SSS, respectively) and the decoding of the physical broadcast channel (PBCH). Our goal is to provide a comprehensive study of the synchronization procedure and investigate different techniques and approaches, through the implementation of a 5G New Radio-compliant simulator. Of significant interest is the investigation of impairments such as the fading channel, the frequency offset, and the delay spread. The results are provided in terms of detection probability for the PSS and SSS detection, and in terms of block error rate for the PBCH. From the data collected, there is evidence that choosing M-sequences for the PSS leads to an appreciably robust solution against frequency offset. The structure of the Gold sequences for SSS generation can be exploited to reduce the detection complexity, and different approaches can be chosen to improve reliability against delay spread. Moreover, the polar coding for 5G PBCH outperforms the former 4G coding technique, but they are still sensible to frequency offset. Finally, the simulator functionalities are validated through real captures of 5G signals.
{"title":"A comprehensive study on the synchronization procedure in 5G NR with 3GPP-compliant link-level simulator","authors":"Riccardo Tuninato, Daniel Gaetano Riviello, Roberto Garello, Bruno Melis, Roberto Fantini","doi":"10.1186/s13638-023-02317-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13638-023-02317-5","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The 5G New Radio synchronization procedure is the first step that the user must complete to access the mobile network. It mainly consists of the detection of the primary and secondary synchronization signals (PSS and SSS, respectively) and the decoding of the physical broadcast channel (PBCH). Our goal is to provide a comprehensive study of the synchronization procedure and investigate different techniques and approaches, through the implementation of a 5G New Radio-compliant simulator. Of significant interest is the investigation of impairments such as the fading channel, the frequency offset, and the delay spread. The results are provided in terms of detection probability for the PSS and SSS detection, and in terms of block error rate for the PBCH. From the data collected, there is evidence that choosing M-sequences for the PSS leads to an appreciably robust solution against frequency offset. The structure of the Gold sequences for SSS generation can be exploited to reduce the detection complexity, and different approaches can be chosen to improve reliability against delay spread. Moreover, the polar coding for 5G PBCH outperforms the former 4G coding technique, but they are still sensible to frequency offset. Finally, the simulator functionalities are validated through real captures of 5G signals.","PeriodicalId":12040,"journal":{"name":"EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136234294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-25DOI: 10.1186/s13638-023-02319-3
Rania H. Elabd
Abstract A dual-port multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) filtenna with minimal sizes of 80 × 45 mm 2 is set up in this study. Each element in this MIMO filtenna is positioned orthogonally to the one next to it to improve isolation. For the MIMO element to achieve high-frequency selectivity and compact size, a frequency-reconfigurable filtenna that was created by fusing a band-pass filter and a monopole radiator was used. The suggested filtenna can switch between its C-band and X-band operating states with ease. On build the filtenna circuit, a band-pass filter based on defective microstrip structure is inserted to a circular monopole radiator. The developed filtenna operates in the C-band frequency range of 6.5–8 GHz and the X-band frequency range of 8–12 GHz. It is possible to use the X-band operating state for communication in a cognitive radio environment. Used as a decoupling structure, metamaterial structures can increase isolation to more than 40 dB across the bandwidth. The suggested MIMO filtenna system has an envelope correlation coefficient of 2.4e−6, a peak gain of 6 dBi, and an impedance bandwidth of 7.4–7.75 GHz. The MIMO filtenna is constructed and measured, and the findings of the measurement and simulation are in good agreement.
{"title":"Compact dual-port MIMO filtenna-based DMS with high isolation for C-band and X-band applications","authors":"Rania H. Elabd","doi":"10.1186/s13638-023-02319-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13638-023-02319-3","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A dual-port multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) filtenna with minimal sizes of 80 × 45 mm 2 is set up in this study. Each element in this MIMO filtenna is positioned orthogonally to the one next to it to improve isolation. For the MIMO element to achieve high-frequency selectivity and compact size, a frequency-reconfigurable filtenna that was created by fusing a band-pass filter and a monopole radiator was used. The suggested filtenna can switch between its C-band and X-band operating states with ease. On build the filtenna circuit, a band-pass filter based on defective microstrip structure is inserted to a circular monopole radiator. The developed filtenna operates in the C-band frequency range of 6.5–8 GHz and the X-band frequency range of 8–12 GHz. It is possible to use the X-band operating state for communication in a cognitive radio environment. Used as a decoupling structure, metamaterial structures can increase isolation to more than 40 dB across the bandwidth. The suggested MIMO filtenna system has an envelope correlation coefficient of 2.4e−6, a peak gain of 6 dBi, and an impedance bandwidth of 7.4–7.75 GHz. The MIMO filtenna is constructed and measured, and the findings of the measurement and simulation are in good agreement.","PeriodicalId":12040,"journal":{"name":"EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking","volume":"180 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134973883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-23DOI: 10.1186/s13638-023-02321-9
Rania H. Elabd, Amr H. Hussein
Abstract This paper presents a novel design of a compact, wideband tunable microstrip filtenna system for effective spectrum sensing in cognitive radio (CR) applications. The proposed filtenna structure has a total bandwidth of $$1.63,text{GHz}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>1.63</mml:mn> <mml:mspace /> <mml:mtext>GHz</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and flexible frequency scanning design throughout the frequency range from $$1.93,text{ to },3.56,text{ GHz}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>1.93</mml:mn> <mml:mspace /> <mml:mspace /> <mml:mtext>to</mml:mtext> <mml:mspace /> <mml:mspace /> <mml:mn>3.56</mml:mn> <mml:mspace /> <mml:mspace /> <mml:mtext>GHz</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> with high selectivity and narrow bandwidths ranging from $$39.9,text{to}53,text{MHz}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>39.9</mml:mn> <mml:mspace /> <mml:mtext>to</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>53</mml:mn> <mml:mspace /> <mml:mtext>MHz</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . Frequency tuning is accomplished electrically via integrating a varactor diode into the filtenna construction. The filtenna is realized on a Rogers TMM4 substrate with $$h=1.52,text{mm}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>h</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1.52</mml:mn> <mml:mspace /> <mml:mtext>mm</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> thickness and relative dielectric constant of $${varepsilon }_{r}=4.5$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>ε</mml:mi> <mml:mi>r</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>4.5</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> with dimensions of $$(25times 35), {text{mm}}^{2}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mn>25</mml:mn> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:mn>35</mml:mn> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mspace /> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>mm</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . The obtained gain and efficiency of the filtenna ranged from $$0.7$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>0.7</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> to $$2.26,text{dBi}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2.26</mml:mn> <mml:mspace /> <mml:mtext>dBi</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and 49% to 60%, respectively, within the tuning range. Simple biasing circuitry, wideband operation, and compact planar structure are distinctive and appealing aspects of the design. For the manufactured prototypes, a significant level of agreement is found between the simulated and measured results in terms of scattering parameter $${text{S}}_{11}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>S</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>11</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:math> and radiation patterns a
摘要:本文提出了一种新型的小型宽带可调微带滤波系统，用于认知无线电(CR)应用中的有效频谱感知。该滤波器结构的总带宽为$$1.63,text{GHz}$$ 1.63 GHz，在$$1.93,text{ to },3.56,text{ GHz}$$ 1.93 ～ 3.56 GHz的频率范围内采用灵活的频率扫描设计，具有高选择性和$$39.9,text{to}53,text{MHz}$$ 39.9 ～ 53 MHz的窄带带宽。频率调谐是通过将变容二极管集成到滤波器结构中来实现的。该滤波器是在厚度$$h=1.52,text{mm}$$ h = 1.52 mm、相对介电常数$${varepsilon }_{r}=4.5$$ ε r = 4.5、尺寸$$(25times 35), {text{mm}}^{2}$$ (25 × 35) mm2的Rogers TMM4衬底上实现的。所得滤波器的增益和效率分别为$$0.7$$ 0.7 ～ $$2.26,text{dBi}$$ 2.26 dBi和49 dBi% to 60%, respectively, within the tuning range. Simple biasing circuitry, wideband operation, and compact planar structure are distinctive and appealing aspects of the design. For the manufactured prototypes, a significant level of agreement is found between the simulated and measured results in terms of scattering parameter $${text{S}}_{11}$$ S 11 and radiation patterns at different operating frequencies.
{"title":"Efficient design of a wideband tunable microstrip filtenna for spectrum sensing in cognitive radio systems","authors":"Rania H. Elabd, Amr H. Hussein","doi":"10.1186/s13638-023-02321-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13638-023-02321-9","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper presents a novel design of a compact, wideband tunable microstrip filtenna system for effective spectrum sensing in cognitive radio (CR) applications. The proposed filtenna structure has a total bandwidth of $$1.63,text{GHz}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>1.63</mml:mn> <mml:mspace /> <mml:mtext>GHz</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and flexible frequency scanning design throughout the frequency range from $$1.93,text{ to },3.56,text{ GHz}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>1.93</mml:mn> <mml:mspace /> <mml:mspace /> <mml:mtext>to</mml:mtext> <mml:mspace /> <mml:mspace /> <mml:mn>3.56</mml:mn> <mml:mspace /> <mml:mspace /> <mml:mtext>GHz</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> with high selectivity and narrow bandwidths ranging from $$39.9,text{to}53,text{MHz}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>39.9</mml:mn> <mml:mspace /> <mml:mtext>to</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>53</mml:mn> <mml:mspace /> <mml:mtext>MHz</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . Frequency tuning is accomplished electrically via integrating a varactor diode into the filtenna construction. The filtenna is realized on a Rogers TMM4 substrate with $$h=1.52,text{mm}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>h</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1.52</mml:mn> <mml:mspace /> <mml:mtext>mm</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> thickness and relative dielectric constant of $${varepsilon }_{r}=4.5$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>ε</mml:mi> <mml:mi>r</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>4.5</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> with dimensions of $$(25times 35), {text{mm}}^{2}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mn>25</mml:mn> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:mn>35</mml:mn> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mspace /> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>mm</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . The obtained gain and efficiency of the filtenna ranged from $$0.7$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>0.7</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> to $$2.26,text{dBi}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2.26</mml:mn> <mml:mspace /> <mml:mtext>dBi</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and 49% to 60%, respectively, within the tuning range. Simple biasing circuitry, wideband operation, and compact planar structure are distinctive and appealing aspects of the design. For the manufactured prototypes, a significant level of agreement is found between the simulated and measured results in terms of scattering parameter $${text{S}}_{11}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>S</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>11</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:math> and radiation patterns a","PeriodicalId":12040,"journal":{"name":"EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking","volume":"20 9","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135413072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号