Pub Date : 2017-12-20DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.69659
Estela Noguera-Ortega, E. Julián
Mycobacteria are the unique group of bacteria that are currently used in antitumoral immunotherapy. Specifically, intravesical instillation of viable cells of Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), after transurethral resection of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer, is the most efficacious treatment for avoiding recurrence and progression of the disease. BCG has been used for the last 35 years for bladder cancer treatment, but other mycobacteria or mycobacteria components are currently under pre- clinical and clinical studies for the immunotherapeutic treatment of non-invasive bladder cancer and also of other types of tumors located at the urinary system. Those are, for instance, cell wall extracts or heat-killed forms from BCG or other mycobacteria such as Mycobacterium phlei or Mycobacterium indicus pranii (MIP) or even viable cells from non-pathogenic mycobacteria such us Mycobacterium brumae . A review of the literature in which mycobacteria components, non-viable mycobacteria, and viable mycobacteria have been used for these different cancers will be performed. In this chapter, the func-tion of mycobacteria as antitumor agents will be then analyzed, awarding the audience a broad knowledge of one of the beneficial applications of mycobacteria, which are usually introduced as dangerous microorganisms. bacterial cell wall components are responsible for the antitumor effect but other fractions also triggered the production of Th1 cytokines and stimulated the cytotoxic activity against T24 BC cells by peripheral blood cells. Antigens from different cell fractions are recognized by surface-located receptors present in antigen-presenting cells.
{"title":"Mycobacteria-Derived Agents for the Treatment of Urological and Renal Cancers","authors":"Estela Noguera-Ortega, E. Julián","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.69659","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.69659","url":null,"abstract":"Mycobacteria are the unique group of bacteria that are currently used in antitumoral immunotherapy. Specifically, intravesical instillation of viable cells of Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), after transurethral resection of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer, is the most efficacious treatment for avoiding recurrence and progression of the disease. BCG has been used for the last 35 years for bladder cancer treatment, but other mycobacteria or mycobacteria components are currently under pre- clinical and clinical studies for the immunotherapeutic treatment of non-invasive bladder cancer and also of other types of tumors located at the urinary system. Those are, for instance, cell wall extracts or heat-killed forms from BCG or other mycobacteria such as Mycobacterium phlei or Mycobacterium indicus pranii (MIP) or even viable cells from non-pathogenic mycobacteria such us Mycobacterium brumae . A review of the literature in which mycobacteria components, non-viable mycobacteria, and viable mycobacteria have been used for these different cancers will be performed. In this chapter, the func-tion of mycobacteria as antitumor agents will be then analyzed, awarding the audience a broad knowledge of one of the beneficial applications of mycobacteria, which are usually introduced as dangerous microorganisms. bacterial cell wall components are responsible for the antitumor effect but other fractions also triggered the production of Th1 cytokines and stimulated the cytotoxic activity against T24 BC cells by peripheral blood cells. Antigens from different cell fractions are recognized by surface-located receptors present in antigen-presenting cells.","PeriodicalId":120491,"journal":{"name":"Mycobacterium - Research and Development","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130893648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-20DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.69656
K. Peñuelas-Urquides, F. Castorena-Torres, B. Silva-Ramírez, Mario Bermúdez de León
Tuberculosis (TB) remains to be a serious health problem worldwide. There is an increased transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains with drug resistance, hence complicat‐ ing TB control. The deciphering of the M. tuberculosis genome, together with the imple‐ mentation of new molecular biology tools, has allowed the identification of changes in nucleic acid sequences with a functional impact. These mutations have become important in the design of early‐diagnostic kits to identify the resistance profile of M. tuberculosis . Since the conventional methods to determine the identity of M. tuberculosis strains based in cultures are laborious, time‐consuming and performed by specialized technicians, the result is generated until 4 months after receiving the samples. During this time, patients with TB are not adequately treated, and resistant strains may be transmitted to the rest of the population. In this chapter, we describe the most relevant mutations in genes associ‐ ated with drug resistance in M. tuberculosis , the analysis of gene expression to identify new markers of drug resistance strains, and the development of new antituberculosis drugs against drug‐resistant strains.
{"title":"Drug Resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis","authors":"K. Peñuelas-Urquides, F. Castorena-Torres, B. Silva-Ramírez, Mario Bermúdez de León","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.69656","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.69656","url":null,"abstract":"Tuberculosis (TB) remains to be a serious health problem worldwide. There is an increased transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains with drug resistance, hence complicat‐ ing TB control. The deciphering of the M. tuberculosis genome, together with the imple‐ mentation of new molecular biology tools, has allowed the identification of changes in nucleic acid sequences with a functional impact. These mutations have become important in the design of early‐diagnostic kits to identify the resistance profile of M. tuberculosis . Since the conventional methods to determine the identity of M. tuberculosis strains based in cultures are laborious, time‐consuming and performed by specialized technicians, the result is generated until 4 months after receiving the samples. During this time, patients with TB are not adequately treated, and resistant strains may be transmitted to the rest of the population. In this chapter, we describe the most relevant mutations in genes associ‐ ated with drug resistance in M. tuberculosis , the analysis of gene expression to identify new markers of drug resistance strains, and the development of new antituberculosis drugs against drug‐resistant strains.","PeriodicalId":120491,"journal":{"name":"Mycobacterium - Research and Development","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127304031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-20DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.72027
G. Echeverría-Valencia, S. Flores-Villalva, C. Espitia
Virulence, is referred as the ability of a pathogen to cause disease, and for mycobacteria it depends on their ability to reside within host cells and evade the microbicidal mechanisms of macrophages. The outcome of tuberculosis (TB) infection is highly variable and it seems that the closest relationship between the Mycobacterium genre and humans has shaped the mycobacterial genome to encode bacterial factors that reflects a highly evolved and coordinated program of immune evasion strategies that interfere with both innate and adaptive immunity causing disease even in fully immunocompetent host. Although Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) does not have classical virulence factors, it has described many virulence-associated genes and virulence lifestyle genes from Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC). In this chapter, we describe the most important gene/molecule involved in the host defense modulation response, also the plethora of strategies to evade immune mechanisms of macrophage. We review the main genes whose inactivation in the mycobacterial genome leads to a measurable loss in virulence in the different validated TB models.
{"title":"Virulence Factors and Pathogenicity of Mycobacterium","authors":"G. Echeverría-Valencia, S. Flores-Villalva, C. Espitia","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.72027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.72027","url":null,"abstract":"Virulence, is referred as the ability of a pathogen to cause disease, and for mycobacteria it depends on their ability to reside within host cells and evade the microbicidal mechanisms of macrophages. The outcome of tuberculosis (TB) infection is highly variable and it seems that the closest relationship between the Mycobacterium genre and humans has shaped the mycobacterial genome to encode bacterial factors that reflects a highly evolved and coordinated program of immune evasion strategies that interfere with both innate and adaptive immunity causing disease even in fully immunocompetent host. Although Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) does not have classical virulence factors, it has described many virulence-associated genes and virulence lifestyle genes from Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC). In this chapter, we describe the most important gene/molecule involved in the host defense modulation response, also the plethora of strategies to evade immune mechanisms of macrophage. We review the main genes whose inactivation in the mycobacterial genome leads to a measurable loss in virulence in the different validated TB models.","PeriodicalId":120491,"journal":{"name":"Mycobacterium - Research and Development","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123757750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-20DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.69394
R. Jabir, Andriansjah Rukmana, Ifran Saleh, T. Kurniawati
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an obligate aerobe bacteria requiring oxygen in its metabolism. In normal condition, bones have pH of 6.9–7.4 and temperature of 37°C. With the composition mentioned, bones fall in the group of tissue with less rich oxygen (<35%) which theoretically means, M. tuberculosis is hard to grow in the bone environment. Bone microliving environment is formed by the cells constructing the bone itself and the active cells which periodically interact with the bone cells. Activation of these cells gives impact to the temperature, pH, gas concentration, and liquid concentration, and at the same time triggers calcium, phosphor, and other minerals to be deposited in the bone. In the process of new bone formation, the osteoblast cells produce matrix and release them to the microenvironment that needs a high concentration of calcium and phosphor. The survival of M. tuberculosis in the microenvironment of bone is reflected in interaction of the bacteria and the non-immune cells, the bacteria and the organic environment, and the bacteria and the inorganic environment. In addition, the immune system also threatens the survival of M. tuberculosis. The results of these interactions will affect the lives of bacteria and has an impact on the bone microenvironment.
{"title":"The Existence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Microenvironment of Bone","authors":"R. Jabir, Andriansjah Rukmana, Ifran Saleh, T. Kurniawati","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.69394","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.69394","url":null,"abstract":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an obligate aerobe bacteria requiring oxygen in its metabolism. In normal condition, bones have pH of 6.9–7.4 and temperature of 37°C. With the composition mentioned, bones fall in the group of tissue with less rich oxygen (<35%) which theoretically means, M. tuberculosis is hard to grow in the bone environment. Bone microliving environment is formed by the cells constructing the bone itself and the active cells which periodically interact with the bone cells. Activation of these cells gives impact to the temperature, pH, gas concentration, and liquid concentration, and at the same time triggers calcium, phosphor, and other minerals to be deposited in the bone. In the process of new bone formation, the osteoblast cells produce matrix and release them to the microenvironment that needs a high concentration of calcium and phosphor. The survival of M. tuberculosis in the microenvironment of bone is reflected in interaction of the bacteria and the non-immune cells, the bacteria and the organic environment, and the bacteria and the inorganic environment. In addition, the immune system also threatens the survival of M. tuberculosis. The results of these interactions will affect the lives of bacteria and has an impact on the bone microenvironment.","PeriodicalId":120491,"journal":{"name":"Mycobacterium - Research and Development","volume":"93 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126209679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-20DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.70540
Prabuddha L. Gupta, Atul Pradhan, P. Ajitkumar
FtsZ, the bacterial cytokinetic protein, a structural homologue of mammalian β-tubulin, is present in bacteria of diverse genera, including mycobacteria. The FtsZ protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( M . tuberculosis FtsZ), the causative agent of tuberculosis, is the most studied among the mycobacterial FtsZ proteins as it is a potential anti-tuberculosis drug target. M . tuberculosis FtsZ possesses many unique biochemical features, which include slow polymerisation kinetics, presence of charged amino acids in the C-terminal domain that interacts with a variety of other cell division proteins, and the presence of specific amino acids at unique locations that makes it distinct from the FtsZ of other mycobacterial species and of other bacterial genera. On the other hand, although the FtsZ of Mycobacterium leprae ( M . leprae FtsZ), the causative agent of leprosy, shows high level of conservation with M . tuberculosis FtsZ, it has biochemical properties that are very differ- ent from those of M . tuberculosis FtsZ due to the difference in specific amino acid residues at critical locations on the protein. The present review focuses on these structural features of M . tuberculosis FtsZ and M . leprae FtsZ, as studied by others and by us, in comparison to those of the FtsZ of other mycobacterial species and of other bacterial genera.
{"title":"Unique Biochemical Features of the Cytokinetic Protein FtsZ of Mycobacteria","authors":"Prabuddha L. Gupta, Atul Pradhan, P. Ajitkumar","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.70540","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.70540","url":null,"abstract":"FtsZ, the bacterial cytokinetic protein, a structural homologue of mammalian β-tubulin, is present in bacteria of diverse genera, including mycobacteria. The FtsZ protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( M . tuberculosis FtsZ), the causative agent of tuberculosis, is the most studied among the mycobacterial FtsZ proteins as it is a potential anti-tuberculosis drug target. M . tuberculosis FtsZ possesses many unique biochemical features, which include slow polymerisation kinetics, presence of charged amino acids in the C-terminal domain that interacts with a variety of other cell division proteins, and the presence of specific amino acids at unique locations that makes it distinct from the FtsZ of other mycobacterial species and of other bacterial genera. On the other hand, although the FtsZ of Mycobacterium leprae ( M . leprae FtsZ), the causative agent of leprosy, shows high level of conservation with M . tuberculosis FtsZ, it has biochemical properties that are very differ- ent from those of M . tuberculosis FtsZ due to the difference in specific amino acid residues at critical locations on the protein. The present review focuses on these structural features of M . tuberculosis FtsZ and M . leprae FtsZ, as studied by others and by us, in comparison to those of the FtsZ of other mycobacterial species and of other bacterial genera.","PeriodicalId":120491,"journal":{"name":"Mycobacterium - Research and Development","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122332869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-20DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.69227
C. Sant’Anna, M. March, R. Aurilio
The authors discuss the challenging aspects of the diagnosis of tuberculosis in children and adolescents, since there is no gold standard for its diagnosis. The different clinical and radiological presentations and the low bacteriological positivity of tuberculosis in childhood are grounds for confrontation to the present. Immunological tests called inter‐ feron gamma release assays (IGRAs) failed to overcome the tuberculin skin test in prac‐ tice. Advances with nucleic acid amplification tests, on the other hand, have contributed to the diagnosis of tuberculosis among adolescents. Standardized systems for diagnosis can be useful as tools for screening or for decision‐making in childhood tuberculosis.
{"title":"Diagnosis of Tuberculosis among Children and Adolescents","authors":"C. Sant’Anna, M. March, R. Aurilio","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.69227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.69227","url":null,"abstract":"The authors discuss the challenging aspects of the diagnosis of tuberculosis in children and adolescents, since there is no gold standard for its diagnosis. The different clinical and radiological presentations and the low bacteriological positivity of tuberculosis in childhood are grounds for confrontation to the present. Immunological tests called inter‐ feron gamma release assays (IGRAs) failed to overcome the tuberculin skin test in prac‐ tice. Advances with nucleic acid amplification tests, on the other hand, have contributed to the diagnosis of tuberculosis among adolescents. Standardized systems for diagnosis can be useful as tools for screening or for decision‐making in childhood tuberculosis.","PeriodicalId":120491,"journal":{"name":"Mycobacterium - Research and Development","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123218136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In Indonesia, leprosy remains a health problem because its elimination has not achieved. This shows the high Mycobacterium leprae transmission as a result of difficulties in the early detection, termination of the transmission chain, and management evaluation. Integrated translational research has been carried out as a solution for the problem. Dissemination of the various results of the research is conducted by the educational aspects tiered with a variety of learning methods including a textbook based on research findings, scientific papers at various scientific meetings, and published journals, as well as aspects of com ‐ munity service through electronic media, newspapers, and management and counseling with leprosy patients and their contact person, especially in endemic pockets area.
{"title":"Application of Integrated Translational Research as Leprosy Problem Solution in Indonesia","authors":"C. Prakoeswa","doi":"10.5772/67967","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/67967","url":null,"abstract":"In Indonesia, leprosy remains a health problem because its elimination has not achieved. This shows the high Mycobacterium leprae transmission as a result of difficulties in the early detection, termination of the transmission chain, and management evaluation. Integrated translational research has been carried out as a solution for the problem. Dissemination of the various results of the research is conducted by the educational aspects tiered with a variety of learning methods including a textbook based on research findings, scientific papers at various scientific meetings, and published journals, as well as aspects of com ‐ munity service through electronic media, newspapers, and management and counseling with leprosy patients and their contact person, especially in endemic pockets area.","PeriodicalId":120491,"journal":{"name":"Mycobacterium - Research and Development","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128643597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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