Food & Nutrition Research最新文献

Buckwheat is a pseudocereal whose seeds are rich in numerous health-positive phytochemicals including polyphenols. Several methods for extracting these compounds can be found in the literature. The objective of the study was to compare the total polyphenol content (TPC) of seven common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) varieties obtained using different extraction methods/procedures and to assess the impact of the extraction methods on various varieties. The Folin-Ciocalteu spectrophotometric assay was used to measure the TPC. The results showed that TPC was significantly dependent on the extraction solvent and the efficiency of the solvents may be ordered from high to low efficacy as follows: 80% acetone > 0.1% HCl in methanol > 80% methanol = 80% ethanol > 100% methanol > water = 100% ethanol. TPC increased with increasing temperature during extraction and procedures based on alkaline hydrolysis proved to be more effective than those based on the acidic one. The responses of different buckwheat varieties to various extract preparations slightly differed, which could be attributed to each variety's specific composition of extractable and bound polyphenols. It can be suggested that using more than one extraction method gives more robust information for good characterizing of buckwheat varieties according to their TPC for breeding and food use purposes.

Background: The relationship between dietary fiber intake and cancer outcomes, including incidence, recurrence, and mortality, is crucial for understanding cancer prevention strategies.

Methods: An umbrella review was conducted, analyzing existing systematic reviews and meta-analyses from PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. This included data from 26 meta-analyses based on 2,107 unique articles, covering 52 observational study outcomes. The quality of the studies was assessed using the AMSTAR 2 tool.

Results: High fiber intake significantly lowers the risk of cancers affecting the digestive, reproductive, and urinary systems, including esophageal adenoma, squamous cell carcinoma, gastric, pancreatic, colon, rectal, colorectal adenoma, breast, ovarian, endometrial, prostate, renal cell, and bladder cancers. Findings estimated that the risk of Colon cancer between total dietary fiber (TDF) was 0.74 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.67-0.82), and the risk of Colorectal cancer between TDF was 0.88 (95% CI: 0.82-0.94). TDF was also found to be protective against Barrett's esophagus and esophagus cancer, esophageal adenomas, and esophagus squamous cell carcinoma, with effect sizes of 0.52 (95% CI: 0.43-0.64), 0.50 (95% CI: 0.37-0.67), and 0.53 (95% CI: 0.31-0.90), respectively. Conversely, increased intake of cereal fiber was associated with a higher incidence of renal cell carcinoma and endometrial cancer. Dose-response analyses revealed that increments of 2.5, 5, or 10 g per day in dietary fiber could lead to different levels of risk reduction for these cancers. Meta-regression suggested an optimal fiber intake range of 7-36 g per day for colon cancer prevention. However, the overall study quality was predominantly rated as 'very low'.

Conclusions: Higher dietary fiber intake is linked to reduced cancer risk and improved outcomes. These findings highlight dietary fiber's importance in cancer prevention and care.

Background: Maternal nutrition profoundly influences offspring health, impacting both prenatal and early postnatal development. Previous studies have demonstrated that maternal dietary habits can affect key developmental pathways in the offsprings, including those related to lung function and disease susceptibility. However, the sex-specific impact of a maternal high-salt diet (HSD) on offspring lung injury remains poorly understood.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the sex-specific effects of maternal HSD on lung injury in mouse offsprings, focusing on pathways related to fibrosis, metabolism, immunity, and apoptosis.

Design: Pregnant C57BL/6J mice were subjected to either normal or HSD conditions during gestation. Lung tissues from the male and female offsprings were analyzed using high-throughput RNA sequencing and bioinformatics tools to examine transcriptomic changes. Wet-lab validation, including Masson trichrome staining, immunofluorescence for α-SMA, and qRT-PCR for fibrotic markers (α-SMA, collagen I, Fn1, and TGF-β), was conducted to confirm fibrosis and other injury markers. Lung structure and weight were also evaluated to assess physical alterations due to maternal diet.

Results: Maternal HSD significantly altered lung transcriptomes in a sex-specific manner. Male offsprings showed increased susceptibility to fibrosis, as confirmed by histological and molecular analyses, including elevated expression of α-SMA, collagen I, Fn1, and TGF-β. In contrast, female offsprings exhibited distinct changes in metabolic and immune pathways. These findings highlight the differential regulation of pulmonary injury mechanisms between male and female offsprings exposed to HSD.

Conclusions: Maternal HSD induces sex-specific lung injury in offsprings by disrupting critical pathways involved in fibrosis, metabolism, immunity, and apoptosis. The combination of transcriptomic and orthogonal data underscores the need for balanced maternal nutrition during pregnancy to promote long-term respiratory health in offsprings. These results provide new insights into the sex-specific vulnerabilities to lung disease arising from maternal diet.

Background: Breast cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality among women globally, with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) being particularly aggressive. Delphinidin (Dp), an anthocyanin monomer, has shown promising health benefits.

Objective: This study investigates the effects of Dp on TNBC and aims to elucidate its specific mechanisms of action.

Design: We utilized cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assays, colony formation assays, and scratch assays to evaluate the influence of Dp on the proliferation and migration of TNBC cells. Flow cytometry was employed to analyze programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and Cluster of Differentiation 69 expression, while Western blotting assessed the levels of PD-L1, Janus Kinase 2 (JAK2), Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3), p-JAK2, p-STAT3, and exosomal marker proteins. Additionally, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was conducted to measure concentrations of PD-L1, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor-β (TNF-β).

Results: Dp effectively inhibited TNBC cell proliferation and migration, as evidenced by CCK-8, colony formation, and scratch assays. Flow cytometry and Western blot analysis indicated a reduction in PD-L1 expression in TNBC cells. Meanwhile, we successfully isolated TNBC cell-derived exosomes, with ELISA experiments showing a decrease in PD-L1 expression in these exosomes following Dp treatment. In a co-culture system with TNBC and Jurkat cells, Dp enhanced Cluster of Differentiation 69 expression and reactivated Jurkat cells, resulting in increased secretion of IFN-γ and TNF-β. Additionally, Dp significantly reduced the p-JAK2/JAK2 and p-STAT3/STAT3 ratios in TNBC cells.

Conclusion: Dp may exert its anti-TNBC effects by downregulating PD-L1 expression in TNBC cells and exosomes through the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway, potentially restoring T cell activity and modifying the tumor microenvironment.

Background: Sweets, chocolate, and sweet bakery products are generally high in energy and added sugar, whereas the levels of essential nutrients and fibre are low. According to sales statistics, the consumption of sweets and chocolate is high in the Nordic and Baltic countries.

Objective: This scoping review describes the totality of evidence for the role of sweets and other sugary foods for health-related outcomes as a basis for setting and updating food-based dietary guidelines in the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023 (NNR2023) project.

Design: We conducted a literature search to identify systematic reviews published between 2011 and 2021. The literature search resulted in 756 papers, of which 12 were included in this scoping review as sources of evidence. We also used evidence from the European Food Safety Authority's (EFSA) scientific opinion on tolerable upper intake level for dietary sugars published in 2022.

Results: Most of the papers included from the search focused on chocolate or cocoa, which are rich in flavonoids. We found some evidence linking chocolate consumption with lower blood pressure, lower risk of type 2 diabetes, and improved insulin markers, but the evidence was ranked low or very low. The search did not identify systematic reviews investigating the associations between other sugary food consumption and health outcomes. In the EFSA review, conclusions were not drawn for other sugar sources than sugar-sweetened beverages. However, for fasting glucose, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, fasting triglycerides, and uric acid, there was a statistically significant effect of high sugar intake from solid foods compared to low sugar intake.

Conclusion: Because sweets, chocolate, and other sugary foods are high in energy and added sugar, and low in essential nutrients and fibre, it is reasonable to limit their consumption, which is reported high in the Nordic countries.

Background: Omega-3 fatty acids, including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) with notable health benefits. Due to limited physiological production and insufficient dietary supply, external supplementation is important.

Objective: This study aimed to compare the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of EPA and DHA in AvailOm^® omega-3-lysine salt (Lys-FFA) versus standard ethyl ester (EE) and triglyceride (TG) formulations after a single oral dose in healthy subjects.

Design: A randomized, three-way crossover study was conducted with 21 healthy subjects.

Results: Twenty-one subjects (10 men, 11 women) completed the study. The average age was 41.7 years, and the mean body mass index was 23.0 kg/m². The Lys-FFA formulation showed significantly higher uptake of omega-3 fatty acids (EPA+DHA combined and each individually) compared to EE. Specifically, Lys-FFA had a 9.33-fold (0-12 h) and 8.09-fold (0-24 h) higher bioavailability of EPA+DHA than EE and a 1.57-fold (0-12 h) and 1.44-fold (0-24 h) higher bioavailability than TG. ΔCmax and Tmax also favored Lys-FFA over EE.

Discussion: Under fasting conditions, the absorption of EPA and DHA from EE is limited due to the need for enzymatic cleavage before absorption. This requirement is bypassed with Lys-FFA, which does not need cleavage.

Conclusions: The study demonstrates that EPA and DHA lysine salt (Lys-FFA) offers superior bioavailability compared to EE and triglyceride forms, presenting a more effective supplementation option.German Clinical Trials Register, DRKS-ID: DRKS00029183.

Background: Poor dietary quality has been described as a contributor to symptoms in subjects with functional gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. Hitherto, the focus in dietary evaluation and treatment in this patient group has mainly been on avoiding individual nutrient deficiencies, and less attention has been given to the dietary pattern and the overall food quality. Hence, we aim to describe and evaluate the dietary quality in patients with functional GI symptoms.

Methods: Patients with GI symptoms and a diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome or inflammatory bowel disease in remission, consecutively referred to a clinical dietitian for nutritional guidance, were included. All participants completed a 7-day weighed food record. The intake of foods, energy, macro- and micronutrients was computed. Dietary quality was evaluated by intake frequencies based on a predefined food index, combined with assessing achievement of nutrient intake recommendations.

Results: A total of 35 patients were included. Intake frequencies of red meat, cheese and sweets were high, whereas intake frequencies of green leafy vegetables, berries, nuts, whole grain and legumes were low. The total intake of vegetables, fruit, berries, fish and nuts was lower than current recommendations, and the intake corresponded to intake below recommendations for several micronutrients, including vitamins D, C and A; iodine; folate; potassium; and selenium.

Conclusion: The group of patients with GI symptoms had overall inadequate dietary quality. Low intake of nutrient-dense food groups considered as beneficial for health corresponded with insufficient intake of several micronutrients. We recommend that dietary evaluation should focus on the intake of food groups, rather than nutrients, in the treatment of patients with functional GI symptoms, to ensure a better evaluation of dietary quality.

Objective: This study was formulated with the objective of elucidating the correlation between 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and the occurrence of severe headache or migraine, employing a cross-sectional analytical approach.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted over two cycles involving 7,661 participants, utilizing data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted between 2001 and 2004. A weighted logistic regression method was employed to construct a relationship model between the two variables. Subgroup analysis, adjusting for confounding factors, was performed through stratified analysis to explore the association between 25(OH)D and severe headaches or migraines. Finally, a restricted cubic spline regression (RCS) was utilized to investigate the non-linear relationship between the variables.

Results: A total of 7,661 participants were included in this study, with an overall prevalence of severe headaches or migraines of 1,576/7,661 (22.3%). The results from all models consistently indicated a significant negative correlation between serum 25(OH)D levels and the risk of severe headaches or migraines (P < 0.05). Stratified analysis revealed that in the female population (odds ratios [OR]: 0.995, 95% CI: 0.991-0.998, P = 0.001), never smokers (OR: 0.991, 95% CI: 0.985-0.997, P = 0.003), and non-drinkers (OR: 0.993, 95% CI: 0.987-0.999, P = 0.022), the risk of severe headaches or migraines decreased with increasing serum 25(OH)D concentrations. RCS results demonstrated a linear relationship between serum 25(OH)D levels and the risk of severe headaches or migraines.

Conclusion: We discovered a negative correlation between serum 25(OH)D levels and the prevalence of severe headaches or migraines, particularly in females, non-smokers, and non-hypertensive individuals. Further clinical research is necessary to confirm these findings, establish causality, and explore potential preventive and therapeutic mechanisms for migraines.

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is characterized by coexisting risk factors for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Diet is of importance in their aetiology, and gut microbiota (GM) may constitute a link between diet and metabolic health. Understanding the interplay between diet and GM could contribute novel insights for future dietary guidelines, and aid in preventive actions to motivate adherence to dietary guidelines.

Objective: We intended to create a Swedish dietary guideline index (SweDGI) measuring adherence to 12 Swedish dietary guidelines and examine whether SweDGI and its components are associated with GM α-diversity (Shannon index) and prevalent MetS, and if the association between the Shannon index and MetS differs depending on SweDGI.

Design: SweDGI was based on food-frequency data assessed 2014-2018 in 10,396 diabetes-free participants from the Malmö and Uppsala-sites of the Swedish CArdioPulmonary bioImage Study (SCAPIS) (50-64 y, 53% women). We estimated the Shannon index from shotgun metagenomic sequencing-data to assess microbial richness and evenness. We used a general linear model to examine cross-sectional SweDGI-Shannon associations and logistic regression for associations with MetS.

Results: Most guidelines were followed by less than half of the participants. Men showed poorer adherence. Higher SweDGI was linked to higher Shannon index (P-trend across five SweDGI-groups = 1.7 × 10^-12). Most guidelines contributed to this observation. Higher SweDGI and Shannon index were associated with lower MetS-prevalence, where the lowest prevalence was observed among those with both high SweDGI and high Shannon index (odds ratio:0.43; 95% confidence interval:0.35, 0.52). Both the Shannon index and SweDGI were associated with MetS, independently of the level of the other factor (P-interaction = 0.82).

Conclusions: We created a new index to comprehensively reflect adherence to the Swedish dietary guidelines in sub-cohorts within the large multicentre SCAPIS study. Better adherence was associated with a richer and more even GM and lower prevalence of MetS. The inverse association between the Shannon index and MetS was consistent at different levels of adherence to dietary guidelines.

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by postprandial dysmetabolism, which has been linked to post-meal redox disturbances. Oleocanthal (OO), one of the most potent bioactive phenols of extra virgin olive oil, has shown redox modulating properties in vitro. However, its acute, in vivo antioxidant properties have never been studied before.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the kinetics of five redox markers (Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances [TBARS] and glutathione peroxidase activity in serum-GPx3 and erythrocytes (GPx1), protein carbonyls in serum) after the consumption different meals.

Design: Five different isocaloric meals comprised of white bread and butter (BU) or butter plus ibuprofen (BU-IBU) or olive oil poor in OO or olive oils containing 250 and 500 mg/Kg of oleocanthal (OO250 and OO500, respectively). We hypothesized that OO-rich olive oil will reduce postprandial oxidative stress in T2DM patients compared to other lipid sources. This study involved 10 patients with T2DM and had a cross-over design.

Results: The comparison of incremental Area Under Curves (iAUCs) has shown that OO-rich olive oils were able to alleviate the increments of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and GPx3 and induce a higher red blood cells (RBCs) GPx1 activity compared to OO (P < 0.05). The effect was dose and redox marker depended. Correlation analysis in the pooled sample demonstrated a positive association between postprandial ex vivo platelet sensitivity to ADP and iAUC TBARS. In conclusion, our study has shown that OO-rich olive oils can favorably modulate lipid peroxidation and RBC GPx activity in T2DM patients when consumed as part of a carbohydrate meal.

Discussion: This study demonstrates for the first time that, apart from its anti-inflammatory and antiplatelet properties, OO can also exert acute antioxidant effects.

Conclusion: This finding emphasizes the health benefits of extra virgin olive oil, particularly those with a high OO content, for T2DM patients.