Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1079/9781789248890.0054
M. Fladung, H. Häggman, S. Sutela
Abstract A diverse set of small RNAs is involved in the regulation of genome organization and gene expression in plants. These regulatory sRNAs play a central role for RNA in evolution and ontogeny in complex organisms, including forest tree species, providers of indispensable ecosystem services. RNA interference is a process that inhibits gene expression by double-stranded RNA and thus causes the degradation of target messenger RNA molecules. Targeted gene silencing by RNAi has been utilized in various crop plants in order to enhance their characteristics. For forest tree species, most of the successful RNAi modification has been conducted in poplar. Over the past 20 years, successful RNAi-mediated suppression of gene expression has been achieved with a variety of economically important traits. Moreover, the stability of RNAi-mediated transgene suppression has been confirmed in field-grown poplars. In this chapter, we describe examples of successful RNAi applications mainly in poplar but also provide some information about application of RNAi in pest control in forest tree species. Advantages and disadvantages of this technology with respect to the particular features of forest tree species will be discussed.
{"title":"Application of RNAi technology in forest trees.","authors":"M. Fladung, H. Häggman, S. Sutela","doi":"10.1079/9781789248890.0054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789248890.0054","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 A diverse set of small RNAs is involved in the regulation of genome organization and gene expression in plants. These regulatory sRNAs play a central role for RNA in evolution and ontogeny in complex organisms, including forest tree species, providers of indispensable ecosystem services. RNA interference is a process that inhibits gene expression by double-stranded RNA and thus causes the degradation of target messenger RNA molecules. Targeted gene silencing by RNAi has been utilized in various crop plants in order to enhance their characteristics. For forest tree species, most of the successful RNAi modification has been conducted in poplar. Over the past 20 years, successful RNAi-mediated suppression of gene expression has been achieved with a variety of economically important traits. Moreover, the stability of RNAi-mediated transgene suppression has been confirmed in field-grown poplars. In this chapter, we describe examples of successful RNAi applications mainly in poplar but also provide some information about application of RNAi in pest control in forest tree species. Advantages and disadvantages of this technology with respect to the particular features of forest tree species will be discussed.","PeriodicalId":121833,"journal":{"name":"RNAi for plant improvement and protection","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130667277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1079/9781789248890.0094
I. Pantchev, G. Rakleova, A. Atanassov
Abstract The research community is deeply convinced that RNA is unstable in the environment. Its roots rise from numerous failed attempts to isolate functional cellular RNA molecules. Further support had originated from the fast turnover of RNA in the cells. The situation changed recently with the discovery that externally applied dsRNA can produce targeted gene silencing in plant-feeding insects. First results have demonstrated that external dsRNA can successfully pass the insect gastrointestinal tract and reach its final destination within the body cells. This was somewhat unexpected and sparked new interest in RNA stability in the environment and its fate in the insect organism. In this brief review we make an attempt to summarize current knowledge and to propose a model of how dsRNA can perform its function under these settings.
{"title":"The stability of dsRNA during external applications - an overview.","authors":"I. Pantchev, G. Rakleova, A. Atanassov","doi":"10.1079/9781789248890.0094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789248890.0094","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 The research community is deeply convinced that RNA is unstable in the environment. Its roots rise from numerous failed attempts to isolate functional cellular RNA molecules. Further support had originated from the fast turnover of RNA in the cells. The situation changed recently with the discovery that externally applied dsRNA can produce targeted gene silencing in plant-feeding insects. First results have demonstrated that external dsRNA can successfully pass the insect gastrointestinal tract and reach its final destination within the body cells. This was somewhat unexpected and sparked new interest in RNA stability in the environment and its fate in the insect organism. In this brief review we make an attempt to summarize current knowledge and to propose a model of how dsRNA can perform its function under these settings.","PeriodicalId":121833,"journal":{"name":"RNAi for plant improvement and protection","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127389096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1079/9781789248890.0159
V. Ventura, D. Frisio
Abstract RNA interference (RNAi) is an innovative technology of gene silencing which offers great opportunities for the development of sustainable solutions for crop protection. This chapter discusses the market potential of RNAi innovation, the application of RNAi for biocontrol, and stakeholder and consumer perceptions of RNAi technologies.
{"title":"The economics of RNAi-based innovation: from the innovation landscape to consumer acceptance.","authors":"V. Ventura, D. Frisio","doi":"10.1079/9781789248890.0159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789248890.0159","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 RNA interference (RNAi) is an innovative technology of gene silencing which offers great opportunities for the development of sustainable solutions for crop protection. This chapter discusses the market potential of RNAi innovation, the application of RNAi for biocontrol, and stakeholder and consumer perceptions of RNAi technologies.","PeriodicalId":121833,"journal":{"name":"RNAi for plant improvement and protection","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122945272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1079/9781789248890.0086
Zhen Liao, Kristian Persson Hodén, C. Dixelius
Abstract This short and general chapter summarizes how plants and pathogens communicate using not only proteins for recognition and signal transduction or other metabolites but also RNA molecules where small RNAs with sizes between 21 to 40 nt are most important. These small RNAs can move between plants and a range of interacting pathogenic organisms in both directions, that is, a 'cross-kingdom' communication process. The first reports on RNA-based communications between plants and plant pathogenic fungi appeared about 10 years ago. Since that time, we have learnt much about sRNA biology in plants and their function in different parasitic organisms. However, many questions on the processes involved remain unanswered. Such information is crucial in order to sustain high crop production. Besides giving a brief background, we highlight the interactions between the potato late blight pathogen and its plant host potato.
{"title":"Small talk and large impact: the importance of small RNA molecules in the fight against plant diseases.","authors":"Zhen Liao, Kristian Persson Hodén, C. Dixelius","doi":"10.1079/9781789248890.0086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789248890.0086","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 This short and general chapter summarizes how plants and pathogens communicate using not only proteins for recognition and signal transduction or other metabolites but also RNA molecules where small RNAs with sizes between 21 to 40 nt are most important. These small RNAs can move between plants and a range of interacting pathogenic organisms in both directions, that is, a 'cross-kingdom' communication process. The first reports on RNA-based communications between plants and plant pathogenic fungi appeared about 10 years ago. Since that time, we have learnt much about sRNA biology in plants and their function in different parasitic organisms. However, many questions on the processes involved remain unanswered. Such information is crucial in order to sustain high crop production. Besides giving a brief background, we highlight the interactions between the potato late blight pathogen and its plant host potato.","PeriodicalId":121833,"journal":{"name":"RNAi for plant improvement and protection","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122141098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1079/9781789248890.0102
Kristof de Schutter, O. Christiaens, C. N. Taning, G. Smagghe
Abstract Since the discovery of this naturally occurring endogenous regulatory and defence mechanism, RNA interference (RNAi) has been exploited as a powerful tool for functional genomic research. In addition, it has evolved as a promising candidate for a sustainable, specific and ecofriendly strategy for pest management and plant improvement. A key element in this technology is the efficient delivery of dsRNAs into the pest or plant tissues. While several examples using transgenic plants expressing the dsRNAs have proved the potential of this technology, nontransgenic approaches are investigated as alternatives, allowing flexibility and circumventing technical limitations of the transgenic approach. However, the efficacy of environmental RNAi is affected by several barriers, such as extracellular degradation of the dsRNA, inefficient internalization of the dsRNA in the cell and low endosomal escape into the cytoplasm, resulting in variable or low RNAi responses. In the medical field, carrier systems are commonly used to enhance RNA delivery and these systems are being rapidly adopted by the agricultural industry. Using four case studies, this chapter demonstrates the potential of carriers to improve the RNAi response in pest control for aquatic-living mosquito larvae and RNAi-resilient Lepidoptera and to cross the plant cell wall, allowing efficient environmental RNAi in plants.
{"title":"Boosting dsRNA delivery in plant and insect cells with peptide- and polymer-based carriers: case-based current status and future perspectives.","authors":"Kristof de Schutter, O. Christiaens, C. N. Taning, G. Smagghe","doi":"10.1079/9781789248890.0102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789248890.0102","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 Since the discovery of this naturally occurring endogenous regulatory and defence mechanism, RNA interference (RNAi) has been exploited as a powerful tool for functional genomic research. In addition, it has evolved as a promising candidate for a sustainable, specific and ecofriendly strategy for pest management and plant improvement. A key element in this technology is the efficient delivery of dsRNAs into the pest or plant tissues. While several examples using transgenic plants expressing the dsRNAs have proved the potential of this technology, nontransgenic approaches are investigated as alternatives, allowing flexibility and circumventing technical limitations of the transgenic approach. However, the efficacy of environmental RNAi is affected by several barriers, such as extracellular degradation of the dsRNA, inefficient internalization of the dsRNA in the cell and low endosomal escape into the cytoplasm, resulting in variable or low RNAi responses. In the medical field, carrier systems are commonly used to enhance RNA delivery and these systems are being rapidly adopted by the agricultural industry. Using four case studies, this chapter demonstrates the potential of carriers to improve the RNAi response in pest control for aquatic-living mosquito larvae and RNAi-resilient Lepidoptera and to cross the plant cell wall, allowing efficient environmental RNAi in plants.","PeriodicalId":121833,"journal":{"name":"RNAi for plant improvement and protection","volume":"179 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125821628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1079/9781789248890.0047
H. Jones
Abstract Research into plant genetics often requires the suppression or complete knockout of gene expression to scientifically validate gene function. In addition, the phenotypes obtained from gene suppression can occasionally have commercial value for plant breeders. Until recently, the methodological choices to achieve these goals fell into two broad types: either some form of RNA-based gene silencing; or the screening of large numbers of natural or induced random genomic mutations. The more recent invention of gene editing as a tool for targeted mutation potentially gives researchers and plant breeders another route to block gene function. RNAi is widely used in animal and plant research and functions to silence gene expression by degrading the target gene transcript. Although RNAi offers unique advantages over genomic mutations, it often leads to the formation of a genetically modified organism (GMO), which for commercial activities has major regulatory and acceptance issues in some regions of the world. Traditional methods of generating genomic mutations are more laborious and uncertain to achieve the desired goals but possess a distinct advantage of not being governed by GMO regulations. Gene editing (GE) technologies have some of the advantages of both RNAi and classical mutation breeding in that they can be designed to give simple knockouts or to modulate gene expression more subtly. GE also has a more complex regulatory position, with some countries treating it as another conventional breeding method whilst the EU defines GE as a technique of genetic modification and applies the normal GMO authorization procedures. This chapter explores the pros and cons of RNAi alongside other methods of modulating gene function.
{"title":"Gene silencing or gene editing: the pros and cons.","authors":"H. Jones","doi":"10.1079/9781789248890.0047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789248890.0047","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 Research into plant genetics often requires the suppression or complete knockout of gene expression to scientifically validate gene function. In addition, the phenotypes obtained from gene suppression can occasionally have commercial value for plant breeders. Until recently, the methodological choices to achieve these goals fell into two broad types: either some form of RNA-based gene silencing; or the screening of large numbers of natural or induced random genomic mutations. The more recent invention of gene editing as a tool for targeted mutation potentially gives researchers and plant breeders another route to block gene function. RNAi is widely used in animal and plant research and functions to silence gene expression by degrading the target gene transcript. Although RNAi offers unique advantages over genomic mutations, it often leads to the formation of a genetically modified organism (GMO), which for commercial activities has major regulatory and acceptance issues in some regions of the world. Traditional methods of generating genomic mutations are more laborious and uncertain to achieve the desired goals but possess a distinct advantage of not being governed by GMO regulations. Gene editing (GE) technologies have some of the advantages of both RNAi and classical mutation breeding in that they can be designed to give simple knockouts or to modulate gene expression more subtly. GE also has a more complex regulatory position, with some countries treating it as another conventional breeding method whilst the EU defines GE as a technique of genetic modification and applies the normal GMO authorization procedures. This chapter explores the pros and cons of RNAi alongside other methods of modulating gene function.","PeriodicalId":121833,"journal":{"name":"RNAi for plant improvement and protection","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116903916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1079/9781789248890.0025
D. Kontogiannatos, Anna Kolliopoulou, L. Swevers
Abstract Since the discovery of RNA interference in 1998 as a potent molecular tool for the selective downregulation of gene expression in almost all eukaryotes, increasing research is being performed in order to discover applications that are useful for the pharmaceutical and chemical industry. The ease of use of double-stranded RNA for targeted in vivo gene silencing in animal cells and tissues gave birth to a massive interest from industry in order to discover biotechnological applications for human health and plant protection. For insects, RNAi became the 'Holy Grail' of pesticide manufacturing, because this technology is a promising species-specific environmentally friendly approach to killing natural enemies of cultured plants and farmed animals. The general idea to use RNAi as a pest-control agent originated with the realization that dsRNAs that target developmentally or physiologically important insect genes can cause lethal phenotypes as a result of the specific gene downregulation. Most importantly to achieve this, dsRNA is not required to be constitutively expressed via a transgene in the targeted insect but it can be administrated orally after direct spraying on the infested plants. Similarly, dsRNAs can be administered to pests after constitutive expression as a hairpin in plants or bacteria via stable transgenesis. Ideally, this technology could have already been applied in integrated pest management (IPM) if improvements were not essential in order to achieve higher insecticidal effects. There are many limitations that decrease RNAi efficiency in insects, which arise from the biochemical nature of the insect gut as well as from deficiencies in the RNAi core machinery, a common phenomenon mostly observed in lepidopteran species. To overcome these obstacles, new technologies should be assessed to ascertain that the dsRNA will be transferred intact, stable and in high amounts to the targeted insect cells. In this chapter we will review a wide range of recent discoveries that address the delivery issues of dsRNAs in insect cells, with a focus on the most prominent and efficient technologies. We will also review the upcoming and novel use of viral molecular components for the successful and efficient delivery of dsRNA to the insect cell.
{"title":"The 'Trojan horse' approach for successful RNA interference in insects.","authors":"D. Kontogiannatos, Anna Kolliopoulou, L. Swevers","doi":"10.1079/9781789248890.0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789248890.0025","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 Since the discovery of RNA interference in 1998 as a potent molecular tool for the selective downregulation of gene expression in almost all eukaryotes, increasing research is being performed in order to discover applications that are useful for the pharmaceutical and chemical industry. The ease of use of double-stranded RNA for targeted in vivo gene silencing in animal cells and tissues gave birth to a massive interest from industry in order to discover biotechnological applications for human health and plant protection. For insects, RNAi became the 'Holy Grail' of pesticide manufacturing, because this technology is a promising species-specific environmentally friendly approach to killing natural enemies of cultured plants and farmed animals. The general idea to use RNAi as a pest-control agent originated with the realization that dsRNAs that target developmentally or physiologically important insect genes can cause lethal phenotypes as a result of the specific gene downregulation. Most importantly to achieve this, dsRNA is not required to be constitutively expressed via a transgene in the targeted insect but it can be administrated orally after direct spraying on the infested plants. Similarly, dsRNAs can be administered to pests after constitutive expression as a hairpin in plants or bacteria via stable transgenesis. Ideally, this technology could have already been applied in integrated pest management (IPM) if improvements were not essential in order to achieve higher insecticidal effects. There are many limitations that decrease RNAi efficiency in insects, which arise from the biochemical nature of the insect gut as well as from deficiencies in the RNAi core machinery, a common phenomenon mostly observed in lepidopteran species. To overcome these obstacles, new technologies should be assessed to ascertain that the dsRNA will be transferred intact, stable and in high amounts to the targeted insect cells. In this chapter we will review a wide range of recent discoveries that address the delivery issues of dsRNAs in insect cells, with a focus on the most prominent and efficient technologies. We will also review the upcoming and novel use of viral molecular components for the successful and efficient delivery of dsRNA to the insect cell.","PeriodicalId":121833,"journal":{"name":"RNAi for plant improvement and protection","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116165784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1079/9781789248890.0040
M. Ravelonandro, P. Briard
Abstract In plants, genome expression is linked to the transcribed mRNAs that are synthesized by RNA polymerase. Following its move to the cytoplasm, the generated mRNA is briefly translated to the encoded protein. If transcription and translation are dependent on the family of RNA polymerase, these two phenomena could be interfered with through the process designated as gene regulation. Thus, large molecules of RNA (single-stranded or double-stranded) consequently sliced into small molecules produce nascent small interfering RNA ranging from 21 to 27 nucleotides. This chapter revisits the biogenesis of these two types of RNAi, miRNA and siRNA, and notably their involvement in plant gene regulation. Following their sequential transcription and their specific involvement, we will consider the sources and roles of RNA interference in plants and we will look at their detection in fruit crops. We discuss their applications and the risk assessment studies in fruit crops.
{"title":"Biogenesis and functional RNAi in fruit trees.","authors":"M. Ravelonandro, P. Briard","doi":"10.1079/9781789248890.0040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789248890.0040","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 In plants, genome expression is linked to the transcribed mRNAs that are synthesized by RNA polymerase. Following its move to the cytoplasm, the generated mRNA is briefly translated to the encoded protein. If transcription and translation are dependent on the family of RNA polymerase, these two phenomena could be interfered with through the process designated as gene regulation. Thus, large molecules of RNA (single-stranded or double-stranded) consequently sliced into small molecules produce nascent small interfering RNA ranging from 21 to 27 nucleotides. This chapter revisits the biogenesis of these two types of RNAi, miRNA and siRNA, and notably their involvement in plant gene regulation. Following their sequential transcription and their specific involvement, we will consider the sources and roles of RNA interference in plants and we will look at their detection in fruit crops. We discuss their applications and the risk assessment studies in fruit crops.","PeriodicalId":121833,"journal":{"name":"RNAi for plant improvement and protection","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131344622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1079/9781789248890.0167
H. Opsahl-Sorteberg
Abstract Communication is an increasing prerequisite to justify academic existence and value, and for project funding of all kinds to show relevance and value, including the future of European networks like COST Actions. Academia is slowly adapting to this expectation and learning the profession of communication. Language and vocabulary are key issues in communication, and particularly to reach the many important non-scientific audiences. Therefore, this chapter starts with a description of some new plant breeding technologies relevant for communicating, in general terms, the science behind plant improvement. This is followed by selected examples of the application of these techniques to improve current and future crop varieties. Finally, key messages gathered from the European iPLANTA project for policy makers, non-specialists and specially interested citizens are communicated. This is to show a wider audience how RNAi can contribute to sustainable food solutions and food security with minimal environmental impacts.
{"title":"Future plant solutions by interfering RNA and key messages for communication and dissemination.","authors":"H. Opsahl-Sorteberg","doi":"10.1079/9781789248890.0167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789248890.0167","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 Communication is an increasing prerequisite to justify academic existence and value, and for project funding of all kinds to show relevance and value, including the future of European networks like COST Actions. Academia is slowly adapting to this expectation and learning the profession of communication. Language and vocabulary are key issues in communication, and particularly to reach the many important non-scientific audiences. Therefore, this chapter starts with a description of some new plant breeding technologies relevant for communicating, in general terms, the science behind plant improvement. This is followed by selected examples of the application of these techniques to improve current and future crop varieties. Finally, key messages gathered from the European iPLANTA project for policy makers, non-specialists and specially interested citizens are communicated. This is to show a wider audience how RNAi can contribute to sustainable food solutions and food security with minimal environmental impacts.","PeriodicalId":121833,"journal":{"name":"RNAi for plant improvement and protection","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129499822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1079/9781789248890.0004
E. Zuriaga, Á. Polo-Oltra, M. Badenes
Abstract This chapter provides information on the history of the use of pathogen-derived resistance (PDR) in plants and use of PDR for basic research and commercial purposes. Some limitations of the RNA interference (RNAi) technology are presented and various tools that can be used to design RNAi constructs and screen for potential off-target effects are also discussed.
{"title":"Gene silencing to induce pathogen-derived resistance in plants.","authors":"E. Zuriaga, Á. Polo-Oltra, M. Badenes","doi":"10.1079/9781789248890.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789248890.0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 This chapter provides information on the history of the use of pathogen-derived resistance (PDR) in plants and use of PDR for basic research and commercial purposes. Some limitations of the RNA interference (RNAi) technology are presented and various tools that can be used to design RNAi constructs and screen for potential off-target effects are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":121833,"journal":{"name":"RNAi for plant improvement and protection","volume":"121 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128490926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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