Hot flushes and night sweats (HF/NS), the main physical symptoms experienced during the menopause transition, tend to be problematic for approximately 20–25% of women. Hormone therapy (HT) is an effective treatment, but HT use has declined following the publication of results of clinical trials and HT is usually contraindicated for women who have had breast cancer. Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) is an effective treatment for anxiety and depression, and exploratory trials suggest that it might be helpful for HF/NS. The results of two randomized controlled trials (MENOS 1 and MENOS 2), carried out with breast cancer patients and healthy women, suggest that CBT delivered in groups and in a guided self-help format can significantly reduce the impact of HF/NS. Additional benefits were found in mood and quality of life. CBT could therefore offer an alternative to women with troublesome HF/NS.
{"title":"Cognitive behavioral interventions for the treatment of menopausal symptoms","authors":"M. Hunter","doi":"10.1586/EOG.12.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1586/EOG.12.29","url":null,"abstract":"Hot flushes and night sweats (HF/NS), the main physical symptoms experienced during the menopause transition, tend to be problematic for approximately 20–25% of women. Hormone therapy (HT) is an effective treatment, but HT use has declined following the publication of results of clinical trials and HT is usually contraindicated for women who have had breast cancer. Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) is an effective treatment for anxiety and depression, and exploratory trials suggest that it might be helpful for HF/NS. The results of two randomized controlled trials (MENOS 1 and MENOS 2), carried out with breast cancer patients and healthy women, suggest that CBT delivered in groups and in a guided self-help format can significantly reduce the impact of HF/NS. Additional benefits were found in mood and quality of life. CBT could therefore offer an alternative to women with troublesome HF/NS.","PeriodicalId":12242,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Obstetrics & Gynecology","volume":"2 ","pages":"321-326"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72554510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
TB is still a global problem, with a prevalence of 12 million in 2010. The WHO recommends screening for TB in pregnancy. In areas of high TB incidence, isoniazid should be given as preventive therapy in pregnant women with HIV infection who do not have active TB. This review examines the evidence for this recommendation, reviews advances in diagnostic tests for TB infection and how WHO recommendations might be adapted to countries with low and moderate TB incidence. Preventive treatment for TB is shown to be safe in those taking antiretroviral therapy or with concomitant hepatitis.
{"title":"Screening for tuberculosis in pregnancy","authors":"G. H. Bothamley","doi":"10.1586/EOG.12.35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1586/EOG.12.35","url":null,"abstract":"TB is still a global problem, with a prevalence of 12 million in 2010. The WHO recommends screening for TB in pregnancy. In areas of high TB incidence, isoniazid should be given as preventive therapy in pregnant women with HIV infection who do not have active TB. This review examines the evidence for this recommendation, reviews advances in diagnostic tests for TB infection and how WHO recommendations might be adapted to countries with low and moderate TB incidence. Preventive treatment for TB is shown to be safe in those taking antiretroviral therapy or with concomitant hepatitis.","PeriodicalId":12242,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Obstetrics & Gynecology","volume":"25 1","pages":"387-395"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73793609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Male factors are responsible for 50% of cases that are considered for fertility problems – one half of them idiopathic. Basic sperm analysis under the WHO premises is the only tool to assess male fertility but its predictive value to measure male capacity to have a newborn is limited. Success rates are far from 100% in assisted reproduction, pointing to the need for new diagnostic and sperm selection tools. To determine which are the most desirable features for a sperm cell to succeed, several molecular markers are being tested. Once described, the possibility arises of designing different methodologies to select the optimum sperm among millions, subsequently reducing the failure chances. The aim of this work is to discuss the relevance of sperm molecular markers available to develop tools that allow the objective and evidence-based selection of sperm with the best molecular and physiological profile to be employed in assisted reproduction technology to enhance newborn achievement likelihood.
{"title":"Increasing the success of assisted reproduction by defining sperm fertility markers and selecting sperm with the best molecular profile","authors":"Rocío Rivera, M. Meseguer, N. Garrido","doi":"10.1586/EOG.12.36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1586/EOG.12.36","url":null,"abstract":"Male factors are responsible for 50% of cases that are considered for fertility problems – one half of them idiopathic. Basic sperm analysis under the WHO premises is the only tool to assess male fertility but its predictive value to measure male capacity to have a newborn is limited. Success rates are far from 100% in assisted reproduction, pointing to the need for new diagnostic and sperm selection tools. To determine which are the most desirable features for a sperm cell to succeed, several molecular markers are being tested. Once described, the possibility arises of designing different methodologies to select the optimum sperm among millions, subsequently reducing the failure chances. The aim of this work is to discuss the relevance of sperm molecular markers available to develop tools that allow the objective and evidence-based selection of sperm with the best molecular and physiological profile to be employed in assisted reproduction technology to enhance newborn achievement likelihood.","PeriodicalId":12242,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Obstetrics & Gynecology","volume":"63 1","pages":"347-362"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74591748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Endometriosis is an estrogen-dependent chronic inflammatory condition in which endometrial glands and stroma are found outside of the endometrium, causing pelvic pain and infertility. The majority of cases are confined to the pelvis, and can be treated either medically or surgically. Video-assisted laparoscopy is the preferred surgical approach, with the goal of restoring normal anatomy and alleviating pelvic pain. Although endometriosis is usually confined to the pelvis, it is also found in the GI tract, urinary tract and thoracic cavity. When endometriosis has spread beyond the genital tract, a high index of suspicion is necessary for diagnosis, and a multidisciplinary approach is often required to treat the disease adequately.
{"title":"Comprehensive video-assisted laparoscopic approach to treat genital and extragenital endometriosis","authors":"C. Paka, E. Buescher, C. Nezhat","doi":"10.1586/EOG.12.38","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1586/EOG.12.38","url":null,"abstract":"Endometriosis is an estrogen-dependent chronic inflammatory condition in which endometrial glands and stroma are found outside of the endometrium, causing pelvic pain and infertility. The majority of cases are confined to the pelvis, and can be treated either medically or surgically. Video-assisted laparoscopy is the preferred surgical approach, with the goal of restoring normal anatomy and alleviating pelvic pain. Although endometriosis is usually confined to the pelvis, it is also found in the GI tract, urinary tract and thoracic cavity. When endometriosis has spread beyond the genital tract, a high index of suspicion is necessary for diagnosis, and a multidisciplinary approach is often required to treat the disease adequately.","PeriodicalId":12242,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Obstetrics & Gynecology","volume":"90 1","pages":"335-345"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83927561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Does a growth-restricted fetus have fewer cardiomyocytes than a normally grown fetus?","authors":"J. Morrison, K. Botting","doi":"10.1586/EOG.12.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1586/EOG.12.30","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12242,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Obstetrics & Gynecology","volume":"33 1","pages":"301-303"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87140447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Urogynecological problems are important causes of morbidity in women. However, they are largely quality-of-life issues and very rarely lead to life-threatening complications. Management of these conditions range from conservative measures and medical therapy to surgical intervention. It remains challenging to compare results from interventions as there is no standard definition of ‘cure’. Traditionally, studies on interventions have focused on objective outcome measures. More recently, patient expectations of therapy have gained recognition as an outcome assessment tool, especially when therapy is being offered simply to improve quality of life. As patients’ views have been recognized as increasingly important, an alternative way of examining patient expectations of treatment using patient-orientated goals has evolved. The aim of this review article is to consider the development and current usage of patient goals as an outcome assessment tool in urogynecology, with a focus on urogenital prolapse, stress ...
{"title":"Patient goals in urogynecology","authors":"S. Srikrishna, L. Cardozo","doi":"10.1586/EOG.12.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1586/EOG.12.31","url":null,"abstract":"Urogynecological problems are important causes of morbidity in women. However, they are largely quality-of-life issues and very rarely lead to life-threatening complications. Management of these conditions range from conservative measures and medical therapy to surgical intervention. It remains challenging to compare results from interventions as there is no standard definition of ‘cure’. Traditionally, studies on interventions have focused on objective outcome measures. More recently, patient expectations of therapy have gained recognition as an outcome assessment tool, especially when therapy is being offered simply to improve quality of life. As patients’ views have been recognized as increasingly important, an alternative way of examining patient expectations of treatment using patient-orientated goals has evolved. The aim of this review article is to consider the development and current usage of patient goals as an outcome assessment tool in urogynecology, with a focus on urogenital prolapse, stress ...","PeriodicalId":12242,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Obstetrics & Gynecology","volume":"42 1","pages":"327-333"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89856370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fertility preservation (FP) was developed with the explicit purpose of helping young women and men overcome complications of infertility associated with cancer-related treatments. Currently, no databases in the USA follow cancer or noncancer patients who undergo FP. Hence, the number and demographics of women and men who seek these services, as well as the efficacy, benefits, risks, success rates and quality of care of FP are unknown. Two feasibility studies on young women seeking FP in southern California are discussed. In addition, barriers, funding, a needs assessment, and approaches to establishing and evaluating a database are presented. A FP database would provide oncologists, reproductive endocrinologists and other medical specialists with an invaluable resource for evidence-based decisions; a foundation of knowledge that could alleviate patients’ fears so that they can make informed decisions; public health surveillance; and research opportunities.
{"title":"Establishing a fertility preservation database: no time like the present","authors":"H. Klonoff-Cohen","doi":"10.1586/EOG.12.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1586/EOG.12.15","url":null,"abstract":"Fertility preservation (FP) was developed with the explicit purpose of helping young women and men overcome complications of infertility associated with cancer-related treatments. Currently, no databases in the USA follow cancer or noncancer patients who undergo FP. Hence, the number and demographics of women and men who seek these services, as well as the efficacy, benefits, risks, success rates and quality of care of FP are unknown. Two feasibility studies on young women seeking FP in southern California are discussed. In addition, barriers, funding, a needs assessment, and approaches to establishing and evaluating a database are presented. A FP database would provide oncologists, reproductive endocrinologists and other medical specialists with an invaluable resource for evidence-based decisions; a foundation of knowledge that could alleviate patients’ fears so that they can make informed decisions; public health surveillance; and research opportunities.","PeriodicalId":12242,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Obstetrics & Gynecology","volume":"11 1","pages":"213-225"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82484397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Receptor-binding cancer antigen expressed on SiSo cells (RCAS1) is a type II membrane protein that can induce apoptosis in immune cells, including peripheral lymphocytes and natural killer cells, after being converted to a secreted type by ectodomain shedding. So far, over 140 scientific reports have been published concerning the biological functions and clinical significance of RCAS1. Since RCAS1 not only helps tumor cells to evade immune surveillance but also induces cancer stromal tissue remodeling, RCAS1 is believed to exaggerate aggressive characteristics of human malignancies. Clinically, RCAS1 expression correlates with several pathological variables including tumor size, stage and invasion depth, and lymph node metastasis, and is a negative predictor of overall survival in 15 different kinds of cancer. RCAS1 is secreted in significantly greater quantities in serum of pleural effusion in cancer patients than noncancer patients, and its level is changed in response to treatment. Novel therapeutic st...
{"title":"RCAS1 is a promising therapeutic target against cancer: its multifunctional bioactivities and clinical significance","authors":"K. Sonoda","doi":"10.1586/EOG.12.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1586/EOG.12.22","url":null,"abstract":"Receptor-binding cancer antigen expressed on SiSo cells (RCAS1) is a type II membrane protein that can induce apoptosis in immune cells, including peripheral lymphocytes and natural killer cells, after being converted to a secreted type by ectodomain shedding. So far, over 140 scientific reports have been published concerning the biological functions and clinical significance of RCAS1. Since RCAS1 not only helps tumor cells to evade immune surveillance but also induces cancer stromal tissue remodeling, RCAS1 is believed to exaggerate aggressive characteristics of human malignancies. Clinically, RCAS1 expression correlates with several pathological variables including tumor size, stage and invasion depth, and lymph node metastasis, and is a negative predictor of overall survival in 15 different kinds of cancer. RCAS1 is secreted in significantly greater quantities in serum of pleural effusion in cancer patients than noncancer patients, and its level is changed in response to treatment. Novel therapeutic st...","PeriodicalId":12242,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Obstetrics & Gynecology","volume":"26 1","pages":"261-267"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82664900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Millennium Development Goal 5: alternative paths to delivery","authors":"N. Broek","doi":"10.1586/EOG.12.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1586/EOG.12.18","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12242,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Obstetrics & Gynecology","volume":"108 1","pages":"197-199"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73507810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bruna M Couri, Andrew T Lenis, Ali Borazjani, Marie Fidela R Paraiso, Margot S Damaser
Pelvic organ prolapse is a vaginal protrusion of female pelvic organs. It has high prevalence worldwide and represents a great burden to the economy. The pathophysiology of pelvic organ prolapse is multifactorial and includes genetic predisposition, aberrant connective tissue, obesity, advancing age, vaginal delivery and other risk factors. Owing to the long course prior to patients becoming symptomatic and ethical questions surrounding human studies, animal models are necessary and useful. These models can mimic different human characteristics - histological, anatomical or hormonal, but none present all of the characteristics at the same time. Major animal models include knockout mice, rats, sheep, rabbits and nonhuman primates. In this article we discuss different animal models and their utility for investigating the natural progression of pelvic organ prolapse pathophysiology and novel treatment approaches.
{"title":"Animal models of female pelvic organ prolapse: lessons learned.","authors":"Bruna M Couri, Andrew T Lenis, Ali Borazjani, Marie Fidela R Paraiso, Margot S Damaser","doi":"10.1586/eog.12.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1586/eog.12.24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pelvic organ prolapse is a vaginal protrusion of female pelvic organs. It has high prevalence worldwide and represents a great burden to the economy. The pathophysiology of pelvic organ prolapse is multifactorial and includes genetic predisposition, aberrant connective tissue, obesity, advancing age, vaginal delivery and other risk factors. Owing to the long course prior to patients becoming symptomatic and ethical questions surrounding human studies, animal models are necessary and useful. These models can mimic different human characteristics - histological, anatomical or hormonal, but none present all of the characteristics at the same time. Major animal models include knockout mice, rats, sheep, rabbits and nonhuman primates. In this article we discuss different animal models and their utility for investigating the natural progression of pelvic organ prolapse pathophysiology and novel treatment approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":12242,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Obstetrics & Gynecology","volume":"7 3","pages":"249-260"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1586/eog.12.24","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30698553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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