Much remains to be understood about the etiology of eating disorders. There is substantial evidence that reproductive hormones, specifically estrogens, play a direct role in normal food intake. Evidence is increasing that the reproductive hormones play a role in the abnormal food intake associated with eating disorders. For example, there is an inverse association between estradiol and eating disorder symptoms. Preliminary studies also suggest that hormone augmentation may be a beneficial adjunct to the standard treatment of choice for eating disorders. However, research is limited, so definitive conclusions about the benefit of hormone augmentation in treatment cannot be drawn. Future research, with a focus on translational studies, should continue to explore the role of reproductive hormones in the vulnerability to and maintenance of eating disorders.
{"title":"The role of reproductive hormones in the development and maintenance of eating disorders.","authors":"Jessica H Baker, Susan S Girdler, Cynthia M Bulik","doi":"10.1586/eog.12.54","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1586/eog.12.54","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Much remains to be understood about the etiology of eating disorders. There is substantial evidence that reproductive hormones, specifically estrogens, play a direct role in normal food intake. Evidence is increasing that the reproductive hormones play a role in the abnormal food intake associated with eating disorders. For example, there is an inverse association between estradiol and eating disorder symptoms. Preliminary studies also suggest that hormone augmentation may be a beneficial adjunct to the standard treatment of choice for eating disorders. However, research is limited, so definitive conclusions about the benefit of hormone augmentation in treatment cannot be drawn. Future research, with a focus on translational studies, should continue to explore the role of reproductive hormones in the vulnerability to and maintenance of eating disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":12242,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Obstetrics & Gynecology","volume":"7 6","pages":"573-583"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1586/eog.12.54","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31450266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Owing to progress in cancer treatment regimens, cancer survival rates have dramatically improved both in pediatric and reproductive-aged patients. With the expanding availability of fertility preservation methods, a greater number of reproductive-aged and pediatric patients are being invited to utilize one of the various options. Fertility preservation requires an individualized approach. With the increase in success rates of frozen–thawed embryo utilization for IVF, embryo freezing becomes the most widely applied method. Despite the fact that success rates are substantially improved, oocyte freezing is still considered experimental. Other alternative options include in vitro maturation of oocytes and ovarian tissue cryopreservation. In this review, various fertility preservation techniques using cryopreservation technology, gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog cotreatment along with chemotherapy to decrease damage in ovarian reserve, surgical options to preserve fertility and some future techniques are ...
{"title":"Fertility preservation in women: an update","authors":"S. Taşkın, M. Sönmezer","doi":"10.1586/EOG.12.65","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1586/EOG.12.65","url":null,"abstract":"Owing to progress in cancer treatment regimens, cancer survival rates have dramatically improved both in pediatric and reproductive-aged patients. With the expanding availability of fertility preservation methods, a greater number of reproductive-aged and pediatric patients are being invited to utilize one of the various options. Fertility preservation requires an individualized approach. With the increase in success rates of frozen–thawed embryo utilization for IVF, embryo freezing becomes the most widely applied method. Despite the fact that success rates are substantially improved, oocyte freezing is still considered experimental. Other alternative options include in vitro maturation of oocytes and ovarian tissue cryopreservation. In this review, various fertility preservation techniques using cryopreservation technology, gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog cotreatment along with chemotherapy to decrease damage in ovarian reserve, surgical options to preserve fertility and some future techniques are ...","PeriodicalId":12242,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Obstetrics & Gynecology","volume":"16 1","pages":"595-603"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89297344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For more than 20 years, women over 50 years of age have been able to achieve pregnancy and deliver babies using donor oocyte IVF (D-IVF). Pregnancy and live-birth delivery rates following D-IVF in these older patients are comparable with rates experienced by younger women undergoing IVF with either donor or autologous oocytes. While there are increased risks of adverse perinatal events occurring in this unique older age group of women, the current data infers the relative overall safety of attempting pregnancy in properly screened and selected patients. This article describes the history and current practice of D-IVF in women over 50 years of age and then concludes with expert commentary and current 5-year outlook on the future of this practice.
{"title":"Managing assisted reproduction in women over the age of 50 years: a clinical update","authors":"L. C. Grossman, D. Kort, M. Sauer","doi":"10.1586/EOG.12.62","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1586/EOG.12.62","url":null,"abstract":"For more than 20 years, women over 50 years of age have been able to achieve pregnancy and deliver babies using donor oocyte IVF (D-IVF). Pregnancy and live-birth delivery rates following D-IVF in these older patients are comparable with rates experienced by younger women undergoing IVF with either donor or autologous oocytes. While there are increased risks of adverse perinatal events occurring in this unique older age group of women, the current data infers the relative overall safety of attempting pregnancy in properly screened and selected patients. This article describes the history and current practice of D-IVF in women over 50 years of age and then concludes with expert commentary and current 5-year outlook on the future of this practice.","PeriodicalId":12242,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Obstetrics & Gynecology","volume":"115 1","pages":"525-533"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79351858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Martínez-Moratalla, D. Escribano, E. Gómez-Montes, I. Herraiz, A. Galindo
Congenital heart defects (CHDs) affect approximately three to eight out of 1000 live births and are a leading cause of fetal and postnatal mortality. Over the past 30 years, fetal echocardiography has emerged as an accurate tool to diagnose CHDs, and high-experience groups dealing with high-risk patients currently report detection rates of approximately 80–90% for major defects. However, the performance of obstetric ultrasound applied to the general obstetric population is still discouraging, with detection rates of 30–40% of major CHDs. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the results of obstetric ultrasound screening for CHDs. In this article, the authors describe current and future strategies that may be helpful, such as the uniform application of published guidelines for performing the so-called basic and extended-basic cardiac scan through comprehensive training, the implementation of new indications for performing fetal echocardiography and the use of new technologies such as 3D–4D scanning or tele...
{"title":"Prenatal ultrasound screening for congenital heart defects: current and future strategies","authors":"J. Martínez-Moratalla, D. Escribano, E. Gómez-Montes, I. Herraiz, A. Galindo","doi":"10.1586/EOG.12.59","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1586/EOG.12.59","url":null,"abstract":"Congenital heart defects (CHDs) affect approximately three to eight out of 1000 live births and are a leading cause of fetal and postnatal mortality. Over the past 30 years, fetal echocardiography has emerged as an accurate tool to diagnose CHDs, and high-experience groups dealing with high-risk patients currently report detection rates of approximately 80–90% for major defects. However, the performance of obstetric ultrasound applied to the general obstetric population is still discouraging, with detection rates of 30–40% of major CHDs. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the results of obstetric ultrasound screening for CHDs. In this article, the authors describe current and future strategies that may be helpful, such as the uniform application of published guidelines for performing the so-called basic and extended-basic cardiac scan through comprehensive training, the implementation of new indications for performing fetal echocardiography and the use of new technologies such as 3D–4D scanning or tele...","PeriodicalId":12242,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Obstetrics & Gynecology","volume":"7 1","pages":"535-544"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78380015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Evaluation of: Liu SP, Huang X, Ke GH, Huang XW. 3D radiation therapy or intensity-modulated radiotherapy for recurrent and metastatic cervical cancer: the Shanghai Cancer Hospital Experience. PLoS ONE 7(6), e40299 (2012).Metastatic and recurrent cervical cancer is generally considered incurable. Chemotherapy is the standard treatment modality, and chemotherapy has improved through randomized trials. Median survival with the best chemotherapy doublet is 12.9 months. In cases when surgery is not successful, prolonged survival may result with modern radiotherapy techniques. Liu et al. report a 3-year progression-free survival rate of 65%. Attention to radiotherapy details, such as avoidance of treatment delays, use of sensitizing chemotherapy and appropriate use of brachytherapy, and correct volumes and doses should be employed. For select patients with recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer, modern radiotherapy may be a good option.
{"title":"Curative treatment for recurrent and metastatic cervical cancer","authors":"D. Gaffney, T. Werner","doi":"10.1586/EOG.12.61","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1586/EOG.12.61","url":null,"abstract":"Evaluation of: Liu SP, Huang X, Ke GH, Huang XW. 3D radiation therapy or intensity-modulated radiotherapy for recurrent and metastatic cervical cancer: the Shanghai Cancer Hospital Experience. PLoS ONE 7(6), e40299 (2012).Metastatic and recurrent cervical cancer is generally considered incurable. Chemotherapy is the standard treatment modality, and chemotherapy has improved through randomized trials. Median survival with the best chemotherapy doublet is 12.9 months. In cases when surgery is not successful, prolonged survival may result with modern radiotherapy techniques. Liu et al. report a 3-year progression-free survival rate of 65%. Attention to radiotherapy details, such as avoidance of treatment delays, use of sensitizing chemotherapy and appropriate use of brachytherapy, and correct volumes and doses should be employed. For select patients with recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer, modern radiotherapy may be a good option.","PeriodicalId":12242,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Obstetrics & Gynecology","volume":"57 1","pages":"521-523"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90901839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cell-free fetal DNA: emerging applications and future obstacles","authors":"Kerry Oxenford, M. Hill, L. Chitty","doi":"10.1586/EOG.12.66","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1586/EOG.12.66","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12242,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Obstetrics & Gynecology","volume":"10 1","pages":"513-515"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84750569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This is a review of currently available data on local vaginal estrogen treatment with critical comments and a view on future perspectives. Vaginal atrophy affects 25–50% of postmenopausal women, and 40–45% of sexually active women suffer from dyspareunia. Treatment with all available local estrogen preparations is effective, but studies on dose–response relationship are lacking as is noncompany-sponsored comparisons between different estrogens and formulations. Local estrogen is effective in the prevention of recurrent urinary tract infection, but data on incontinence are mixed. Epidemiological data, long-term clinical safety data and data in women with a history of breast and other cancers are lacking. Safety data beyond 1 year are needed to support actual use. The use of local therapy is still likely to increase.
{"title":"The role of local vaginal estrogen treatment in urogenital atrophy","authors":"L. Ulrich","doi":"10.1586/EOG.12.64","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1586/EOG.12.64","url":null,"abstract":"This is a review of currently available data on local vaginal estrogen treatment with critical comments and a view on future perspectives. Vaginal atrophy affects 25–50% of postmenopausal women, and 40–45% of sexually active women suffer from dyspareunia. Treatment with all available local estrogen preparations is effective, but studies on dose–response relationship are lacking as is noncompany-sponsored comparisons between different estrogens and formulations. Local estrogen is effective in the prevention of recurrent urinary tract infection, but data on incontinence are mixed. Epidemiological data, long-term clinical safety data and data in women with a history of breast and other cancers are lacking. Safety data beyond 1 year are needed to support actual use. The use of local therapy is still likely to increase.","PeriodicalId":12242,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Obstetrics & Gynecology","volume":"37 1","pages":"545-556"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81995565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Overactive bladder has significant impact on a patient’s quality of life. Conservative and pharmacologic management are effective in most patients. Whereas treatment options were limited many years ago for patients who failed first-line therapy, there are now multiple minimally invasive options for them. Detrusor injection of botulinum toxin, which is not yet officially approved for the treatment of idiopathic overactive bladder, significantly improves patient’s symptoms and quality of life, and is well tolerated. Two types of neuromodulation are also available: posterior tibial nerve stimulation and sacral nerve stimulation. Promising new medications are in the pipeline. For those who do not respond to the minimally invasive options, augmentation cystoplasty or urinary diversion remain options.
{"title":"Management of refractory overactive bladder","authors":"M. Carmel, H. Goldman","doi":"10.1586/EOG.12.60","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1586/EOG.12.60","url":null,"abstract":"Overactive bladder has significant impact on a patient’s quality of life. Conservative and pharmacologic management are effective in most patients. Whereas treatment options were limited many years ago for patients who failed first-line therapy, there are now multiple minimally invasive options for them. Detrusor injection of botulinum toxin, which is not yet officially approved for the treatment of idiopathic overactive bladder, significantly improves patient’s symptoms and quality of life, and is well tolerated. Two types of neuromodulation are also available: posterior tibial nerve stimulation and sacral nerve stimulation. Promising new medications are in the pipeline. For those who do not respond to the minimally invasive options, augmentation cystoplasty or urinary diversion remain options.","PeriodicalId":12242,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Obstetrics & Gynecology","volume":"5 1","pages":"605-613"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75540827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
On 20 June 2012, the media announced the death of Lesley Brown, aged 64 years, the world’s first ‘test-tube baby mother’. During her reproductive years, Lesley suffered from blocked Fallopian tubes, the exact problem that IVF was designed to bypass. She and her husband had to travel across southern England (from Bristol to Cambridge) to meet Robert Edwards and his physician partner, Patrick Steptoe, who ultimately delivered baby Louise Brown in a distant third location in order to avoid both media scrutiny and moral condemnation (i.e., accusations that they were ‘playing God’ owing to Louise’s test-tube conception). In short, from the moment of IVF discovery, reproductive travel was undertaken, some of it under conditions of secrecy. By today’s standards, Lesley Brown would be considered as a ‘procreative tourist’, for she met all of the criteria of the following definition: “The travelling by candidate service recipients from one institution, jurisdiction or country where treatment is not available to another institution, jurisdiction or country where they can obtain the kind of medically assisted reproduction they desire” [1]. If Lesley Brown could be considered as a procreative tourist, then procreative tourism (also known as reproductive tourism or fertility tourism) is as old as IVF itself – 35 years, to be exact.
{"title":"Procreative tourism: debating the meaning of cross-border reproductive care in the 21st century","authors":"Marcia C. Inhorn, P. Patrizio","doi":"10.1586/EOG.12.56","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1586/EOG.12.56","url":null,"abstract":"On 20 June 2012, the media announced the death of Lesley Brown, aged 64 years, the world’s first ‘test-tube baby mother’. During her reproductive years, Lesley suffered from blocked Fallopian tubes, the exact problem that IVF was designed to bypass. She and her husband had to travel across southern England (from Bristol to Cambridge) to meet Robert Edwards and his physician partner, Patrick Steptoe, who ultimately delivered baby Louise Brown in a distant third location in order to avoid both media scrutiny and moral condemnation (i.e., accusations that they were ‘playing God’ owing to Louise’s test-tube conception). In short, from the moment of IVF discovery, reproductive travel was undertaken, some of it under conditions of secrecy. By today’s standards, Lesley Brown would be considered as a ‘procreative tourist’, for she met all of the criteria of the following definition: “The travelling by candidate service recipients from one institution, jurisdiction or country where treatment is not available to another institution, jurisdiction or country where they can obtain the kind of medically assisted reproduction they desire” [1]. If Lesley Brown could be considered as a procreative tourist, then procreative tourism (also known as reproductive tourism or fertility tourism) is as old as IVF itself – 35 years, to be exact.","PeriodicalId":12242,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Obstetrics & Gynecology","volume":"3 1","pages":"509-511"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88326526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-11-01DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-44080-3_23
M. Farage, K. W. Miller, H. Maibach
{"title":"The Effects of Menopause on Autoimmune Diseases","authors":"M. Farage, K. W. Miller, H. Maibach","doi":"10.1007/978-3-662-44080-3_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44080-3_23","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12242,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Obstetrics & Gynecology","volume":"28 1","pages":"299-318"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90228894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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