Pub Date : 2024-01-03DOI: 10.1017/s0014479723000236
Rentian Ma, Taiji Kou, Xianghan Cheng, Ning Yu
The impacts of long-term warming on soil physical structure and soil organic carbon (SOC) pools are currently disputed and uncertain. We conducted an eleven-year warming experiment in wheatland field in Henan, China. We found that long-term warming significantly increased soil bulk density by 4.5%, and significantly decreased total porosity and non-capillary porosity by 3.4% and 5.0%, respectively. Besides, long-term warming decreased the >2 mm fraction proportion and increased <0.053 mm fraction proportion of dry and wet aggregates. The mean weight diameter value for dry and wet aggregates in long-term warming treatment was significantly decreased by 7.0% and 6.7%, respectively. Moreover, long-term warming significantly decreased the total SOC, very labile pool (F1) and labile pool (F2) content by 10.6%, 30.6%, and 43.6%, and significantly increased the less labile pool (F3) and non-labile pool (F4) content by 94.2% and 21.1%, respectively. Long-term warming increased the passive carbon pool percentage but decreased the active carbon pool (ACP) percentage. Our results suggest that long-term warming negatively affected the soil's physical structure and impaired soil ACP accumulation. The findings of this study help improve our understanding of the response of farmland soils in northern China to climate change and provide scientific basis for establishing carbon management measures in farmland.
{"title":"Long-term warming altered soil physical structure and soil organic carbon pools in wheatland field","authors":"Rentian Ma, Taiji Kou, Xianghan Cheng, Ning Yu","doi":"10.1017/s0014479723000236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0014479723000236","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The impacts of long-term warming on soil physical structure and soil organic carbon (SOC) pools are currently disputed and uncertain. We conducted an eleven-year warming experiment in wheatland field in Henan, China. We found that long-term warming significantly increased soil bulk density by 4.5%, and significantly decreased total porosity and non-capillary porosity by 3.4% and 5.0%, respectively. Besides, long-term warming decreased the >2 mm fraction proportion and increased <0.053 mm fraction proportion of dry and wet aggregates. The mean weight diameter value for dry and wet aggregates in long-term warming treatment was significantly decreased by 7.0% and 6.7%, respectively. Moreover, long-term warming significantly decreased the total SOC, very labile pool (F1) and labile pool (F2) content by 10.6%, 30.6%, and 43.6%, and significantly increased the less labile pool (F3) and non-labile pool (F4) content by 94.2% and 21.1%, respectively. Long-term warming increased the passive carbon pool percentage but decreased the active carbon pool (ACP) percentage. Our results suggest that long-term warming negatively affected the soil's physical structure and impaired soil ACP accumulation. The findings of this study help improve our understanding of the response of farmland soils in northern China to climate change and provide scientific basis for establishing carbon management measures in farmland.</p>","PeriodicalId":12245,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Agriculture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139082513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-15DOI: 10.1017/s0014479723000224
Idrissou Ahoudou, Dêêdi E. O. Sogbohossou, Nicodeme V. Fassinou Hotegni, Charlotte O. A. Adjé, Françoise Assogba Komlan, Ismail Moumouni-Moussa, Enoch G. Achigan-Dako
Summary Integrating farmers’ preferences into the breeding and dissemination of new genotypes is a effective approach to enhance their successful adoption by farmers. In the case of sweet potato, a staple crop in many parts of West Africa, there is a need for more research on the selection criteria used by farmers when choosing which varieties to grow. This study aims to highlight farmers’ selection criteria for sweet potato varieties in the main production areas in Benin. A total of 480 farmers from the top three sweet potato production areas were surveyed. The relative importance of various traits for sweet potato farmers was evaluated using best-worst scaling methods. Latent class analysis was applied to find groups of farmers with similar preferences. Best-Worst Scaling analysis revealed that high root yield, root size, marketability, and early maturing were the most important variety selection criteria. Latent class analysis revealed three farmers’ groups referred to as ‘Yield potential’, ‘Market value’, and ‘Plant resilience’ classes. ‘Yield potential’ farmers were more likely to be from Atlantique and Alibori departments; they significantly committed more acreage to sweet potato production. The ‘Market value’ farmers highlighted the variety of root size and commercial value as the main selection criteria and consisted of farmers with primary education levels from the Ouémé department. ‘Plant resilience’ refers to a group of Alibori farmers who prioritize environmental issues and primarily grow sweet potatoes for self-consumption. Our findings shed light on farmers’ preferences and suggested that heterogeneity in sweet potato selection criteria was highly influenced by various socio-economic factors and location.
{"title":"Farmers’ selection criteria for sweet potato varieties in Benin: An application of Best-Worst Scaling","authors":"Idrissou Ahoudou, Dêêdi E. O. Sogbohossou, Nicodeme V. Fassinou Hotegni, Charlotte O. A. Adjé, Françoise Assogba Komlan, Ismail Moumouni-Moussa, Enoch G. Achigan-Dako","doi":"10.1017/s0014479723000224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0014479723000224","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Integrating farmers’ preferences into the breeding and dissemination of new genotypes is a effective approach to enhance their successful adoption by farmers. In the case of sweet potato, a staple crop in many parts of West Africa, there is a need for more research on the selection criteria used by farmers when choosing which varieties to grow. This study aims to highlight farmers’ selection criteria for sweet potato varieties in the main production areas in Benin. A total of 480 farmers from the top three sweet potato production areas were surveyed. The relative importance of various traits for sweet potato farmers was evaluated using best-worst scaling methods. Latent class analysis was applied to find groups of farmers with similar preferences. Best-Worst Scaling analysis revealed that high root yield, root size, marketability, and early maturing were the most important variety selection criteria. Latent class analysis revealed three farmers’ groups referred to as ‘Yield potential’, ‘Market value’, and ‘Plant resilience’ classes. ‘Yield potential’ farmers were more likely to be from Atlantique and Alibori departments; they significantly committed more acreage to sweet potato production. The ‘Market value’ farmers highlighted the variety of root size and commercial value as the main selection criteria and consisted of farmers with primary education levels from the Ouémé department. ‘Plant resilience’ refers to a group of Alibori farmers who prioritize environmental issues and primarily grow sweet potatoes for self-consumption. Our findings shed light on farmers’ preferences and suggested that heterogeneity in sweet potato selection criteria was highly influenced by various socio-economic factors and location.","PeriodicalId":12245,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Agriculture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138688820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-11DOI: 10.1017/s0014479723000212
Julia Doldt, Kidist Yilma, Jim Ellis-Jones, Steffen Schulz, Alex Thomson, Carlos Barahona
Land degradation and declining productivity in the Ethiopian Highlands are primarily caused by soil fertility decline due to erosion, nutrient depletion, and soil acidity. An integrated soil fertility management (ISFM) project operating over a six-year period aimed to combat this and boost yields through participatory demonstrations. Despite high levels of yield variability expected from a farmer-managed observational study over a wide area, results show that crop yields increased with increased use of ISFM. Detailed statistical analysis using multiple linear regression models explained the contribution of individual practices. Use of improved varieties and line-seeding rather than broadcasting were consistently and highly significant. The contribution of inorganic blended fertiliser was less clear, probably due to low soil organic matter and use on acidic soils, although response to nitrogen was highly significant. The contribution of organic fertilisers was less than expected, possibly due to soil disturbance from farmer practices of multiple ploughing. Responses to crop residue management and agroforestry practices were significant on most crops reflecting their importance in improving soil water management, soil organic matter and recycling nutrients. Response to lime application on acid soils was highly significant confirming the importance of correcting acidity. Unexplained differences are attributed to the additive effects of using several ISFM treatments as well as unrecorded beneficial farmer management practices. It can be concluded that ISFM can play an essential role in improving productivity, addressing food insecurity and the challenges of climate change. Further expansion will require advocacy, awareness-raising, field-level extension and involvement of the private sector.
{"title":"The role of integrated soil fertility management in improving crop yields in the Ethiopian Highlands","authors":"Julia Doldt, Kidist Yilma, Jim Ellis-Jones, Steffen Schulz, Alex Thomson, Carlos Barahona","doi":"10.1017/s0014479723000212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0014479723000212","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Land degradation and declining productivity in the Ethiopian Highlands are primarily caused by soil fertility decline due to erosion, nutrient depletion, and soil acidity. An integrated soil fertility management (ISFM) project operating over a six-year period aimed to combat this and boost yields through participatory demonstrations. Despite high levels of yield variability expected from a farmer-managed observational study over a wide area, results show that crop yields increased with increased use of ISFM. Detailed statistical analysis using multiple linear regression models explained the contribution of individual practices. Use of improved varieties and line-seeding rather than broadcasting were consistently and highly significant. The contribution of inorganic blended fertiliser was less clear, probably due to low soil organic matter and use on acidic soils, although response to nitrogen was highly significant. The contribution of organic fertilisers was less than expected, possibly due to soil disturbance from farmer practices of multiple ploughing. Responses to crop residue management and agroforestry practices were significant on most crops reflecting their importance in improving soil water management, soil organic matter and recycling nutrients. Response to lime application on acid soils was highly significant confirming the importance of correcting acidity. Unexplained differences are attributed to the additive effects of using several ISFM treatments as well as unrecorded beneficial farmer management practices. It can be concluded that ISFM can play an essential role in improving productivity, addressing food insecurity and the challenges of climate change. Further expansion will require advocacy, awareness-raising, field-level extension and involvement of the private sector.</p>","PeriodicalId":12245,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Agriculture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138567301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-29DOI: 10.1017/s0014479723000200
Ge Chen, Yuling Kang, Fangbo Cao, Jiana Chen, Min Huang
Summary Fallow weeds can be abundant in rice paddies without any inputs and provide ecosystem services like those of cover crops, such as reducing nitrogen (N) leaching and capturing carbon. Therefore, allowing fallow weeds to grow is a potential alternative to cover crops in rice cropping systems. To evaluate the feasibility of this strategy, the effect of fallow weeds on grain yield in rice needs to be clarified. In this study, 2-year field experiments were conducted to compare N uptake, biomass production, yield components, and grain yield in rice with and without application of fallow weeds (500 g m−2, sun-dried). Results showed that the application of fallow weeds reduced aboveground N uptake and biomass production by 21–30% during the early growth period (from transplanting to mid-tillering) in rice. However, these reductions did not lead to reduced grain yield because they were compensated for or even exceeded by increased aboveground N uptake and biomass production during the middle and late growth periods (from panicle initiation to maturity). In addition, the application of fallow weeds increased spikelets per panicle in rice by 6–7%. These results provide preliminary evidence that fallow weeds may alter yield formation in rice and highlight the need for further investigations of the ecophysiological mechanism underlying the effect of fallow weeds on N uptake in rice.
休耕杂草可以在不需要任何投入的情况下在稻田中大量生长，并提供与覆盖作物类似的生态系统服务，如减少氮淋失和捕获碳。因此，允许休耕杂草生长是水稻种植系统中覆盖作物的潜在替代方案。为了评估该策略的可行性，需要明确休耕杂草对水稻产量的影响。在这项研究中，进行了为期2年的田间试验，比较了施用和未施用休耕杂草(500 g m−2，晒干)的水稻对氮的吸收、生物量生产、产量组成部分和籽粒产量。结果表明:在水稻生长早期(移栽至分蘖中期)，施用休耕杂草可使水稻地上部氮素吸收和生物量产量降低21 ~ 30%;然而，这些减少并没有导致粮食产量的减少，因为在生育中后期(从穗萌发到成熟)，地上氮素吸收和生物量生产的增加弥补了这些减少，甚至超过了这些减少。此外，休耕杂草的施用使水稻穗粒数增加了6-7%。这些结果为休耕杂草可能改变水稻产量形成提供了初步证据，并强调需要进一步研究休耕杂草对水稻氮吸收影响的生态生理机制。
{"title":"Fallow weed application alters rice yield by changing nitrogen uptake","authors":"Ge Chen, Yuling Kang, Fangbo Cao, Jiana Chen, Min Huang","doi":"10.1017/s0014479723000200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0014479723000200","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Fallow weeds can be abundant in rice paddies without any inputs and provide ecosystem services like those of cover crops, such as reducing nitrogen (N) leaching and capturing carbon. Therefore, allowing fallow weeds to grow is a potential alternative to cover crops in rice cropping systems. To evaluate the feasibility of this strategy, the effect of fallow weeds on grain yield in rice needs to be clarified. In this study, 2-year field experiments were conducted to compare N uptake, biomass production, yield components, and grain yield in rice with and without application of fallow weeds (500 g m<jats:sup>−2</jats:sup>, sun-dried). Results showed that the application of fallow weeds reduced aboveground N uptake and biomass production by 21–30% during the early growth period (from transplanting to mid-tillering) in rice. However, these reductions did not lead to reduced grain yield because they were compensated for or even exceeded by increased aboveground N uptake and biomass production during the middle and late growth periods (from panicle initiation to maturity). In addition, the application of fallow weeds increased spikelets per panicle in rice by 6–7%. These results provide preliminary evidence that fallow weeds may alter yield formation in rice and highlight the need for further investigations of the ecophysiological mechanism underlying the effect of fallow weeds on N uptake in rice.","PeriodicalId":12245,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Agriculture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138513826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-05DOI: 10.1017/s0014479723000170
Qiang Jin, Weiqi Wang, Xu Song, J. Sardans, Xuyang Liu, Shaoying Lin, A. Tariq, Fanjiang Zeng, J. Peñuelas
{"title":"Responses of soil–plant C, N, and P concentrations and stoichiometry to contrasting application rates of biochar to subtropical paddy field – CORRIGENDUM","authors":"Qiang Jin, Weiqi Wang, Xu Song, J. Sardans, Xuyang Liu, Shaoying Lin, A. Tariq, Fanjiang Zeng, J. Peñuelas","doi":"10.1017/s0014479723000170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0014479723000170","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12245,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Agriculture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41261849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-24DOI: 10.1017/S0014479723000133
Vassiliki Vindena, Elisavet Toubou, S. Koutroubas, C. Damalas
Summary Optimizing fertilizer use in intensively cropped soils is essential, but knowledge of related issues among farmers is lacking. The present study assessed farmers’ perceptions of fertilizers and practices of fertilizer use in intensive cereal production in rural areas of Evros in northern Greece. In total, 250 cereal farmers were chosen for this study, and more than half of the farmers (53.6%) perceived that chemical fertilizers are hazardous, corroborating a general perception of chemophobia. Nevertheless, almost all farmers (98.8%) stated that they applied fertilization in their cereal production. Among them, 82.8% applied inorganic fertilizers, 9.2% applied green manure, 4.4% applied animal manure, and 3.6% applied commercial organic fertilizers. Most farmers used rates within the recommended rates in cereal production, while 12.9% and 6.2% of the farmers reported fertilization rates that were significantly lower or higher than those recommended for the area, respectively. Almost half of the farmers (48.8%) stated that they often use slow-release fertilizers and 30.8% stated that they frequently use foliar-applied fertilizers in cereals. Most farmers (57.2%) never kept records of annual fertilizations, while two-thirds of the farmers (66.4%) never asked for a soil analysis. Overall, most farmers (52.0%) showed traditional behavior, while only 5.2% showed innovative behavior in fertilizer use. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the innovative behavior was promoted by large-scale farmers, farmers who applied crop rotation, and farmers who perceived inorganic fertilizers as harmful. Moreover, large farm size and favorable attitudes concerning organic fertilizers were significantly associated with organic fertilizers use.
{"title":"Fertilizer use in conventional cereal production in northern Greece: Mapping gaps for improving sustainability","authors":"Vassiliki Vindena, Elisavet Toubou, S. Koutroubas, C. Damalas","doi":"10.1017/S0014479723000133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0014479723000133","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Optimizing fertilizer use in intensively cropped soils is essential, but knowledge of related issues among farmers is lacking. The present study assessed farmers’ perceptions of fertilizers and practices of fertilizer use in intensive cereal production in rural areas of Evros in northern Greece. In total, 250 cereal farmers were chosen for this study, and more than half of the farmers (53.6%) perceived that chemical fertilizers are hazardous, corroborating a general perception of chemophobia. Nevertheless, almost all farmers (98.8%) stated that they applied fertilization in their cereal production. Among them, 82.8% applied inorganic fertilizers, 9.2% applied green manure, 4.4% applied animal manure, and 3.6% applied commercial organic fertilizers. Most farmers used rates within the recommended rates in cereal production, while 12.9% and 6.2% of the farmers reported fertilization rates that were significantly lower or higher than those recommended for the area, respectively. Almost half of the farmers (48.8%) stated that they often use slow-release fertilizers and 30.8% stated that they frequently use foliar-applied fertilizers in cereals. Most farmers (57.2%) never kept records of annual fertilizations, while two-thirds of the farmers (66.4%) never asked for a soil analysis. Overall, most farmers (52.0%) showed traditional behavior, while only 5.2% showed innovative behavior in fertilizer use. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the innovative behavior was promoted by large-scale farmers, farmers who applied crop rotation, and farmers who perceived inorganic fertilizers as harmful. Moreover, large farm size and favorable attitudes concerning organic fertilizers were significantly associated with organic fertilizers use.","PeriodicalId":12245,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Agriculture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45942502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-10DOI: 10.1017/S0014479723000121
Jie Hei, Xiaolei Yin, Weiqi Wang, J. Sardans, Chun Wang, Xiaoxuan Chen, A. Tariq, F. Zeng, A. Alrefaei, J. Peñuelas
{"title":"N-enriched biochar increases carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus accumulation associated with changes in plant ecological stoichiometry in subtropical rice paddy fields – CORRIGENDUM","authors":"Jie Hei, Xiaolei Yin, Weiqi Wang, J. Sardans, Chun Wang, Xiaoxuan Chen, A. Tariq, F. Zeng, A. Alrefaei, J. Peñuelas","doi":"10.1017/S0014479723000121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0014479723000121","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12245,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Agriculture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48798190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-09DOI: 10.1017/S0014479723000108
Q. Jin, Weiqi Wang, Xuening Song, J. Sardans, Xuyang Liu, Shaoying Lin, A. Tariq, Fanjiang Zengg, J. Peñuelas
Summary Biochar is increasingly used in crop production as a fertilizer; however, its effects on nutrient cycling and stoichiometry in rice paddy soil–plant systems are unclear. We tested for effects of contrasting rates of biochar on soil and rice plant organ carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) concentrations and stoichiometry and soil physicochemical properties in early and late paddies. Overall, biochar reduced soil bulk density by an average of 7.4%, while application at 10, 20, and 40 t ha−1 increased soil C and N concentrations in early paddies by 31.6, 41.3, and 104.2%, respectively, and by 8.0, 5.0, and 21.8%, respectively; in late paddies, there were increases of 23.0, 94.1, and 117.0%, respectively, and 6.7, 15.4, and 18.0%, respectively (P < 0.05). Following biochar application at 10, 20, and 40 t ha−1, soil concentration of P decreased in early paddies by 10.9, 19.0, and 13.9%, respectively, and increased in late paddies by 4.3, 16.4, and 20.1%, respectively. Biochar increased ratios of soil C:N and C:P in early and late paddies (P < 0.05), and there was no effect on concentration and stoichiometry of soil available nutrients. Biochar reduced rice plant organ concentration of N and P in early rice and increased leaf N:P ratios. Despite the biochar application improved nutrient status in plant–soil system, we did not observe a significant increase in yield (P > 0.05). According to the N:P value of leaves between treatments, it was found that biochar alleviated the current situation of N limitation in paddy fields during the mature period and transformed the N limitation of early rice into a joint limitation of N and P. These results show that the addition of biochar to subtropical paddy soils leads to a short-term reduction in soil bulk density and increases in soil C and N concentrations and soil fertility. Thus, biochar applied at optimal rates is likely to improve the sustainability of subtropical paddy rice production.
生物炭作为肥料越来越多地用于农作物生产;然而，其对水稻土壤-植物系统养分循环和化学计量的影响尚不清楚。我们测试了不同比例的生物炭对早稻田和晚稻田土壤和水稻植物器官碳(C)、氮(N)和磷(P)浓度以及化学计量学和土壤理化性质的影响。总体而言，生物炭平均降低了7.4%的土壤容重，而施用10、20和40 t ha−1时，早稻田土壤C和N浓度分别提高了31.6、41.3和104.2%，分别提高了8.0、5.0和21.8%;晚稻田分别增加23.0%、94.1%和117.0%，分别增加6.7、15.4%和18.0% (P < 0.05)。施用生物炭10、20和40 t ha−1后，早稻田土壤磷浓度分别下降10.9%、19.0%和13.9%，晚稻田土壤磷浓度分别上升4.3%、16.4%和20.1%。生物炭提高了早稻田和晚稻田土壤C:N和C:P比值(P < 0.05)，对土壤速效养分浓度和化学计量特征无影响。生物炭降低了早稻植株器官氮磷浓度，提高了叶片氮磷比。尽管施用生物炭改善了植物-土壤系统的养分状况，但我们没有观察到产量的显著增加(P < 0.05)。根据处理间叶片N:P值发现，生物炭缓解了稻田成熟期氮素限制的现状，将早稻的氮素限制转变为氮磷联合限制。结果表明，在亚热带水稻土中添加生物炭，短期内降低了土壤容重，提高了土壤C、N浓度和土壤肥力。因此，以最佳用量施用生物炭有可能提高亚热带水稻生产的可持续性。
{"title":"Responses of soil–plant C, N, and P concentrations and stoichiometry to contrasting application rates of biochar to subtropical paddy field","authors":"Q. Jin, Weiqi Wang, Xuening Song, J. Sardans, Xuyang Liu, Shaoying Lin, A. Tariq, Fanjiang Zengg, J. Peñuelas","doi":"10.1017/S0014479723000108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0014479723000108","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Biochar is increasingly used in crop production as a fertilizer; however, its effects on nutrient cycling and stoichiometry in rice paddy soil–plant systems are unclear. We tested for effects of contrasting rates of biochar on soil and rice plant organ carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) concentrations and stoichiometry and soil physicochemical properties in early and late paddies. Overall, biochar reduced soil bulk density by an average of 7.4%, while application at 10, 20, and 40 t ha−1 increased soil C and N concentrations in early paddies by 31.6, 41.3, and 104.2%, respectively, and by 8.0, 5.0, and 21.8%, respectively; in late paddies, there were increases of 23.0, 94.1, and 117.0%, respectively, and 6.7, 15.4, and 18.0%, respectively (P < 0.05). Following biochar application at 10, 20, and 40 t ha−1, soil concentration of P decreased in early paddies by 10.9, 19.0, and 13.9%, respectively, and increased in late paddies by 4.3, 16.4, and 20.1%, respectively. Biochar increased ratios of soil C:N and C:P in early and late paddies (P < 0.05), and there was no effect on concentration and stoichiometry of soil available nutrients. Biochar reduced rice plant organ concentration of N and P in early rice and increased leaf N:P ratios. Despite the biochar application improved nutrient status in plant–soil system, we did not observe a significant increase in yield (P > 0.05). According to the N:P value of leaves between treatments, it was found that biochar alleviated the current situation of N limitation in paddy fields during the mature period and transformed the N limitation of early rice into a joint limitation of N and P. These results show that the addition of biochar to subtropical paddy soils leads to a short-term reduction in soil bulk density and increases in soil C and N concentrations and soil fertility. Thus, biochar applied at optimal rates is likely to improve the sustainability of subtropical paddy rice production.","PeriodicalId":12245,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Agriculture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41552252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-31DOI: 10.1017/S001447972300011X
D. P. de Abreu, Newton de Matos Roda, C. A. Krohling, E. Campostrini, M. Rakocevic
Summary In young plants of Coffea canephora, fine particle film based on calcined kaolin (KF) causes a decrease in leaf temperature (Tleaf), minimizing the damages to the photochemical apparatus, especially in summer season, but no report about the ecophysiological responses to KF over phenology is available on this species. We hypothesized that greater ecophysiological effects of KF would occur during the summer phenophase of leaf area and berry expansion (BE) compared with autumn berry maturation phase (BR), and that those benefits will have impact on bean productivity and physical quality. In this sense, the present study aimed to analyze the effects of KF on some ecophysiological parameters in the last phenophases of C. canephora biennial cycle, bean productivity, and bean size classification. During the complete phenological cycle, eight applications of KF were performed, totaling 80 kg of KF ha−1 in two years. KF applications and ecophysiological measurements occurred during the BE and BR phenophases. Firstly, we documented temporal dynamics in responses of field-grown C. canephora adult plants to KF application. KF reduced Tleaf and crop water stress index and increased the thermal index of relative stomatal conductance and relative chlorophyll content (SPAD index) observed in the autumn BR (opposite to young plants). The positive impact of KF on chlorophyll a fluorescence was proportionally similar among the observed phenophases. Secondly, KF increased bean size 16 by 50% and increased total productivity. The plants treated with KF increased productivity by 1.7 t ha− commercially useful bean mass compared to the control. The kaolin dose of 40 kg ha−1 distributed four times per year was highly effective as a protection strategy against high-light and elevated Tair.
摘要在咖啡幼株中，基于煅烧高岭土（KF）的细颗粒膜会降低叶片温度（Tleaf），最大限度地减少对光化学装置的损害，尤其是在夏季，但没有关于该物种对KF的生态生理反应的报告。我们假设，与秋季浆果成熟期（BR）相比，KF在夏季叶面积和浆果膨大期（BE）会产生更大的生态生理效应，这些益处将影响豆的生产力和物理质量。从这个意义上讲，本研究旨在分析KF对C.canephora双年生周期最后一个表型阶段的一些生态生理参数、大豆产量和大豆大小分类的影响。在整个酚学周期内，共施用了8次KF，两年内总计施用80 kg KF ha−1。KF应用和生态生理学测量发生在BE和BR表型阶段。首先，我们记录了田间生长的C.canephora成株对KF施用的反应的时间动力学。KF降低了Tleaf和作物水分胁迫指数，并增加了秋季BR中观察到的相对气孔导度和相对叶绿素含量的热指数（SPAD指数）（与幼株相反）。KF对叶绿素a荧光的积极影响在观察到的表型中成比例相似。其次，KF使豆粒16增加了50%，并提高了总生产力。与对照相比，用KF处理的植物的生产力提高了1.7 t ha——商业上有用的大豆质量。高岭土剂量为40 kg ha−1，每年分发四次，作为抵御强光和高Tair的保护策略是非常有效的。
{"title":"Kaolin particle film mitigates supra-optimal temperature stress effects at leaf scale and increases bean size and productivity of Coffea canephora","authors":"D. P. de Abreu, Newton de Matos Roda, C. A. Krohling, E. Campostrini, M. Rakocevic","doi":"10.1017/S001447972300011X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S001447972300011X","url":null,"abstract":"Summary In young plants of Coffea canephora, fine particle film based on calcined kaolin (KF) causes a decrease in leaf temperature (Tleaf), minimizing the damages to the photochemical apparatus, especially in summer season, but no report about the ecophysiological responses to KF over phenology is available on this species. We hypothesized that greater ecophysiological effects of KF would occur during the summer phenophase of leaf area and berry expansion (BE) compared with autumn berry maturation phase (BR), and that those benefits will have impact on bean productivity and physical quality. In this sense, the present study aimed to analyze the effects of KF on some ecophysiological parameters in the last phenophases of C. canephora biennial cycle, bean productivity, and bean size classification. During the complete phenological cycle, eight applications of KF were performed, totaling 80 kg of KF ha−1 in two years. KF applications and ecophysiological measurements occurred during the BE and BR phenophases. Firstly, we documented temporal dynamics in responses of field-grown C. canephora adult plants to KF application. KF reduced Tleaf and crop water stress index and increased the thermal index of relative stomatal conductance and relative chlorophyll content (SPAD index) observed in the autumn BR (opposite to young plants). The positive impact of KF on chlorophyll a fluorescence was proportionally similar among the observed phenophases. Secondly, KF increased bean size 16 by 50% and increased total productivity. The plants treated with KF increased productivity by 1.7 t ha− commercially useful bean mass compared to the control. The kaolin dose of 40 kg ha−1 distributed four times per year was highly effective as a protection strategy against high-light and elevated Tair.","PeriodicalId":12245,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Agriculture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46554894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-26DOI: 10.1017/S0014479723000091
T. Daum, Anna Seidel, Bisrat Getnet Awoke, R. Birner
Summary Farm mechanization promises to help raise labor productivity and reduce the heavy toil of farming on the world’s millions of smallholder farms, hence contributing to socioeconomic development in the Global South, in particular in Africa. While mechanization is therefore high on the African development agenda, there are heavy – at times dogmatic – debates on which technological pathway toward farm mechanization – animal traction, two-wheel tractors, and four-wheel tractors – should be supported by African governments and development partners. One discussion area relates to the future of animal traction. Proponents see a continued scope for the use of draught animals, whereas opponents see animal traction as old-fashioned and see a potential to leapfrog this mechanization stage. There are also debates on the potential of two-wheel tractors, with proponents arguing that such walk-behind tractors are more affordable and suitable for smallholder farmers, and opponents believing that such tractors lack efficiency and power and still come with a high drudgery. This paper argues that there are no blueprint answers on which technological pathway is ‘best’ but only answers on which one ‘best fits’ the respective conditions. Based on this premise, this paper introduces a ‘best-fit’ framework that allows for assessing the comparative advantages and disadvantages of the three technological pathways in different agroecological and socioeconomic conditions. The results suggest that all three forms of mechanization are associated with areas where they ‘best fit’. All three farm mechanization pathways hinge on public policies and investments to create an enabling environment for private markets, as, ultimately, innovation processes should be market driven. The ‘best-fit’ framework enables governments and development partners to focus efforts to support farm mechanization on solutions that ‘best fit’ their country’s farming systems and not on those that are politically most attractive, thereby contributing to sustainable agricultural mechanization and development.
{"title":"Animal traction, two-wheel tractors, or four-wheel tractors? A best-fit approach to guide farm mechanization in Africa","authors":"T. Daum, Anna Seidel, Bisrat Getnet Awoke, R. Birner","doi":"10.1017/S0014479723000091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0014479723000091","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Farm mechanization promises to help raise labor productivity and reduce the heavy toil of farming on the world’s millions of smallholder farms, hence contributing to socioeconomic development in the Global South, in particular in Africa. While mechanization is therefore high on the African development agenda, there are heavy – at times dogmatic – debates on which technological pathway toward farm mechanization – animal traction, two-wheel tractors, and four-wheel tractors – should be supported by African governments and development partners. One discussion area relates to the future of animal traction. Proponents see a continued scope for the use of draught animals, whereas opponents see animal traction as old-fashioned and see a potential to leapfrog this mechanization stage. There are also debates on the potential of two-wheel tractors, with proponents arguing that such walk-behind tractors are more affordable and suitable for smallholder farmers, and opponents believing that such tractors lack efficiency and power and still come with a high drudgery. This paper argues that there are no blueprint answers on which technological pathway is ‘best’ but only answers on which one ‘best fits’ the respective conditions. Based on this premise, this paper introduces a ‘best-fit’ framework that allows for assessing the comparative advantages and disadvantages of the three technological pathways in different agroecological and socioeconomic conditions. The results suggest that all three forms of mechanization are associated with areas where they ‘best fit’. All three farm mechanization pathways hinge on public policies and investments to create an enabling environment for private markets, as, ultimately, innovation processes should be market driven. The ‘best-fit’ framework enables governments and development partners to focus efforts to support farm mechanization on solutions that ‘best fit’ their country’s farming systems and not on those that are politically most attractive, thereby contributing to sustainable agricultural mechanization and development.","PeriodicalId":12245,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Agriculture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46011268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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