Monika Nováková, P. Němec, L. Oliveriusová, F. Sedláček
Our knowledge about magnetoreception in mammals remains limited. Among rodents, magnetic compass orientation has been documented in four subterranean mole-rats and four epigeic (i.e., active above ground) species. While it is well established that the magnetic compass of mole-rats is light-independent and magnetite-mediated, recent evidence suggests that a radical pair-based mechanism may underlie magnetic orientation in epigeic rodents. To determine whether the magnetic compass of epigeic rodents is light-dependent, which is thought to be an inherent feature of radical pair-based magnetoreception, we investigated the ability of the bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus (Cricetidae) to use magnetic compass orientation in total darkness. The voles, which were allowed to explore/build a nest overnight in a circular arena, did not exhibit any directional preference in the initial stage of the experiments; later they tended to prefer the southern sector of the arena irrespective of magnetic field direction, implying that they relied on nonmagnetic orientation cues. Previous tests (Oliveriusová et al. 2014) in the same environment, but under lighting, showed a significant reaction to a change in the orientation of the magnetic field. On the basis of the presented study in comparison with the previous one, it can be concluded that bank voles do not use the magnetic compass for near-space orientation in darkness and thus support evidence for light-dependent magnetoreception in a mammal.
我们对哺乳动物的磁感受的了解仍然有限。在啮齿类动物中，已在四种地下鼹鼠和四种地上鼹鼠(即活跃的地上鼹鼠)中记录了磁罗盘定向。虽然鼹鼠的磁罗盘与光无关且由磁铁矿介导，但最近的证据表明，一种基于对的根本机制可能是后生啮齿动物磁定向的基础。为了确定后生啮齿类动物的磁罗盘是否依赖于光，这被认为是基于自由基对的磁接受的固有特征，我们研究了银田鼠在完全黑暗中使用磁罗盘定向的能力。田鼠被允许在一个圆形的竞技场里过夜探索/筑巢，在实验的初始阶段，田鼠没有表现出任何方向偏好;后来，不管磁场方向如何，它们都倾向于选择舞台的南部，这意味着它们依赖于非磁场方向线索。先前的测试(oliverusov et al. 2014)在相同的环境下，但在照明下，显示出对磁场方向变化的显着反应。在此基础上，本研究与先前的研究结果进行了比较，可以得出结论，银行田鼠在黑暗中不使用磁罗盘进行近空间定位，从而支持哺乳动物依赖光的磁感受的证据。
{"title":"No expression of magnetic compass orientation in Clethrionomys glareolus in total darkness (Rodentia: Cricetidae)","authors":"Monika Nováková, P. Němec, L. Oliveriusová, F. Sedláček","doi":"10.37520/lynx.2022.017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37520/lynx.2022.017","url":null,"abstract":"Our knowledge about magnetoreception in mammals remains limited. Among rodents, magnetic compass orientation has been documented in four subterranean mole-rats and four epigeic (i.e., active above ground) species. While it is well established that the magnetic compass of mole-rats is light-independent and magnetite-mediated, recent evidence suggests that a radical pair-based mechanism may underlie magnetic orientation in epigeic rodents. To determine whether the magnetic compass of epigeic rodents is light-dependent, which is thought to be an inherent feature of radical pair-based magnetoreception, we investigated the ability of the bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus (Cricetidae) to use magnetic compass orientation in total darkness. The voles, which were allowed to explore/build a nest overnight in a circular arena, did not exhibit any directional preference in the initial stage of the experiments; later they tended to prefer the southern sector of the arena irrespective of magnetic field direction, implying that they relied on nonmagnetic orientation cues. Previous tests (Oliveriusová et al. 2014) in the same environment, but under lighting, showed a significant reaction to a change in the orientation of the magnetic field. On the basis of the presented study in comparison with the previous one, it can be concluded that bank voles do not use the magnetic compass for near-space orientation in darkness and thus support evidence for light-dependent magnetoreception in a mammal.","PeriodicalId":122460,"journal":{"name":"Lynx new series","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129293289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper presents a brief account of the temporal changes found in proportions of the mammal components in the diets of several species of predators (owls and carnivores) collected from various sites in Slovakia and originating in various periods (Late Pleistocene–Recent). The material collected from the Šarkanica Cave (Muráňska planina Mts.) contained bones in three layers, dated using the radiocarbon analysis (14C) to 18,000–21,000 years BP (18–21 Ka), showing relatively small differences in composition of the fossil diet of Bubo scandiacus with predominance of Lasiopodomys gregalis (73.3%) and Chionomys nivalis (6.9%). A similar type of material from the Nový 3 Cave (Belianske Tatry Mts.), dated to the period of 30 Ka, contained more numerous remnants of Lemmus cf. lemmus and Sorex tundrensis. Undated samples from the Nový 1 Cave and from the Šarkania diera Cave (Súľovské skaly Mts.), which differ in their higher abundance of Dicrostonyx cf. gulielmi, are probably dated from the colder period of the last glacial maximum. Three samples from caves in the Veľká Fatra Mts. dated from the Late Pleistocene (Upper Dryas) originated from carnivores, with differences in relative proportions of predominant prey species: Chionomys nivalis (80.0%) and Lasiopodomys gregalis (14.3%), while remains of Cricetus cricetus (0.6%) also appear there. Two examples of differences in the diet composition of Strix aluco in the Veľká Fatra Mts. are present in samples dated to the Holocene period: natural development of forest fauna in the environs of Dolný Harmanec and anthropogenic influence in the form of three deforestation periods in the Tlstá massif near Blatnica (both Veľká Fatra Mts.). A sample set of the diet of Tyto alba dated >500 years BP from a church in Žilina is compared with a recent sample set of this owl diet from the Turčianska kotlina Basin and from the Danubian Lowland (Tekovské Lužany). The main difference lies in the greater proportion of the murid rodents and the relatively lower abundance of Microtus arvalis in the sample from the 16th century. Similar results were found comparing samples of Tyto alba diet, taken from a cave near Hatiny (Slovenský kras Mts.) and expected to be 100 years old, with more recent samples from the Košická kotlina Basin. The collection from the Hatiny Cave differs from the recent material in the presence of Sicista trizona and Alexandromys oeconomus. The recent samples of the diet of Bubo bubo taken from the Horné Považie Basin differ from the samples dated back more than 70 years ago by a high proportion of the genus Apodemus and a predominant incidence of frogs, while the old samples come from the period of the communist influence of the agricultural production causing serious environmental changes in the countryside (1950s) and as a result, a greater volume of large prey species, Rattus norvegicus, Arvicola amphibius, Lepus europaeus, and Erinaceus roumanicus. Since 1990, the availability of large prey for Bubo bub
{"title":"Temporal changes in proportions of small mammals in the diet of the mammalian and avian predators in Slovakia","authors":"J. Obuch","doi":"10.37520/lynx.2021.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37520/lynx.2021.007","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents a brief account of the temporal changes found in proportions of the mammal components in the diets of several species of predators (owls and carnivores) collected from various sites in Slovakia and originating in various periods (Late Pleistocene–Recent). The material collected from the Šarkanica Cave (Muráňska planina Mts.) contained bones in three layers, dated using the radiocarbon analysis (14C) to 18,000–21,000 years BP (18–21 Ka), showing relatively small differences in composition of the fossil diet of Bubo scandiacus with predominance of Lasiopodomys gregalis (73.3%) and Chionomys nivalis (6.9%). A similar type of material from the Nový 3 Cave (Belianske Tatry Mts.), dated to the period of 30 Ka, contained more numerous remnants of Lemmus cf. lemmus and Sorex tundrensis. Undated samples from the Nový 1 Cave and from the Šarkania diera Cave (Súľovské skaly Mts.), which differ in their higher abundance of Dicrostonyx cf. gulielmi, are probably dated from the colder period of the last glacial maximum. Three samples from caves in the Veľká Fatra Mts. dated from the Late Pleistocene (Upper Dryas) originated from carnivores, with differences in relative proportions of predominant prey species: Chionomys nivalis (80.0%) and Lasiopodomys gregalis (14.3%), while remains of Cricetus cricetus (0.6%) also appear there. Two examples of differences in the diet composition of Strix aluco in the Veľká Fatra Mts. are present in samples dated to the Holocene period: natural development of forest fauna in the environs of Dolný Harmanec and anthropogenic influence in the form of three deforestation periods in the Tlstá massif near Blatnica (both Veľká Fatra Mts.). A sample set of the diet of Tyto alba dated >500 years BP from a church in Žilina is compared with a recent sample set of this owl diet from the Turčianska kotlina Basin and from the Danubian Lowland (Tekovské Lužany). The main difference lies in the greater proportion of the murid rodents and the relatively lower abundance of Microtus arvalis in the sample from the 16th century. Similar results were found comparing samples of Tyto alba diet, taken from a cave near Hatiny (Slovenský kras Mts.) and expected to be 100 years old, with more recent samples from the Košická kotlina Basin. The collection from the Hatiny Cave differs from the recent material in the presence of Sicista trizona and Alexandromys oeconomus. The recent samples of the diet of Bubo bubo taken from the Horné Považie Basin differ from the samples dated back more than 70 years ago by a high proportion of the genus Apodemus and a predominant incidence of frogs, while the old samples come from the period of the communist influence of the agricultural production causing serious environmental changes in the countryside (1950s) and as a result, a greater volume of large prey species, Rattus norvegicus, Arvicola amphibius, Lepus europaeus, and Erinaceus roumanicus. Since 1990, the availability of large prey for Bubo bub","PeriodicalId":122460,"journal":{"name":"Lynx new series","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126976944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Benediktová, J. Adámková, Michaela Masilkova, L. Bartoš, Lucie Kleprlíková, Jan Svoboda, Miloslav Zikmund, V. Hart
Automated data collection methods, such as using GPS collars and animal-borne cameras, represent an efficient way of data collection and may be instrumental in the research of animal orientation, including magnetoreception. In this study, we designed a wearable dog action camera (DAC) system for hunting dogs consisting of a Garmin Virb Elite camera housed in the stainless mount attached to the dog harness. We evaluated the DAC’s reliability and potential to capture various behaviour, and we tested the effect of the DAC on the dog’s activity and well-being. We found no significant impact of the DAC on the dogs’ average speed. The tested system was reliable, efficient and safe for dogs. We recorded various behaviours connected to orientation, such as olfactory behaviour and head scanning, the latter described for the first time in domestic dogs. Furthermore, we observed other important behaviours such as hunting, exploration and comfort behaviour. Using wearable action cameras for studying domestic and free-roaming tame animals can bring new opportunities for future behavioural and sensory ecology research.
{"title":"Spying the dog: Wearable action camera as a tool to understand dog’s behaviour during homing (Carnivora: Canidae)","authors":"K. Benediktová, J. Adámková, Michaela Masilkova, L. Bartoš, Lucie Kleprlíková, Jan Svoboda, Miloslav Zikmund, V. Hart","doi":"10.37520/lynx.2022.019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37520/lynx.2022.019","url":null,"abstract":"Automated data collection methods, such as using GPS collars and animal-borne cameras, represent an efficient way of data collection and may be instrumental in the research of animal orientation, including magnetoreception. In this study, we designed a wearable dog action camera (DAC) system for hunting dogs consisting of a Garmin Virb Elite camera housed in the stainless mount attached to the dog harness. We evaluated the DAC’s reliability and potential to capture various behaviour, and we tested the effect of the DAC on the dog’s activity and well-being. We found no significant impact of the DAC on the dogs’ average speed. The tested system was reliable, efficient and safe for dogs. We recorded various behaviours connected to orientation, such as olfactory behaviour and head scanning, the latter described for the first time in domestic dogs. Furthermore, we observed other important behaviours such as hunting, exploration and comfort behaviour. Using wearable action cameras for studying domestic and free-roaming tame animals can bring new opportunities for future behavioural and sensory ecology research.","PeriodicalId":122460,"journal":{"name":"Lynx new series","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126215980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
From May to June 2012, we studied the behaviour of day-roosting reproductive female Geoffroy’s bats in a maternity roost in eastern Burgenland (Austria) which is under surveillance from 2011 till to date. By using a remote-controlled infrared-illuminated video camera, we conducted six weekly sessions of direct observation and instantaneous scan sampling, each lasting 16 hours. Based on a total of 384 sampling sessions, we quantified the amount of time adult females spent in the activities resting, alert, grooming and relocating during pregnancy and lactation. Ambient and roost temperatures were recorded hourly, the numbers of individuals returning to the roost in the mornings were registered constantly by using an infrared light barrier. Over the entire study period, all bats arriving in the maternity roost in the morning formed immediately a single huddling cluster. As a rule, this cluster was large, multilayered, three-dimensional and tight. It did not change in size and form until the onset of pre-emergence activities. It consisted of an interior part in which about 50% of all bats roosted and the periphery consisting of those bats which had not succeeded in entering the interior. Over the entire diurnal stay in the roost, resting – which causes the least energy output – was the predominant behaviour of all roost mates. Significant differences were found, however, in the amount of time allocated to some activities by bats occupying different positions in the cluster. While bats in the interior of the cluster spent the estimated 90–95% of the entire day-roosting period resting, bats on the periphery spent only 57–73% resting. The average percentage of time allocated by peripheral bats to grooming decreased from 27% in the first week to 19–13% in the following weeks of pregnancy and stayed at 16% during the two weeks of lactation. The mean percentages of being alert and of relocating ranged between 7–10% and 4–7%, respectively. During the last two weeks of pregnancy and the two weeks of lactation, roost temperatures, daily colony size and reproductive states did not influence the huddling behaviour significantly. However, activities performer in the first and second week were probably influenced by unrest due to colony formation after the return from hibernation (week 1) and by cold ambient temperatures during the week 2. Our study supports the hypothesis that the short duration and notable timing of reproduction typical for Myotis emarginatus (Spitzenberger & Weiss 2020) is achieved by maximal energy saving through continuous huddling in a large, three-dimensional, multilayered and tight cluster over both the entire day-roosting and entire reproductive period, differences in the behaviours of bats located in the interior and on the periphery of the cluster and lack of social interactions between roost mates.
{"title":"Energy saving in day-roosting female Myotis emarginatus during reproduction (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)","authors":"F. Spitzenberger, E. Weiss","doi":"10.37520/lynx.2021.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37520/lynx.2021.008","url":null,"abstract":"From May to June 2012, we studied the behaviour of day-roosting reproductive female Geoffroy’s bats in a maternity roost in eastern Burgenland (Austria) which is under surveillance from 2011 till to date. By using a remote-controlled infrared-illuminated video camera, we conducted six weekly sessions of direct observation and instantaneous scan sampling, each lasting 16 hours. Based on a total of 384 sampling sessions, we quantified the amount of time adult females spent in the activities resting, alert, grooming and relocating during pregnancy and lactation. Ambient and roost temperatures were recorded hourly, the numbers of individuals returning to the roost in the mornings were registered constantly by using an infrared light barrier. Over the entire study period, all bats arriving in the maternity roost in the morning formed immediately a single huddling cluster. As a rule, this cluster was large, multilayered, three-dimensional and tight. It did not change in size and form until the onset of pre-emergence activities. It consisted of an interior part in which about 50% of all bats roosted and the periphery consisting of those bats which had not succeeded in entering the interior. Over the entire diurnal stay in the roost, resting – which causes the least energy output – was the predominant behaviour of all roost mates. Significant differences were found, however, in the amount of time allocated to some activities by bats occupying different positions in the cluster. While bats in the interior of the cluster spent the estimated 90–95% of the entire day-roosting period resting, bats on the periphery spent only 57–73% resting. The average percentage of time allocated by peripheral bats to grooming decreased from 27% in the first week to 19–13% in the following weeks of pregnancy and stayed at 16% during the two weeks of lactation. The mean percentages of being alert and of relocating ranged between 7–10% and 4–7%, respectively. During the last two weeks of pregnancy and the two weeks of lactation, roost temperatures, daily colony size and reproductive states did not influence the huddling behaviour significantly. However, activities performer in the first and second week were probably influenced by unrest due to colony formation after the return from hibernation (week 1) and by cold ambient temperatures during the week 2. Our study supports the hypothesis that the short duration and notable timing of reproduction typical for Myotis emarginatus (Spitzenberger & Weiss 2020) is achieved by maximal energy saving through continuous huddling in a large, three-dimensional, multilayered and tight cluster over both the entire day-roosting and entire reproductive period, differences in the behaviours of bats located in the interior and on the periphery of the cluster and lack of social interactions between roost mates.","PeriodicalId":122460,"journal":{"name":"Lynx new series","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130037147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Roosting of Myotis myotis in tree hollows is not common in the Czech Republic, and this phenomenon has not been a subject of a specific study. Here I report on a finding of one individual of M. myotis roosting in a natural tree hollow made by the black woodpecker in a beech forest near Voleč in the Pardubice Region. The bat was found during inspection of 35 cavities in a search for nesting birds. Such a survey has been conducted annually since 2009 and continues extensively till now with 1–4 inspections per season from March to June.
{"title":"Roosting of Myotis myotis in a tree hollow in the Czech Republic (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)","authors":"Z. Tyller","doi":"10.37520/lynx.2021.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37520/lynx.2021.012","url":null,"abstract":"Roosting of Myotis myotis in tree hollows is not common in the Czech Republic, and this phenomenon has not been a subject of a specific study. Here I report on a finding of one individual of M. myotis roosting in a natural tree hollow made by the black woodpecker in a beech forest near Voleč in the Pardubice Region. The bat was found during inspection of 35 cavities in a search for nesting birds. Such a survey has been conducted annually since 2009 and continues extensively till now with 1–4 inspections per season from March to June.","PeriodicalId":122460,"journal":{"name":"Lynx new series","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128908346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An analysis of the geographical and altitudinal distribution of remains of the woolly rhinoceros (Coelodonta antiquitatis) in Bulgaria is given. The paper summarizes all scattered data on the distribution of the species gathered in the last 114 years, only a part of them having been published before. Data on nine fossil localities (early–latest Pleistocene) from six provinces of Bulgaria are presented. The Fossil record proves the wide species distribution in the riverine foothills of mountains, plains, and lowlands of the country. Its Pleistocene localities were concentrated in the Danubian Plain, although the species was recorded also in the southernmost part of the country. About 90 percent of the localities were situated below 400 m a. s. l., although the species’ altitudinal distribution reached the maximum of 750 m a. s. l. All findings of the wooly rhinoceros in Bulgaria were made together with those of some species that now inhabit deciduous woodlands or rocky massifs of the temperate zone – Cervus elaphus, Capreolus capreolus, Rupicapra rupicapra, or Capra ibex, as well as extinct Bos primigenius. In Bulgaria, C. antiquitatis showed the same habitat preferences as in the core parts of the species range in Siberia. The Bulgarian localities of findings were both natural habitats and former human dwellings.
{"title":"Coelodonta antiquitatis in the Pleistocene of Bulgaria (Perissodactyla: Rhinocerotidae)","authors":"Z. Boev","doi":"10.37520/lynx.2021.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37520/lynx.2021.004","url":null,"abstract":"An analysis of the geographical and altitudinal distribution of remains of the woolly rhinoceros (Coelodonta antiquitatis) in Bulgaria is given. The paper summarizes all scattered data on the distribution of the species gathered in the last 114 years, only a part of them having been published before. Data on nine fossil localities (early–latest Pleistocene) from six provinces of Bulgaria are presented. The Fossil record proves the wide species distribution in the riverine foothills of mountains, plains, and lowlands of the country. Its Pleistocene localities were concentrated in the Danubian Plain, although the species was recorded also in the southernmost part of the country. About 90 percent of the localities were situated below 400 m a. s. l., although the species’ altitudinal distribution reached the maximum of 750 m a. s. l. All findings of the wooly rhinoceros in Bulgaria were made together with those of some species that now inhabit deciduous woodlands or rocky massifs of the temperate zone – Cervus elaphus, Capreolus capreolus, Rupicapra rupicapra, or Capra ibex, as well as extinct Bos primigenius. In Bulgaria, C. antiquitatis showed the same habitat preferences as in the core parts of the species range in Siberia. The Bulgarian localities of findings were both natural habitats and former human dwellings.","PeriodicalId":122460,"journal":{"name":"Lynx new series","volume":"95 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117122020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The magnetic compass systems of birds and mammals differ in their functional modes and are based on different physical principles: The inclination compass of birds is not sensitive to polarity; it is light-dependent; with the direction indicated by spin-chemical processes in the photo-pigment cryptochrome. The polarity compass of mammals works also in total darkness and is based on magnetite, a biogenic iron-containing substance. Aside from the compass, birds include magnetic components in their navigational ‘map’; these components are based on magnetic intensity and are perceived by magnetite-containing receptors. Mammals probably also have a ‘map’, but its components are unclear. Reception based on magnetite particles appears to be the primary form of sensing the magnetic field, which, in the course of evolution, developed in different ways in the various animal groups: in mammals into a compass system to determine directions and in birds into parts of the ‘map’ to determine position.
{"title":"Magnetoreception in mammals and birds: a comparison (Mammalia, Aves)","authors":"W. Wiltschko, R. Wiltschko","doi":"10.37520/lynx.2022.014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37520/lynx.2022.014","url":null,"abstract":"The magnetic compass systems of birds and mammals differ in their functional modes and are based on different physical principles: The inclination compass of birds is not sensitive to polarity; it is light-dependent; with the direction indicated by spin-chemical processes in the photo-pigment cryptochrome. The polarity compass of mammals works also in total darkness and is based on magnetite, a biogenic iron-containing substance. Aside from the compass, birds include magnetic components in their navigational ‘map’; these components are based on magnetic intensity and are perceived by magnetite-containing receptors. Mammals probably also have a ‘map’, but its components are unclear. Reception based on magnetite particles appears to be the primary form of sensing the magnetic field, which, in the course of evolution, developed in different ways in the various animal groups: in mammals into a compass system to determine directions and in birds into parts of the ‘map’ to determine position.","PeriodicalId":122460,"journal":{"name":"Lynx new series","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129784649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Geoffroy’s bat, Myotis emarginatus, is the only species distributed in the Palaearctic belonging to the African clade of the genus Myotis. It occurs extensively across several ecologic zones of Europe, north-western Africa, and western and central Asia, and hence it was considered to be a polytypic species. Only one subspecies was reported from Europe and North Africa, up to four subspecies were recognised in Asia. However, the validity of particular taxa as well as the systematic positions of different populations remained ambiguous. Here we present a revision of the intraspecific phylogenetic structure of M. emarginatus based on combination of the available results of a molecular genetic analysis with the results of a thorough morphologic examination of an extensive specimen set from almost the whole range of its distribution. The previously described geographic variability in the mitochondrial markers demonstrated grouping of haplotypes of M. emarginatus into three main lineages that occur in (1) the Mediterranean Basin (including central Europe, the Maghreb and Levant), (2) Oman and south-eastern Iran, and (3) northern Iran and West Turkestan. The morphologic comparison uncovered the existence of four main, geographically exclusive morphotypes in M. emarginatus, concerning the body, skull and tooth sizes, and skull and tooth shapes: (1) rather small bats with short rostrum and high braincase, occurring in Europe and north-western Africa; (2) rather medium-sized bats with long rostrum and short braincase from the Levant including Cyprus; (3) large bats with wide and long rostrum from the south-eastern parts of the Middle East, including Oman, south-eastern Iran and eastern Afghanistan, and (4) large bats with narrow and short rostrum, occurring in Crimea, the Caucasus region, and West Turkestan. As a synthesis of the results of both approaches, we suggest to recognise three subspecies within the Myotis emarginatus species rank – M. e. emarginatus (Geoffroy, 1806) distributed in the Mediterranean, central and western Europe, north-western Africa, and in the Levant; M. e. desertorum (Dobson, 1875) in the south-eastern Middle East, including southern Iran, Oman, and Afghanistan; and M. e. turcomanicus (Bobrinskoj, 1925) in the Caucasus region, Crimea, Transcaucasia, and West Turkestan.
Geoffroy 's bat, Myotis emarginatus，是唯一分布在古北的物种，属于Myotis属的非洲分支。它广泛分布于欧洲、非洲西北部、西亚和中亚的几个生态区，因此被认为是一种多型物种。在欧洲和北非只报告了一个亚种，在亚洲发现了多达四个亚种。然而，对特定分类群的有效性以及不同居群的系统定位仍不明确。在此，我们根据分子遗传分析的现有结果和对几乎整个分布范围的广泛标本集进行彻底形态学检查的结果，对emarginatus的种内系统发育结构进行了修订。先前描述的线粒体标记的地理变异表明，M. emarginatus的单倍型分为三个主要谱系，分别发生在(1)地中海盆地(包括中欧、马格里布和黎凡特)，(2)阿曼和伊朗东南部，以及(3)伊朗北部和西突厥斯坦。形态学比较揭示了emarginatus在身体、头骨和牙齿大小以及头骨和牙齿形状方面存在四种主要的地理上独特的形态类型:(1)相当小的蝙蝠，喙部短，脑壳高，出现在欧洲和非洲西北部;(2)来自包括塞浦路斯在内的黎凡特的中等大小的蝙蝠，喙长脑壳短;(3)产于中东东南部，包括阿曼、伊朗东南部和阿富汗东部的喙宽而长的大型蝙蝠;(4)产于克里米亚、高加索地区和西突厥斯坦的喙窄而短的大型蝙蝠。综合这两种方法的结果，我们建议在emotis emarginatus物种等级中识别三个亚种:M. e. emarginatus (Geoffroy, 1806)分布在地中海、中欧和西欧、非洲西北部和黎凡特;中东东南部，包括伊朗南部、阿曼和阿富汗的M. e. desertorum (Dobson, 1875);和M. e. turcomanicus (Bobrinskoj, 1925)在高加索地区、克里米亚、外高加索和西突厥斯坦。
{"title":"Taxonomic revision of Myotis emarginatus: detailed morphometric analysis and final evaluation of the evidence (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)","authors":"P. Benda, M. Uvizl","doi":"10.37520/lynx.2021.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37520/lynx.2021.003","url":null,"abstract":"The Geoffroy’s bat, Myotis emarginatus, is the only species distributed in the Palaearctic belonging to the African clade of the genus Myotis. It occurs extensively across several ecologic zones of Europe, north-western Africa, and western and central Asia, and hence it was considered to be a polytypic species. Only one subspecies was reported from Europe and North Africa, up to four subspecies were recognised in Asia. However, the validity of particular taxa as well as the systematic positions of different populations remained ambiguous. Here we present a revision of the intraspecific phylogenetic structure of M. emarginatus based on combination of the available results of a molecular genetic analysis with the results of a thorough morphologic examination of an extensive specimen set from almost the whole range of its distribution. The previously described geographic variability in the mitochondrial markers demonstrated grouping of haplotypes of M. emarginatus into three main lineages that occur in (1) the Mediterranean Basin (including central Europe, the Maghreb and Levant), (2) Oman and south-eastern Iran, and (3) northern Iran and West Turkestan. The morphologic comparison uncovered the existence of four main, geographically exclusive morphotypes in M. emarginatus, concerning the body, skull and tooth sizes, and skull and tooth shapes: (1) rather small bats with short rostrum and high braincase, occurring in Europe and north-western Africa; (2) rather medium-sized bats with long rostrum and short braincase from the Levant including Cyprus; (3) large bats with wide and long rostrum from the south-eastern parts of the Middle East, including Oman, south-eastern Iran and eastern Afghanistan, and (4) large bats with narrow and short rostrum, occurring in Crimea, the Caucasus region, and West Turkestan. As a synthesis of the results of both approaches, we suggest to recognise three subspecies within the Myotis emarginatus species rank – M. e. emarginatus (Geoffroy, 1806) distributed in the Mediterranean, central and western Europe, north-western Africa, and in the Levant; M. e. desertorum (Dobson, 1875) in the south-eastern Middle East, including southern Iran, Oman, and Afghanistan; and M. e. turcomanicus (Bobrinskoj, 1925) in the Caucasus region, Crimea, Transcaucasia, and West Turkestan.","PeriodicalId":122460,"journal":{"name":"Lynx new series","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130724239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Bufka, J. Volfová, H. Bednářová, E. Belotti, Jan Dzurja, Milena Prokopová, Pavel Jaška, Jana Pospíšková, J. Sochor, Vladimír Čech, T. Mináriková, J. Krojerová
In total, 616 reliable records (C1, C2 category sensu SCALP) of wildcat occurrence in Bohemia were collected and analysed in 11 monitoring seasons, “wildcat years” (WCY), 2010–2021. Camera-trapping data accounted for 95% of the dataset, the rest of the records were verified by the genetic analysis of several hair samples, scats, and tissue samples. The occurrence of the European wildcat was confirmed in eight sub-areas, more continuously in the forested border areas of southern and western Bohemia, and more sparsely in central and northern Bohemia. In total, the wildcat occurred at 73 different sites, in 35 mapping squares: four confirmed as category C1, 31 as category C2. The current occurrence in the western part of the Czech Republic is linked to that in neighbouring Germany. The development of modern non-invasive monitoring methods was crucial for the increase in detection of wildcat presence. However, both reintroduction and population increase in Bavaria and climactic change can also play a role as drivers of the recent spreading of the wildcat to our territory. Reproduction was confirmed in two sub-areas (Český les Mts., WCY 2021; Doupovské hory Mts., WCY 2020) and represents the first documented reproduction of the wildcat in Bohemia since the WWII. In some large areas such as the Šumava Mts., we observed a rather wider spatial activity, smaller numbers of individuals and more transient character of occurrence than in other (more restricted) areas, such as the Doupovské hory Mts., where we found higher population density and permanent occurrence with reproduction. Species-specific systematic camera-trapping and genetic monitoring in all areas with confirmed occurrence is highly recommended for the future.
共收集和分析了2010-2021年11个监测季节(“野猫年”)波希米亚地区野猫发生的616条可靠记录(C1、C2类感测头皮)。相机捕获数据占数据集的95%，其余记录通过对几个头发样本、粪便和组织样本的遗传分析来验证。欧洲野猫的出现在8个亚区，在波希米亚南部和西部的森林边界地区较为连续，在波希米亚中部和北部较为稀少。野猫总共出现在73个不同的地点，在35个测绘方格中:4个被确认为C1类，31个被确认为C2类。目前发生在捷克共和国西部的事件与邻国德国的事件有关。现代非侵入性监测方法的发展对于增加野猫存在的检测至关重要。然而，巴伐利亚的重新引入和人口增长以及气候变化也可以作为野猫最近传播到我们领土的驱动因素。在两个子区域(Český les Mts.， WCY 2021;杜波夫斯科斯霍利山，WCY 2020)，代表了自二战以来波西米亚野猫的第一次有记录的复制。在一些较大的区域，如Šumava Mts.，我们观察到更广泛的空间活动，更少的个体数量和更短暂的发生特征，而在其他(更受限制的)区域，如doupovskrehory Mts.，我们发现了更高的人口密度和永久发生与繁殖。强烈建议今后在确认发生的所有地区对特定物种进行系统摄像机捕获和遗传监测。
{"title":"Verified occurrence of Felis silvestris in Bohemia (Czech Republic) in 2010–2021 (Carnivora: Felidae)","authors":"L. Bufka, J. Volfová, H. Bednářová, E. Belotti, Jan Dzurja, Milena Prokopová, Pavel Jaška, Jana Pospíšková, J. Sochor, Vladimír Čech, T. Mináriková, J. Krojerová","doi":"10.37520/lynx.2022.025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37520/lynx.2022.025","url":null,"abstract":"In total, 616 reliable records (C1, C2 category sensu SCALP) of wildcat occurrence in Bohemia were collected and analysed in 11 monitoring seasons, “wildcat years” (WCY), 2010–2021. Camera-trapping data accounted for 95% of the dataset, the rest of the records were verified by the genetic analysis of several hair samples, scats, and tissue samples. The occurrence of the European wildcat was confirmed in eight sub-areas, more continuously in the forested border areas of southern and western Bohemia, and more sparsely in central and northern Bohemia. In total, the wildcat occurred at 73 different sites, in 35 mapping squares: four confirmed as category C1, 31 as category C2. The current occurrence in the western part of the Czech Republic is linked to that in neighbouring Germany. The development of modern non-invasive monitoring methods was crucial for the increase in detection of wildcat presence. However, both reintroduction and population increase in Bavaria and climactic change can also play a role as drivers of the recent spreading of the wildcat to our territory. Reproduction was confirmed in two sub-areas (Český les Mts., WCY 2021; Doupovské hory Mts., WCY 2020) and represents the first documented reproduction of the wildcat in Bohemia since the WWII. In some large areas such as the Šumava Mts., we observed a rather wider spatial activity, smaller numbers of individuals and more transient character of occurrence than in other (more restricted) areas, such as the Doupovské hory Mts., where we found higher population density and permanent occurrence with reproduction. Species-specific systematic camera-trapping and genetic monitoring in all areas with confirmed occurrence is highly recommended for the future.","PeriodicalId":122460,"journal":{"name":"Lynx new series","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131301452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Trophy quality in hunted ungulates in northeastern Slovakia (Cetartiodactyla). Based on the data from trophy hunting statistics (1997–2019), this paper describes changes in the potential economic trophy value evaluation of hunted ungulates (PETV) by comparison of two groups of areas, (1) the hunting grounds with wolf protection (since 2014), and (2) the hunting grounds without wolf protection. In both groups of areas in the long-term aspect (1997–2019), the value of PETV had an increasing trend in the roe deer, wild boar, and red deer. Since 2014, in the areas with wolf protection the average value of PETV was at the level of 249 €/year/km2 (SD 69 €/year/km2) and in the areas without wolf protection, it was 185 €/year/km2 (SD 8 €/year/km2). Since 2014, in the areas with wolf protection, the mortality did not affect the PETV trend, but in the red deer a significant fluctuation in PETV values was observed compared to the previous period. Since 2014, in the areas with wolf protection, a qualitative increase in the value of hunted red deer trophies was registered, in almost all C.I.C. categories above 170 points.
{"title":"Kvalita trofejí lovených druhov kopytníkov na severovýchode Slovenska (Cetartiodactyla)","authors":"J. Štofík","doi":"10.37520/lynx.2021.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37520/lynx.2021.009","url":null,"abstract":"Trophy quality in hunted ungulates in northeastern Slovakia (Cetartiodactyla). Based on the data from trophy hunting statistics (1997–2019), this paper describes changes in the potential economic trophy value evaluation of hunted ungulates (PETV) by comparison of two groups of areas, (1) the hunting grounds with wolf protection (since 2014), and (2) the hunting grounds without wolf protection. In both groups of areas in the long-term aspect (1997–2019), the value of PETV had an increasing trend in the roe deer, wild boar, and red deer. Since 2014, in the areas with wolf protection the average value of PETV was at the level of 249 €/year/km2 (SD 69 €/year/km2) and in the areas without wolf protection, it was 185 €/year/km2 (SD 8 €/year/km2). Since 2014, in the areas with wolf protection, the mortality did not affect the PETV trend, but in the red deer a significant fluctuation in PETV values was observed compared to the previous period. Since 2014, in the areas with wolf protection, a qualitative increase in the value of hunted red deer trophies was registered, in almost all C.I.C. categories above 170 points.","PeriodicalId":122460,"journal":{"name":"Lynx new series","volume":"122 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131934624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：