Folia morphologica最新文献

Background: The study presents one of the six scapulohumeral muscles, which occupies most of the osteofibrous infraspinatus compartment. Along with the supraspinatus, teres minor and subscapularis muscles, the infraspinatus muscle contributes to the rotator cuff. It protects the posterior aspect of the articular capsule of the shoulder joint, adducts and externally rotates the arm. The aim of the study was to perform the quantitative analysis of the infraspinatus muscle in human fetuses and to elaborate growth dynamics for its morphometric parameters.

Materials and methods: Using anatomical dissection, digital image analysis (NIS Elements AR3.0) and statistics (Student's t-test, regression analysis), the vertical, transverse and oblique diameters, muscle circumference and projection surface area of the infraspinatus muscle were measured in 36human fetuses of both sexes (17♂, 19♀) aged 18-30weeks. The infraspinatus muscle revealed neither sex nor laterality differences.

Results: All examined morphometric parameters of the infraspinatus muscle increased commensurately in accordance with the following linear functions: y=-4.024 + 0.903×Age ± 0.621 (R²=0.96) for transverse diameter, y=-3.089 + 1.321×Age ± 0.897 (R²=0.97) for vertical diameter, y=-1.161 + 0.632×Age ± 0.444 (R²=0.97) for oblique diameter, y=-13.575 + 3.851×Age ± 1.938 (R²=0.98) for muscle circumference and y=-293.512 + 23.228×Age ±19.650 (R²=0.95) for projection surface area.

Using a Siemens-Biograph 128 mCT camera the morphometric analysis of the L4 vertebral body and its ossification center were done in 55human fetuses aged 17 to 30weeks. No sex differences were found. The mean height, transverse and sagittal diameters of L4 vertebral body followed the logarithmic functions: y = -11.797+ 5.208 × ln(age) ± 0.372, y = -23.462 + 9.428 × ln(age) ± 0.702, y = 2.770 + 13.521 × ln(age) ± 1.722, respectively. The mean cross-sectional area of L4 vertebral body followed the linear function: y = -30.683 + 1.976 × age ± 2.701. The mean volume of L4 vertebral body followed the second-degree polynomial function: y = -93.983+ 0.385 × (age)² ± 23.707. The mean transverse and sagittal diameters of the ossification center of L4 vertebral body followed the natural logarithmic function: y = -27.106 + 10.178 × ln(age) ± 0.769 and y = -13.345 + 5.458 × ln(age) ± 0.424, respectively. The mean cross-sectional area and the volume of the ossification center of L4 vertebral body followed the linear function: y = -30.683 + 1.976 × age ± 2.701 and y = -43.214 + 2.760 × age ± 4.085, respectively.

Background: To study the anatomy of the Chinese occipital condyle and its position relative to the occipital foramen and skull.

Materials and methods: Measurements were taken from 106 adult Chinese skulls using a Cartesian coordinate system centered on the foramen magnum. Measurements included the longitudinal diameter of the foramen magnum, distances from various points on the occipital condyles to the foramen magnum and skull landmarks, and the occipital condyle classification index (OCI) and skull-occipital condyle classification index (SOCI).

Results: OCI categorized the position of the foramen magnum and occipital condyles into three groups: OCI ≤ 0.40 (3 cases, 2.83%), 0.40 < OCI ≤ 0.50 (75 cases, 70.75%), and OCI > 0.50 (28 cases, 26.42%). SOCI categorized the relationship between the skull and occipital condyles into two groups: 0.5 < SOCI ≤ 0.6 (49 cases, 46.23%) and 0.6 < SOCI ≤ 0.7 (57 cases, 53.77%). Four relationship types were identified based on specific measurements: Type I (23 cases, 21.70%), Type II (42 cases, 39.62%), Type III (4 cases, 3.77%), and Type IV (37 cases, 34.91%).

Conclusions: Sagittal movement of the occipital condyle affects the cervical spine's curvature. Asymmetry between the occipital condyles and the foramen magnum may misalign the skull with the body's coronal plane.

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a severe neurological illness causes cognitive decline and mortality if not treated early. However, the current therapeutic modalities are inefficient to manage the cognitive dysfunction of AD. Therefore, in the present manuscript, we have enumerated the pharmacological benefit of Poliumoside in the Streptozotocin-induced cognitive dysfunction in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats.

Materials and methods: Initially, the cognitive dysfunction in rats was induced by the intracerebroventricular administration of Streptozotocin, then rats received PMD (5 mg and 10 mg/kg body weight) was given. Various behavioural analysis, such as Morris water maze (MWM), and object recognition tests (ORT), and locomotor analysis was conducted in PMD treated group. Various biochemical analysis was conducted to analyze the effect of PMD on hippocampus oxidative-nitrosative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines. MTT assay and annexin V/PI staining was performed to analyse the effect of PMD on the cell viability and neuronal toxicity of PC12 cells, respectively. Molecular docking analysis was also conducted with crystal structure of human AChE.

Results: PMD treatment improved cognitive capacity in rats in MWM and ORT. Compared to STZ rats, PMD-treated rats had significantly higher locomotor activity and lower AChE activity. PMD also restores dopamine, 5-HT, and NE levels and reduces metabolic their deactivation as evidenced by increased levels of DOPAC, HVA, 5-HIAA. Nitrite, MDA, SOD, CAT, and GSH levels were restored near normal in PMD-treated rats, reducing hippocampus oxidative-nitrosative stress. Pro-inflammatory cytokines were similarly lowered in PMD-treated rats. In in-vitro studies, PMD did not affect PC12 cell survival at the maximal dose of 10 µM. In addition, PMD concentration-dependently prevents H₂O₂-induced neuronal death in PC12 cells. The in-silico docking analysis showed that the PMD fit snugly into the active site of human AChE by engaging with the anionic domain and the catalytic triad of Trp86, Tyr337, Phe338, and Gly121 residues.

Conclusions: In conclusion, our study demonstrated that PMD have significant impact on AD by inhibiting ACheE and restoring neurotransmitter levels, which enhances Ach levels in rats and improves cognitive impairment in STZ rats.

Background: It is unclear whether the development of the branches of the subclavian artery is dependent on the proximal part of this artery since great vessel formation is partially regulated by haemodynamic stress. For example, the vertebral artery that usually arises from the subclavian artery might be affected by anomalies in the aortic arch branches. This uncertainty is partly due to the limited reports of highly anomalous cases of proximal and distal branching morphologies. Here, we report an Adachi-Williams type CG plus H aortic arch case found during student dissection and discuss the development of the cervicothoracic circulation.

Case report: Here, we report an aberrant right subclavian artery that arose from the aorta distal to the left subclavian artery, via a retroesophageal course, whereas the right and left common carotid arteries arose from a short common trunk from the aorta (the carotid trunk) (Adachi-Williams type H). In addition, the left vertebral artery arose directly from the aortic arch between the carotid trunk and the left subclavian artery (Adachi-Williams type CG). Anomalies in the branching arteries from this aberrant right subclavian artery (the right vertebral artery, internal thoracic artery, thyrocervical trunk, costocervical trunk and thoracoacromial artery) were unidentifiable. The right vagus nerve directly innervates the laryngeal muscles without forming the recurrent nerve.

Conclusions: The development of an aberrant right subclavian artery might affect haemodynamic stress in both the proximal and distal regions of the anterior limb region. The distal branching morphology, however, was normal, suggesting an independence of proximal and distal vasculature development. Since the concomitance of Adachi-Williams-type CG and H is rare, rather than sequentially develop, the distal arteries develop in a fine-tuned manner to adapt to anomalies in the proximal arteries.

Background: This study aimed to investigate whether the presence of two palatal roots on permanent maxillary second molars (MSMs) can affect the crown size and crown's buccolingual and mesiodistal diameters.

Materials and methods: A retrospective study was conducted using 592 CBCT scans to investigate 1120 MSMs of Mongoloid Malaysians. 3D models were created to assess the four-rooted MSMs and other related teeth carefully. Crown size and crown's buccolingual and mesiodistal diameters were measured for the four-rooted MSM, the adjacent maxillary first molar (MFM), and their antimeres to investigate the effect of the presence of an extra root on the size and morphological features of the crown of these associated teeth.

Results: Only six out of the 1120 MSMs displayed four roots (0.53%). The incidence was 0.67% (2/298) for the Malay males and 0.4% (1/247) for the Malay females, with the Malay male having a bilateral occurrence of four-rooted MSM. The incidence was 0.34% (1/294) for the Chinese males, while 0.71% (2/281) was detected in Chinese females. Interestingly, the four-rooted MSMs showed a wider mesiodistal distance than their three-rooted antimeres in three out of four cases. The presence of two palatal roots may also increase the crown's buccolingual diameter.

Conclusions: The presence of anatomical variations and the dramatic change in crown measurements can be good indicators of the presence of extra roots, including in some of their related neighbours. This might help dentists to take precautionary measures when performing tooth extractions and endodontic therapy.

Background: Spinal cord injury (SCI) is devastating diseases affecting the degeneration of the spinal column, and vascular problems. However, the currently available therapeutic interventions are insufficient to address the effect of SCI which leads to significant impact on the morbidity and mortality of patients. In the present manuscript, we intend to investigate the pharmacological effect of geraniin on the SCI in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats.

Materials and methods: The SCI in rats were induced by the conventional weight-drop method and treated with GER (2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg). Subsequently, the locomotor activity of rats with SCI was assessed using Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) scores, while oxidative stress indicators and inflammatory variables were analyzed using commercially available kits. Additionally, neuronal death was quantified using TUNEL labeling. The enzymatic activity of caspase 3, 8, and 9 was also assessed. Furthermore, the expression levels of Bcl2, Bax, and COX-2 in rat spinal cords after SCI were analyzed by RT-PCR analysis.

Results: Our research indicated that therapy with GER in a manner that depends on the dosage could enhance the functional recovery, as well as reduce the occurrence of apoptosis, mitigate the inflammatory and oxidative response in rats with SCI. Furthermore, it was observed that GER increased the expression of Bcl2 and decreased the expression of Bax and COX-2. The concentration of caspase-3, -8, and -9 was observed to be decreased in SCI rats treated with GER.

Conclusions: GER might protect the spinal cord from SCI by reducing apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response through the inhibition of COX-2.

Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a grave life-threatening situation, if not treated well in time. The development of natural remedies for myocardial I/R injury has witnessed dramatic growth in the last decade. Prompted by the above, in the present study, we have elucidated the pharmacological effect of Perakine (PER), an indole alkaloid in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in type 2 diabetic rats. The model was established by inducing diabetes in experimental rats followed by the development of myocardial I/R injury model of isolated rat heart by the use of improved Langendorff retrograde perfusion technology. Results of the study suggest that PER significantly lowered the infarct size and infarct volume, and improvement in cardiac ability (LVSP, ±dP/dtmax, and heart rate). It also showed a significant lowering of cardiac biomarkers (CK, CK(MB), ALT, AST, and LDH) in a dose-dependent manner as compared to unprotected IR rats. The level of oxidative stress (MDA, SOD, and GSH) was also found lowered in IR rats together with a reduction in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17, and TNF-α). The anti-inflammatory acting of PER on IR rats is believed to be linked with the reduction of TNF-α, NF-κB, and TLR4 in both RT-qPCR and western blot analysis. Our research showed that Perakine could potentially alleviate cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats by blocking the TLR4/NF-κB signaling cascade.

Background: For many years, teaching of anatomy has been based on traditional forms of teaching, but innovative solutions are currently being implemented on a large scale around the world. The COVID-19 pandemic and distance learning have influenced the development of new technologies in teaching.

Materials and methods: The study was conducted among medical students who studied anatomy in the year preceding the analysis when the restrictions related to the pandemic had been lifted. The questionnaire contained 10 questions with YES/NO answers and a modified 10-point Likert scale. The data was subjected to statistical analysis performed in R studio using the R programming language. 650 respondents were included in the analysis.

Results: Students assessed the modernization of anatomy departments to be unsatisfactory - on a 10-point scale, the most common answer was 2 - the average was 2.69. At the same time, they assessed the accessibility of knowledge as acceptable - median 6, with an average of 5.58. 75.38% of respondents did not use virtual reality technology, 75.69% did not use a 3D printing. 92.5% did not work with a virtual anatomical table. The vast majority of students claim that new technologies will be useful in their future clinical practice.

Conclusions: New technologies are still rarely used in the teaching of anatomy, despite an increasing availability of such solutions and the conviction of students about the validity of implementing innovations in their future clinical practice. It seems reasonable to enable cooperation between the traditional forms of learning and the modern ones.

Background: Acrylamide (ACR), a common industrial chemical, is a strong neurotoxic material. The hippocampus is a brain area of interest mostly affected by Alzheimer's disease. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) usefulness in various neurological diseases including Alzheimer's is being debated. In this work, the authors aim to explore the role of MSCs in ACR-induced hippocampal neurodegeneration and elucidate the mediating mechanism.

Materials and methods: For this purpose, ten rats served as control, another ten were injected ACR (i.p. 50 mg/kg/day for 2 weeks), and the last ten rats were injected ACR in addition to MSCs (i.p. 1 × 10⁷ MSCs single injection).

Results: ACR induced neurodegenerative histopathological hippocampal changes and adversely altered hippocampal oxidative stress markers SOD, MDA, and GSH. ACR had induced hippocampal demyelination as detected by silver staining. ACR significantly (P < 0.05) up-regulated the ELISA hippocampal TNF-alpha and IL-6 and produced microglial & astrocyte activation (as tracked by Iba1 & GFAP immunohistochemistry respectively). ACR significantly reduced hippocampal PCR gene expression of IGF 1 (insulin growth factor-1), BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor), and NGF (nerve growth factor). MSCs administration had mitigated all the previous deleterious changes.

Conclusions: Acrylamide caused detrimental effects on the hippocampus and demonstrably altered the hippocampal architecture. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells offered a promising therapeutic role against these neurotoxic effects of acrylamide, presumably through modulation of IGF 1, BDNF, and NGF gene expressions.