Folia morphologica最新文献

The testicular artery is the vessel that provides oxygen-rich blood to the testes. It is also involved in many more processes that play important roles in spermatogenesis such as thermoregulation. As the vessel has a number of anatomical variants, it may be often responsible for difficulties and complications during abdominopelvic surgical procedures. The main aim of the present study is to provide a comprehensive review of literature regarding the anatomical variants of the testicular arteries, focusing not only on their origins but also on the course and number of vessels. It also provides a short review of pathological conditions related to the testicular artery such as aneurysms or testicular torsion and has special value for general surgeons and urologists.

Background: The deltoid muscle originates from the spine of the scapula, the lateral border of the acromion and the lateral third of the clavicle. It inserts on the deltoid tuberosity. It is divided into three parts: spinal, acromial and clavicular. Our research shows that each part of the deltoid muscle can have up to three bellies during prenatal life.

Materials and methods: The material included 80 upper limbs of spontaneously-aborted human fetuses (32 male, 48 female; Central European population), 18-38 weeks of gestation at the time of death.

Results: Each part had one (Type I), two (Type II) or three (Type III) bellies. In all parts, the most common form was Type I: it was present in 81.25% of cases in the clavicular part, 73.75% in the acromial part and 57.5% in the spinal part. In contrast, Type III was the rarest form in all parts: it was present in 3.75% of cases in the clavicular part, 12.5% in the acromial part and 7.5% in the spinal part.

Conclusions: The deltoid muscle is characterized by morphological variability, even in fetuses.

Background: Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are amongst the most common causes of orofacial pain. Hyperactivity of the lateral pterygoid muscle (LPM) is associated with the pathological mechanisms associated with TMD. Botulinum Toxin-A (BTX) injections into the LPM can be used as a treatment for TMD; however, a lack of clinical standardisation for this procedure can lead to adverse outcomes, especially when using anatomical landmark-based approaches.

Materials and methods: To better understand the precision of extraoral landmark-based LPM BTX injections, a maxillofacial surgeon injected 1.5 mL of 0.25% methylene blue dye into the LPM of five cadavers. Needle location, dye spread, and disrupted structures were then examined through cadaveric dissection.

Results: Landmark-based LPM BTX approaches resulted in poor outcomes in accuracy (0%) and a 40% incidence of neurovascular disruption, including the facial plexus, superficial temporal artery and superficial temporal vein.

Conclusions: Randomised controlled trials have highlighted the risks associated with extraoral botulinum toxin injections for TMD symptomatic relief. This report demonstrates the low accuracy rate and high neurovascular risk accompanying blind LPM injections and highlights the necessity of safe treatment protocols in TMD, in particular guided image-based diagnostics and procedures.

The fibularis tertius (FT) is one of three muscles which constitute the anterior compartment of the leg. The anatomical variants of this muscle usually pertain to its origins, number of final tendons or points and shapes of insertions. In this case, it had an additional slip (AS) which originated from the same area as the main muscle belly and after descending along the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) it fused with one of its main tendons. The main muscle belly and its tendon, in its usual manner, reached the proximal dorsal surface of the fifth metatarsal bone. To our knowledge, no similar case had been described before. This case reveals that human anatomy, though it may be thoroughly described, can still be a surprise and a vast field for new discoveries. Knowledge about these variants is important from both the scientific and clinical points of view.

Background: In this study, we described the anatomy of the brachial plexus of the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus). The description of the brachial plexus anatomy can contribute to the knowledge of the neuroanatomy of small mammals. Furthermore, it is a source of information for clinicians performing brachial plexus anesthesia in exotic animals such as the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus).

Materials and methods: Caviaporcellus cadavers were fixed in a 10% formalin solution. The examination of 20 specimens of this species allowed us to assess the extent of the brachial plexus, the nerves exiting it, and the extent of their innervation. Most commonly, it consisted of C6-T1 but could also include branches of C5 and T2. The plexus consisted of three trunks and four cords. We distinguished 15 nerves: n. subclavius, n. brachiocephalicus, n. dorsalis scapulae, n. suprascapularis, nn. subscapulares, n. axillaris, n. musculocutaneus, nn. pectorales craniales, n. radialis, n. medianus, n. ulnaris, n. thoracodorsalis, n. thoracicus lateralis, n. thoracicus longus, and nn. pectorales caudales. We elaborated the innervation range of all identified nerves and updated data from existing papers.

Results: We presented the detailed anatomy of the n. musculocutaneous, brachiocephalicus, and pectoral nerves, which were not distinguished in previous papers or for which the structure was insufficiently known, and compared our results with existing work.

Conclusions: Based on the innervation and the extent of the plexus, it can be confirmed thatCavia porcellushas a brachial plexus with a structure that is characteristic of rodents.

Background and objectives: This study aimed to evaluate students' perspectives on the relevance of anatomy education to clinical practice throughout their studies at the Faculty of Medicine in Skopje.

Materials and methods: The study was designed as a cross-sectional, questionnaire-based investigation and took place at the Faculty of Medicine in Skopje at the University of "Ss Cyril and Methodius", R. North Macedonia. The questionnaire form included demographics, five-point Likert items, and open-ended questions. Questionnaire data were collected from volunteer students participants, currently and not currently involved in anatomy education, consisting of 134 first-year and 87 fourth- and fifth-year students during March and April 2024.

Results: Junior students agreed that their anatomy education helped them achieve some important goals for clinical practice, such as adopting and applying medical terminology and the ability to visualize a three-dimensional human body map. Senior students were less convinced that the structures and concepts acquired during anatomy education were relevant to clinical practice, helped them acquire clinical knowledge and skills effectively, and understand the principles of evidence-based medicine. Both junior students and their senior colleagues disagreed that anatomy education succeeded in developing their self-confidence, teamwork, and communication skills.

Conclusions: Both groups of students had similar preferences and suggestions for redesigning anatomy courses to focus on essential elements that are functionally and clinically relevant. This can be achieved through traditional and modern teaching methods, small group work, and the establishment of learning outcomes within clinically relevant contexts.

The iliopsoas muscle complex traditionally consists of the iliacus muscle and psoas major, occasionally including the psoas minor. These elements were distinguished based on their shared function and common distal attachment. Although accessory structures have been previously reported within the complex, they are rare. This study reports an unusual observation of the co-occurrence of two additional muscles within the iliopsoas muscle complex during dissection: and accessory iliacus muscle and a four-headed accessory psoas major, whose anatomical position and morphological features indicate a high possibility of femoral nerve compression.

The ventricular system and subarachnoid space are filled with cerebrospinal fluid, which plays a key role in the nervous system. This fluid is produced by the choroid plexus, an organ rich in ion transporters that precisely control the transport of specific ions into the cerebrospinal fluid thanks to tight junctions between the plexus cells; these prevent the passage of substances other than the transporters, thus allowing for precise control of the fluid composition. Cerebrospinal fluid production is based on a network of interrelationships between specific ion flows enabled by the numerous transporters. The fluid is cleaned and resorbed by the glymphatic system via multiple absorption pathways. Maintaining proper cerebrospinal fluid parameters is extremely important for proper brain function. Considering the fragility of the brain, even small fluctuations in cerebrospinal fluid composition can impair its condition. Therefore, to understand the nervous system, it is important to have thorough knowledge of the production, transport, and resorption mechanisms of cerebrospinal fluid. The aim of this paper is to summarize the current state of knowledge about the mechanisms of production, pathways of absorption and physiological values of cerebrospinal fluid parameters; it also discusses the role of the glymphatic system in maintaining fluid homeostasis, and the changes resulting from its dysfunction as result of trauma.

Background: Multiple structures found in different compartments of the human body are considered as morphologically variable, however, this general assumption does not apply to the components of the iliopsoas muscle complex. In this study, we report a case of an extremely variable muscle observed in the above-mentioned compartment.

Materials and methods: During a routine dissection of the posterior abdominal wall of a 78-year-old male cadaver, an anomalous muscle with an atypical morphology was observed, photographed and subjected to further measurements.

Results: Although the anatomy of the dissected posterior abdominal wall structures seemed typical, a variable muscle was observed that consisted of multiple additional muscular components.

Conclusions: Awareness of morphological variability was proven to be useful for clinicians from different fields of medicine. Therefore, the anomaly observed in the compartment which is considered to be rather constant seems relevant as this unknown structure may lead to further misconceptions during the process of diagnosis and treatment.

Background: The leg interosseous membrane (LIM) stabilises the tibia and the fibula. These two bones articulate at the proximal and distal tibiofibular joints. In addition, the LIM is the place of attachment of tibialis anterior muscle, extensor digitorum longus muscle, fibularis tertius muscle (anatomical variant), tibialis posterior muscle and flexor hallucis longus muscle. The specific structure of the collagen fibre network of the LIM provides durability comprising collagenous fibres that are predominately projected longitudinally, obliquely, and often transversely.

Materials and methods: 222 human foetuses (Male: 120, Female: 102) between 117 and 197 (median 177) days of foetal life were available for the study. The material derived from the foetal collection is stored in the Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Division of Anatomy of the Medical University of Wroclaw. In this study, we assessed the variability of the foetal LIM using a novel dyeing technique to identify the LIM syndesmotic structure.

Results: Overall, the study of the three types of interosseous fibres (transverse, oblique, longitudinal) of the right/left leg revealed that the fibres run in all three directions with frequencies approximating 60-70%. However, there were differences in the frequency of fibre directions and in the size of LIM between sexes.

Conclusions: After consideration of the directions and size of fibres of LIM, parts of it can be used for reconstruction of the upper limb interosseous membrane. Sexually dimorphic features of the LIM in the studied material confirm the different dynamics of lower limb growth in each sex.