Folia morphologica最新文献

Background: Few studies exist on Calcaneus volume due to calculation difficulties. The aim of this study is to generate a formula that can give the approximate volume of a Calcaneus through simple mathematical calculations based on measurements taken from plain radiographs.

Materials and methods: The study was carried out on 216 dry calcanei from the adult population in Anatolia. The volumes were calculated using Archimedes' water displacement method aided by a new technique for temporarily coating dry bones. On lateral radiographs: maximum anteroposterior length (max AP l), maximum body length (max body l), body height (body h), minimum body height (min body h), facies articularis cuboidaea height, Böhler's angle, angle of Gissane; on axial radiographs: maximum posterior transverse width (max post w) and minimum posterior transverse width (min post w) were measured. The formula was derived using Python 3.12, commonly used in machine learning.

Results: The mean volume was 55.8 mL, with a standard deviation of 11.7. After evaluating with machine learning techniques, the multiple linear regression model was determined to be the most effective, and the formula was identified as follows: Volume (mL) = 0.96 × max AP l (mm) + 0.40 × max body l (mm) - 0.29 × body h (mm) + 0.76 × min body h (mm) + 0.14 × max post w (mm) + 0.48 × min post w (mm) - 7.49.

Conclusions: The proposed formula can serve as an index for future studies on Calcaneus volume, and the methods we used may be helpful for similar studies, particularly on dry bones.

Background: The canalis sinuosus (CS) is an anatomical structure within the maxilla that enclosesthe anterior superior alveolar nerve (ASAN), artery (ASAA), and vein (ASAV). Since its first description in 1939, understanding the course of the CS is essential, especially for clinical outcomes involving facial surgeries and interventions, due to variations in its path.

Materials and methods: In this review, conducted according to PRISMA guidelines, Web-of-Science and PubMed databases were comprehensively searched using keywords related to the CS and its anatomical components. Both cadaveric investigations and radiological studies using computed tomography (CT) and cone-beam CT (CBCT) were included.

Results: The prevalence, diameter, and trajectory of the CS were assessed. Eleven of the 897 records met the inclusion criteria, revealing the CS prevalence in most subjects. The mean CS diameter was 1 mm, and clinically significant trajectory variations with significant implications for clinical practice were observed. The segmented anatomical analysis revealed that the course of the CS was divided into three distinct parts, namely, the initial segment near the infraorbital foramen, the intermediate segment extending to the pyriform aperture, and the end segment near the tooth root apices. The CS pathway begins at the infraorbital foramen, curving towards the nasal aperture before bending again near the inferior nasal concha.

Discussion and conclusions: Further study is needed to clarify the complex end segment and precise anatomical details of the CS. Existing studies have notable limitations and inconsistencies, underscoring the urgent need for uniform methodologies and consistent terminology.

Background: Sex estimation is a very important part of anthropological and forensic research. After the pelvic skeleton, the skull is the easiest place to distinguish sex. The morphological characteristics of the mandible, which is the largest and strongest bone in the skull, play an important role in sex estimation because it varies according to age, sex and race.

Materials and methods: In our study, mandibular length (ML), symphysis height (SH), bimental width (BMW), bicondylar width (BCW), bigonial width (BGW), ramus height (RH) and ramus width (RW) were morphologically examined on 130 dry mandibular bones of which age and sex were estimated.

Results: Bigonial width, a key indicator of mandibular width, also showed significant differences between the sexes in all age groups (p < 0.05), with males having wider mandibles. Other significant differences were observed for bimental width in the 20-25, 31-35 and 51-55 age groups, and for bicondylar width in the 20-25 and 31-35 age groups. On the other hand, ramus width showed no statistically significant differences between males and females in any age group, suggesting a more uniform characteristic between the sexes.

Conclusions: In our study, it can be seen that there are significant sex differences in the various dimensions of the mandible, and that males in general have larger dimensions compared to females. In this context, the morphological findings of our study provide an accurate estimation of the age and sex of the individual.

Background: The primary aim of this study was to conduct precise measurements of the deep brachial artery (DBA) on cadaveric limb specimens. A comprehensive understanding of DBA anatomy and its variations is essential for reconstructive procedures involving musculocutaneous flaps in the posterior arm, as well as for angiographic diagnostics and trauma surgery.

Materials and methods: The examined upper limbs were obtained from 25 cadavers. Both right and left upper limbs were subjected to dissection. The parameters assessed included the DBA diameter at its origin, DBA diameter at the point of bifurcation, and its total length. Additionally, anatomical landmarks, including the greater tubercle of the humerus and the olecranon, were identified as reference points for the conducted measurements.

Results: The DBA length ranged from 1.41 mm to 135.16 mm, with a median value of 57.64 mm. The initial DBA diameter was between 1.74 mm and 4.22 mm, with an average of 2.86 mm. The median DBA diameter at the point of its division into the middle collateral and radial collateral arteries was 1.90 mm. The median DBA length was 72.31 mm in females and 57.30 mm in males. The mean initial DBA diameter was 2.75 mm in females and 2.90 mm in males.

Discussion: This study provides a comprehensive anatomical analysis of the deep brachial artery (DBA), confirming its variable origin and morphometric parameters. Measurements demonstrated in the study, which include DBA diameters, total length, and variations by laterality and sex, contribute valuable data to the existing literature. The anatomical landmarks used in the study, such as the greater tubercle of the humerus and the olecranon process, enhances the ability to locate the DBA for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.

Conclusions: The study's findings have practical implications for surgical and clinical applications, particularly in reconstructive procedures involving musculocutaneous flaps in the posterior arm.

Background: Canines play crucial roles in arch development, dental esthetics, and occlusal function, and Variations in root canal morphology can considerably impact root canal treatment outcomes. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the root and root canal anatomy of canine teeth by using Vertucci's classification and the prevalence of impacted canines in a Saudi subpopulation.

Materials and methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study design was used. A total of 416 cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans were analyzed using Vertucci's classification, and information related to sample characteristics, canal configurations. and impaction of the mandibular and maxillary permanent canine teeth were recorded. In addition, data, such as gender, arch, side of the CBCT, classification type of canal anatomy, and presence of impacted canines, were collected. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences was used for data analysis, and the chi-square and Fisher exact tests were used. A p value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results: A total of 1664 maxillary and mandibular canine teeth (51.9% from females) were screened in this study. Nearly 94.7% of the canine had a single canal, and 98.6% had a single root. Maxillary and mandibular canines with the type I configuration were the most prevalent (98.6% and 90.9%, respectively), and those with the type V configuration was the least prevalent (0.2% and 3.1%, respectively). The prevalence of the type I root canal configuration was higher in the maxillary canines (98.6%) than in the mandibular canines (90.9%) and significantly higher in males (95.8%) than in females (93.8%; p = 0.002). The prevalence of single-rooted canines in the mandibular arch was significantly higher in males (99.0%) than in females (95.8%; p = 0.005). Similarly, the overall prevalence of single-rooted canines was significantly higher in males (99.5%) than in females (97.7%; p = 0.002). In the mandibular arch, the prevalence of the single-canal configuration was significantly higher in males (93.5%) than in females (88.4%; p = 0.011). The prevalence of impacted canines was 7.9% and higher in the maxillary arch (7.0%) and males (8.5%).

Conclusions: Canines with the type I canal configuration was the most prevalent in both arches and higher in the maxillary arch. The type I configuration and single-rooted canines in the mandibular arch and both arches were more prevalent in males. The prevalence of impacted canines was found to be 7.9%, with a higher occurrence in males and maxillary arches.

Background: Low attendance rates arise as an essential issue in medical schools since e-learning alternatives offer flexible participation models. This study aimed to examine the personal and environmental factors affecting the participation to lectures by focusing on the attendance habits of second-year medical students in anatomy lectures.

Materials and methods: This study was a cross-sectional questionnaire analysis and was conducted on a sample of 2nd year medical students. Data were collected using a questionnaire that included 23-item Likert-type lecture attendance scale and a question measuring the awareness of attendance requirement. The reliability of the scales was confirmed with Cronbach's alpha (α = 0.852) and construct validity was tested with factor analysis. Data were evaluated with percentages and statistical analyses.

Results: Students who were aware of the attendance requirement stated that they benefited more from the lectures (55.6% vs. 33.4%, p < 0.001) and found the lecture contents more engaging (70.2% vs. 52.0%, p < 0.001). While 66% of the students indicated that the lecture schedules were inconvenient, 61.4% preferred online materials instead of attending face-to-face lectures. In addition, 46.1% of the students reported that the lecture content was not engaging and 38.2% indicated that the lectures were boring.

Conclusions: This study revealed that the factors affecting the attendance in anatomy lectures such as motivation, lecture hours, learning environment and social interaction. Reducing early lectures, adapting online materials to asynchronous learning style and using active learning methods were recommended. Student-centered and inclusive approaches are critical for sustainable success in medical education.

Background: The inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) supplies blood to the distal transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum. A thorough understanding of IMA anatomy is crucial in colon cancer surgeries and emerging percutaneous interventions. However, there is limited research on its precise morphometry, including vessel length, diameters, and branching angles. This study aims to provide a detailed analysis of the IMA focusing on parameters essential for optimizing percutaneous vascular treatments and colon surgeries.

Materials and methods: Multiplanar reconstructions and maximum intensity projections were generated from contrast-enhanced computed tomography angiography scans of 105 human bodies obtained during forensic examinations. The inferior mesenteric artery and its branches were assessed, with each scan analyzed and measured using specialized software. Left colic artery (LCA) has been divided into two groups based on its trunk length, and superior rectal artery (SRA) has been divided into three subgroups.

Results: A short trunk of the LCA was observed in 38.1% of cases, with an average length of 2.4 mm. A long trunk was observed in 61.9% of scans, with an average length of 42.6 mm. SRA type 1 was found in 53.3% of cases, type 2 in 38.1% of cases, and type 3 in 8.6% of cases. A larger number of sigmoid arteries was observed in women (p = 0.001).

Conclusions: In patients with a short left colic artery trunk, procedures in its branches may be easier due to wider angles and larger diameters, improving catheter access. Additionally, extra superior rectal arteries may form before the sigmoid arteries, which could impact colon surgery.

Background: This study integrated high-resolution sectioned images with ultrasound imaging to investigate the sequential anatomical transitions of the dorsal wrist, focusing on both bony morphology and the positioning of extensor tendons.

Materials and methods: As the shapes and articulations of carpal bones changed distally, corresponding shifts in tendon trajectories - such as the radial migration of the extensor pollicis longus tendon and the convergence of the extensor carpi ulnaris and extensor digiti minimi tendons - were consistently observed.

Results: These dynamic spatial relationships provide important clinical insights for differentiating normal anatomical variation from tendon displacement or injury.

Conclusions: By integrating detailed anatomical visualization with ultrasound assessment, this approach enhances diagnostic accuracy, supports safer minimally invasive procedures, and informs surgical planning for dorsal wrist pathologies.

Background: The median sacral artery (MSA) is a small but clinically significant artery arising from the aortic bifurcation and traveling along the anterior sacrum. It supplies the lumbar and sacral vertebrae and, in some cases, parts of the rectum. Despite its size, the MSA is crucial in regional circulation and is particularly relevant in spinal, pelvic, and vascular surgeries. This meta-analysis aims to provide a comprehensive synthesis of anatomical evidence regarding the MSA's origin, variations, and surgical relevance.

Materials and methods: A systematic search was conducted in major databases (PubMed, Embase, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, and SciELO) until January 2025. Studies reporting anatomical data on the MSA, including its origin, variations, and clinical significance, were included. A total of 13 studies (n = 1,007 arteries) met the criteria.

Results: The MSA originated directly from the aorta in 89.98% (95% CI: 84.05%-95.92%) of cases. In 8.27% (95% CI: 3.29%-13.25%), it shared a common origin with a lumbar artery, typically the 4th lumbar artery (97.86%). The 5th lumbar artery variation was rare (0.66%). Regarding its position relative to the sacral midline, the MSA was found on the left (48.80%), right (31.32%), or directly along the midline (13.35%). The mean distance from the midline was 3.54 mm.

Conclusions: Recognizing MSA variations is essential for surgical planning to prevent vascular injury during spinal and gynecological procedures. Further cadaveric and imaging studies are needed to enhance procedural safety.

Background: The supraclavicular artery island flap (SCAIF) is increasingly used in head and neck reconstruction due to its consistent anatomy and ease of harvest. However, anatomical studies specific to the Vietnamese population are limited.

Materials and methods: A total of 30 flaps were dissected from 15 Vietnamese adult cadavers. Origin, diameter, length, branching patterns, and vascular territory were evaluated.

Results: The artery originated from the transverse cervical artery in all cases. Mean diameter was 1.16 ± 0.12 mm; length was 29.40 ± 1.72 mm. Bifurcation was the most common pattern (76.67%), followed by single and trifurcation patterns. Vascular territory averaged 169.11 × 92.33 mm.

Conclusions: The supraclavicular artery shows reliable anatomy in Vietnamese cadavers, supporting the clinical applicability of SCAIF. Further clinical studies are needed to confirm the flap's viability and effectiveness in live patients.