Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery最新文献

Introduction: Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO) is a pivotal target in the kynurenine pathway (KP). KMO inhibitors (KMOis) decrease neurotoxic metabolites like 3-hydroxykynurenine and quinolinic acid while increasing neuroprotective kynurenic acid levels. It offers a promising therapeutic approach for treating neurodegenerative diseases, psychiatric disorders, acute pancreatitis, and immune-mediated conditions.

Areas covered: The authors provide an overview of the biology and function of KMO and highlight the key evidence for KMOi design. The authors also provide a summary of the structure - activity relationships (SARs) of several series of KMOis based on a comprehensive search of literature utilizing PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus, covering the period between 2015 and 2025. This works also provides explicit coverage to the chemical space of human KMOis (hKMOis), thereby providing a novel framework for the rational design of next-generation therapeutics targeting this enzyme.

Expert opinion: The KP, particularly KMO, has emerged as a compelling target for drug discovery. The Structure-Similarity Activity Trailing (SimilACTrail) map of hKMOis has provided novel insights for mapping the molecular landscape of hKMOis. A high scaffold-hopping rate (40.24%) underscores the potential for chemical innovation, while the identification of activity cliffs (0.58%) provides critical data for refining SARs. These findings offer a promising avenue for therapeutic development, with opportunities for the optimization of chemical scaffolds.

Introduction: Bisquinoline is a privileged pharmacophore in medicinal chemistry due to its diverse biological activities, particularly against infectious diseases such as malaria, tuberculosis, leishmania, fungi, bacteria, protozoa, schistosomiasis, and HIV. The success of piperaquine, a bisquinoline-derived antimalarial, has underscored its therapeutic potential, driving interest in its role as a small-molecule probe for targeting critical disease pathways. As drug resistance increases and the need for effective treatments rises, bisquinoline's broad pharmacological profile presents promising drug discovery opportunities.

Areas covered: This review explores research on bisquinoline derivatives as anti-infective agents, focusing on synthetic approaches, detailed structure-activity relationships, and therapeutic applications. It includes detailed insights into piperaquine, the only approved bisquinoline drug, based on literature from 2000 to 2025 sourced from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science concerning 'bisquinoline scaffold' keywords.

Expert opinion: In the last two decades, significant progress has been made in developing bisquinoline derivatives with various pharmacological effects. These advancements have expanded our understanding of the scaffold's pharmacological diversity and its potential for creating more effective drugs with fewer side effects. This continued progression will aid the development of the next-generation of bisquinoline-based therapeutics.

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), remains a major global health concern. It spreads through airborne droplets and has a high mortality rate, particularly without treatment. Drug resistance is rising, with treatments against multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) showing poor treatment success rates. The thick, lipid-rich wall of Mtb and its slow growth reduce antibiotic effectiveness, requiring long treatment courses of 4-6 months. Current therapies often fail against drug-resistant strains, highlighting the urgent need for new, short-course treatment, affordable, and combination-friendly drugs.

Areas covered: Within this perspective, the authors review and comment on the following topics regarding Mtb resistance emergence and treatment strategies: i) Existing treatment ii) Resistance evolution in Mtb; iii) Key challenges in drug discovery targeting Mtb; iv) emerging strategies and recent advances in Mtb drug discovery, and v) Next-generation approaches. Literature was identified through a search of PubMed, google scholar, and web of science, from January 2010 to March 2025.

Expert opinion: AI is accelerating the discovery of bioavailable and safe preclinical drug candidates for TB, though data limitations and biological complexity remain challenging. Future progress requires multi-modal models, open-access datasets, and interdisciplinary collaboration.

Introduction: The JAK-STAT pathway plays a pivotal role in immune regulation and is implicated in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease (CD). Upadacitinib is a JAK inhibitor with greater selectivity for JAK1 over JAK2 and JAK3, and is emerging as a promising alternative to biologic therapies in CD.

Areas covered: A literature search of MEDLINE and EMBASE up to February 2025 was conducted using defined keywords to identify preclinical, clinical, and real-world studies on upadacitinib in CD. In early trials, upadacitinib demonstrated efficacy in reducing proinflammatory cytokines, improving intestinal barrier integrity, and achieving high intracellular drug concentrations in target tissues. The phase II CELEST trial demonstrated that upadacitinib induced both endoscopic and clinical responses in patients with moderate-to-severe CD. Subsequent phase III studies (U-EXCEED, U-EXCEL, U-ENDURE) confirmed rapid clinical remission, sustained efficacy, and a manageable safety profile, leading to regulatory approval. The efficacy and safety of this molecule in CD have been confirmed by real-world studies.

Expert opinion: The currently available data suggests that upadacitinib is an effective oral therapy for CD, offering an alternative to biologics with predictable pharmacokinetics, rapid symptom relief, and sustained long-term benefits. Future research will refine its role in treatment algorithms, biomarker-driven personalization, and combination therapies.

Introduction: Insomnia is a highly prevalent and clinically burdensome disorder that profoundly affects cognition, emotional regulation, cardiometabolic health, and neurodegenerative progression. Despite advances in understanding its neurobiology, current animal models fail to capture the chronic, heterogeneous, and comorbid nature of human insomnia, impeding progress in translational drug discovery.

Areas covered: This narrative review critically appraises genetic, environmental, pharmacological, and circuit-level models of insomnia, focusing on their translational relevance to drug discovery and is based on literature searches using PubMed and Scopus (2000-2025) where key systematic reviews were identified. The author also discusses how oversimplified paradigms and limited modeling of comorbidity constrain clinical applicability and highlight emerging tools - optogenetics, chemogenetics, CRISPR, wearable EEG, and AI - that enable high-resolution mapping of sleep - wake mechanisms.

Expert opinion: A paradigm shift toward integrated, multidimensional models is urgently needed to reflect the complexity of chronic insomnia better. Embedding these models into translational pipelines - through precision genetics, circuit manipulation, and AI-enhanced analytics - will accelerate mechanism-based drug discovery and support the development of durable, personalized treatments for this disabling and multifactorial disorder.

Introduction: Leishmaniasis is a devastating and complex parasitic disease caused by different species of protozoan members of the genus Leishmania. Unfortunately, available drugs are far from ideal and no vaccines are available. Under these circumstances, new effective antileishmanial drugs with reduced host toxicity and improved dosing protocols are urgently needed. The sterol biosynthesis pathway (SBP) is a promising focus for combating Leishmania infections. Thus, various strategies have been documented, such as drug repurposing, combined therapy, rational drug design, and the use of synergistic effects to develop the metallodrugs that can act on essential parasite targets.

Areas covered: This article reviews the critical enzymes participating in the ergostane-based sterol biosynthesis pathway (SBP) of Leishmania species, as well as recent progress in rational drug design, repurposing drugs, combined therapies, and the development of metallodrugs for use as antileishmanial agents. This review is based on literature searchers using SciFinder, Lens.org, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Pub Med, and DrugBank.

Expert opinion: The limited focus on human leishmaniasis has resulted in a shortfall in effective treatments for this parasitic disease. The post-squalene segment of the sterol biosynthetic pathway is a promising target for treating Leishmania infections, particularly effective drugs or metallodrugs that inhibit the CYP51 or 24-SMT enzymes.

Introduction: The first generation of approved T cell engagers (TCEs) showing promising efficacy in hematological and solid tumors relies on high binding affinity to CD3. Treatment of tumors with TCEs has been clinically associated with toxicities related to cytokine release syndrome (CRS). In addition to clinical strategies to mitigate CRS, antibody engineering efforts have been undertaken to generate TCEs with optimized therapeutic index. Strategies pursued in this context include affinity attenuation of CD3 binding arm, to achieve potent tumor cell killing with minimal cytokine secretion.

Areas covered: A literature search was conducted to identify peer-reviewed articles related to CD3 affinity and T cell engagers. Here, we provide an overview of the current state and recent developments in CD3 affinity-attenuation, both preclinically and clinically, with a focus on the challenges of developing TCEs with attenuated affinity to CD3 as well as identifying possible areas of improvement.

Expert opinion: CD3 affinity reduction can effectively lower cytokine levels preclinically; however, it is crucial to consider all factors influencing the mode of action of TCEs. Prioritizing the use of the most translatable preclinical models is essential to identify the right candidates for further development.

Introduction: GPCRs are targeted by nearly one-third of FDA-approved drugs and are therefore of great interest in drug discovery pursuits. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) builds upon our understanding of the structural biology of GPCRs by helping to identify dynamic facets of ligand engagement, activation, and G protein coupling, often through the identification of an ensemble.

Areas covered: The basic facets of NMR spectroscopy and relaxation experiments (e.g. CPMG, WaterLOGSY, STD) are described as they pertain to the study of structure activity relationships (SAR), ligand-fragment interaction dynamics, and fragment-based drug discovery. This article is based on literature searches that have utilized ISI Web of Knowledge, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar.

Expert opinion: The structural biology of GPCRs and their associated complexes are rapidly advancing, particularly via cryoEM techniques which provide high-resolution structures and additional insights into minor states represented into the ensemble. Nevertheless, there is still an important niche for NMR methods to capture in terms of the delineation of detailed and physiologically representative ensembles of functional states and their associated dynamics.

Introduction: Microtubules, composing of α, β-tubulin dimers, are important for cellular processes like proliferation and transport, thereby they become suitable targets for research in cancer. Existing candidates often exhibit off-target effects, necessitating the quest for safer alternatives.

Area covered: The authors explore various aspects of computer-aided drug design (CADD) for tubulin inhibitors. The authors review various techniques like molecular docking, QSAR analysis, molecular dynamic simulations, and machine learning approaches for predicting drug efficacy and modern computational methods utilized in the design and discovery of agents with anticancer potential. This article is based on a comprehensive search of literature utilizing Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science, covering the period from 2018 to 2025.

Expert opinion: CADD is crucial in the pursuit of new cancer treatments, particularly by merging computer algorithms with experimental data. CADD predicts small molecule activity against tubulin related targets, expediting drug candidate identification and optimization for enhanced efficacy with reduced toxicity. Challenges include limited predictive models and the need for sophisticated ones to capture complex interactions among targets and pathways. Despite relying on cancer cell line transcriptome profiles, CADD remains pivotal for future anticancer drug discovery efforts.

Introduction: The availability of well-characterized small and large animal models is critical for the discovery and development of new drugs that counter the negative health effects of unwanted, acute ionizing radiation exposures.

Area covered: This article discusses the opportunities and challenges of small and large animal models for the development and regulatory approval of novel drugs for acute radiation syndrome (ARS). Various animal models of ARS have been analyzed for both strengths and weaknesses relative to the development of drugs for ARS following the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Animal Rule. This article is based on a search of literature utilizing PubMed, covering the period up to March 2025.

Expert opinion: Relative to large animal models, the rhesus macaque model is currently the most used and best characterized for translational relevance. Other large animal models (e.g. minipig) are currently used as well to evaluate other specific types of acute injury, such as cutaneous injuries. Due to the limited supply of rhesus macaques for studying radiation injury and countermeasure development, it is of some urgency to further characterize and consider the use of alternative models, especially large animal models, for advanced research and subsequent regulatory approval of ARS countering drugs.