Food additives & contaminants. Part B, Surveillance最新文献

This study investigated ethylene oxide (EO) residues, using 2-chloroethanol (2-CE) as the proxy compound, in spices, herbs, and related processed foods through market surveillance in Singapore. Residues were analysed using gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) after modified QuEChERS sample extraction, to achieve highly sensitive and selective detection of 2-CE residues. Ten out of 53 spice and herb samples contained 2-CE residues ranging from 11 to 885 mg/kg and 8 out of 106 chilli and seasoning packets in instant noodle products contained 2-CE residues ranging from 16 to 186 mg/kg, while 44 samples of these product categories showed 2-CE residues between LOQ and 2 mg/kg. The remaining samples were found with 2-CE less than the LOQ. Test findings from this study highlight the need for strict monitoring and surveillance programs to ensure regulatory compliance concerning EO residues in raw food commodities and finished products.

This study aimed to examine the levels of sodium benzoate (SB), potassium sorbate (PS), and natamycin (NAT) in doogh samples collected during the winter and summer in Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan region of Iraq, utilising high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection (HPLC-UV). Moreover, human health risks associated with these preservatives in doogh were assessed using Monte Carlo simulations. SB, PS, and NAT levels in the doogh ranged from <0.47 to 22.5 mg/L, <0.015 to 8.3 mg/L, and 1.4 to 11.5 mg/L, respectively. The levels of these preservatives in the doogh samples were within international standards. The estimated daily intake (EDI) values of SB, PS, and NAT in doogh were below the acceptable daily intake (ADI). Hazard quotient (HQ) data of SB and PS in doogh were below 1. Based on these findings, the obtained levels of preservatives in doogh do not pose a health risk to Iraqi consumers.

A straightforward method for the determination of histamine and other biogenic amines in Vietnamese traditional fish sauce was developed, avoiding a time-consuming derivatisation step. This resulted in the application of hydrophilic interaction in combination with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS/MS). The characteristics of the analytical method, such as linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), repeatability, stability, and matrix effects were systematically investigated. The validated method was successfully applied to analyse 8 biogenic amines in 15 Vietnamese traditional fish sauce samples, as well as 10 broth samples directly collected from the fermentation tanks. Among the eight investigated biogenic amines, histamine was found in all analysed samples, in some at high levels. However, in traditional fish sauce samples collected from supermarkets histamine levels were lower than the maximum level as set by European Union regulations.

There are many studies, both abroad and in Turkey, on the detection of antibiotic residues in animal products. However, studies on this subject in the Hatay region are rare. Within the scope of this study, the presence of 14 types of antibiotic residues (ampicillin, amoxycillin, demeclocycline, doxycycline, enrofloxacin, chlortetracycline, novobiocin, oxytetracycline, penicillin G, streptomycin, sulphadimethoxine, sulphamethazine, tetracycline, and tylosin) in samples from animal products such as beef, poultry, milk, and eggs sold unbranded in Hatay were investigated using HPLC. Total antibiotic residues were between 0.257 and 0.891 mg kg^-1 in poultry, between 0.357 and 0.971 mg kg^-1 in mutton, between 0.077 and 0.218 mg kg^-1 in beef, between 0.591 and 1.985 mg L^-1 in milk, and between 0.006 and 1.605 mg kg^-1 in egg samples. Antibiotic residues were detected in all samples examined. This shows that some manufacturers are still careless regarding the correct application of antibiotics.

Mycotoxin contamination of staple foods represents a significant public health concern, particularly in countries lacking regulatory frameworks. This study aimed to assess mycotoxin contamination in maize, cowpeas and rice from local markets across Mauritania, using three detection methods (Charm II, ELISA and immunochromatographic tests). Samples were collected from 14 markets in six cities to analyse the presence of aflatoxins, ochratoxins, zearalenone and fumonisins. Preliminary results revealed significant contamination in cowpeas (64% positive for aflatoxins) and maize samples (fumonisins levels up to 50 times the EU limits in Nouakchott and Rosso markets). Rice samples showed minimal contamination across all tested mycotoxins. The obtained results highlight the need for monitoring and regulation of mycotoxin contamination in Mauritania, particularly considering climate change impacts on mycotoxin production and associated health risks.

An analytical method was developed for identification and quantification of zilpaterol in bovine liver, meat, heart, and kidney, using liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS). It was validated in accordance with Commission Implementing Regulation (CIR) EU 2021/808 at six different concentrations, ranging from 0.1 to 5 μg/kg. The mean recoveries ranged from 71% to 99%, while the decision limit (CCα) and detection capability (CCβ) ranges were 0.11-0.12 μg/kg and 0.13-0.15 μg/kg, respectively. The method demonstrated good linearity (R² > 0.9996) and the limits of detection (LODs) and of quantification (LOQs) were in the range of 0.015-0.061 μg/kg and 0.025-0.091 μg/kg, respectively. Out of 200 samples collected from local markets in Egypt, 17 contained zilpaterol residues. Liver samples revealed the highest detection frequency (26%), followed by meat (6%), at mean concentrations of 2.64 and 1.93 μg/kg, respectively.

Senna, a medicinal herb, is highly susceptible to aflatoxin contamination, which often limits the export value of the final products due to the regulatory limits of importing countries. Presence of aflatoxin B1 (AFB₁) was investigated in 229 senna pod samples at various stages from field to storage over three years. Higher incidence of AFB₁ was revealed during the late harvest stage with a mean level of 52.4 µg/kg and a range of LOD-206 µg/kg. Out of 48 late harvest samples, 37 exceeded the AFFB₁ limit of 2 µg/kg. In contrast, the majority of preharvest samples showed lower levels of AFB₁ (1.0 µg/kg). During drying, increase in the mean AFB₁ level to 4 µg/kg was observed and it could further increase to 18.1 μg/kg in storage. These results highlight the status of aflatoxin contamination in senna pods and emphasise the importance of implementing good agricultural practices in senna cultivation to mitigate AFB₁ contamination.

Data on the occurrence of organophosphate tri-esters (tri-OPEs) and their metabolites (di-OPEs) in hen's eggs are scarce. Therefore, 200 egg samples were gathered in 2023 in Hanoi, Vietnam and analysed by UHPLC-Q-Exactive HRMS. The majority of these compounds were detected, with tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (0.10-2.7 ng/g wet weight (ww)) and trihexyl phosphate (0.08-2.3 ng/g ww) being the most prevalent tri-OPEs. Significant differences in tri-OPE profiles were observed in egg samples from battery-cage and free-range farming (p < .05). Despite egg levels ranging from 0.05 to 11.2 ng/g ww, Σdi-OPE accumulation in yolk and egg white was not significantly different in (p > .05). Among di-OPEs, dibutyl phosphate was found at the highest levels in the egg white, while bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate had the highest levels in yolk. There was no carcinogenic human health risk associated with OPEs in eggs (HQs <1).

Heavy metal pollution in marine organisms poses a significant threat to both ecosystems and human health. Dumping untreated sewage into the sea pollutes coastal waters with toxic metals. This study examined the levels of chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), mercury (Hg), arsenic (As) and copper (Cu) in three shrimp species of genus Penaeus i.e. Penaeus merguiensis, Penaeus monodon, and Penaeus indicus. The findings revealed that the average levels of arsenic, lead, and mercury were considerably higher than the legislative limits. Furthermore, chromium and lead levels remained consistent across shrimp species, while other metals exhibited significant variation. Additionally, THQ and HI values were below the limit of 1, indicating low health risks from consuming shrimp species from this area. However, sustained monitoring and research are essential to protect consumer health and ensure long-term sustainability of seafood resources.

Nitroimidazoles are well-known antibacterial and antiprotozoal agents, effective against various infections. However, they may also exhibit genotoxic, carcinogenic and mutagenic effects. This study aimed to develop an analytical method to quantify nitroimidazole residues and their metabolites in honey using Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with Orbitrap High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-Orbitrap-HRMS) and validate it according to Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/808. The method demonstrated limits of detection (LODs) ranging from 0.01 to 0.17 µg L^-1 and limits of quantification (LOQs) from 0.020 to 0.29 µg L^-1. Recovery rates ranged from 79.8% to 104%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) between 4.2% and 19.6%. Analysis of 96 honey samples revealed nitroimidazole residues in 18.8% of them. These findings could enhance more effectively the Egyptian monitoring programs for these compounds in honey as to improve food safety.