Pub Date : 2024-05-03DOI: 10.30572/2018/kje/150208
Hussein H. Kadhum, M. Mohammed
Titanium (Ti) and its alloys are frequently employed in the biomedical industry because they have a high corrosion resistance in addition to being lightweight, non-toxic, and having excellent biocompatibility. In this work, the microstructure and some required properties were evaluated for binary Ti-15Zr alloy produced by powder metallurgy (PM) for biomedical applications; the obtained results were also compared to that of commercially pure Ti (CP-Ti). The major goal of this paper is to study the impact of Zr addition on the microstructure, micro-hardness, and corrosion resistance of Ti alloy.
钛（Ti）及其合金具有重量轻、无毒、生物相容性好等特点，而且具有很强的耐腐蚀性，因此经常被用于生物医学领域。本文评估了通过粉末冶金（PM）技术生产的二元钛-15Zr 合金在生物医学应用中的微观结构和一些必要的性能，并将所得结果与商用纯钛（CP-Ti）进行了比较。本文的主要目的是研究添加 Zr 对 Ti 合金的显微结构、显微硬度和耐腐蚀性的影响。
{"title":"EFFECT OF ZIRCONIUM ADDITION ON MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF PURE TI PRODUCED BY POWDER METALLURGY","authors":"Hussein H. Kadhum, M. Mohammed","doi":"10.30572/2018/kje/150208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30572/2018/kje/150208","url":null,"abstract":"Titanium (Ti) and its alloys are frequently employed in the biomedical industry because they have a high corrosion resistance in addition to being lightweight, non-toxic, and having excellent biocompatibility. In this work, the microstructure and some required properties were evaluated for binary Ti-15Zr alloy produced by powder metallurgy (PM) for biomedical applications; the obtained results were also compared to that of commercially pure Ti (CP-Ti). The major goal of this paper is to study the impact of Zr addition on the microstructure, micro-hardness, and corrosion resistance of Ti alloy.","PeriodicalId":123515,"journal":{"name":"Kufa Journal of Engineering","volume":"172 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141015373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-03DOI: 10.30572/2018/kje/150202
Ali H. Majeed, M. Khosroshahy
QCA technology presented as a new paradigm to replace CMOS technology in the nanoscale. QCA technology represents binary information by cell polarization, not as a voltage level. The basic blocks in QCA technology are the majority gate and inverter. Efficient building blocks are important to get whole efficient circuits. This article aims to present novel configurations for the inverter block that offer advantages in terms of temperature tolerance, cell count, and area efficiency. Moreover, a Repeater gate with high efficiency is proposed to demonstrate their versatility. The proposed inverter has efficient improvements by 2%, 4.4%, 11%, and 17.5% over the best-reported inverter block at 10 K, 100 K, 150 K, and 200 K, respectively. The circuits presented in this study were designed and validated using QCADesigner software v 2.0.3, and the energy consumption of the proposed designs was assessed using QCAPro tools.
QCA 技术是取代纳米级 CMOS 技术的一种新模式。QCA 技术通过单元极化来表示二进制信息，而不是电压电平。QCA 技术的基本模块是多数门和反相器。高效的构件对于获得整个高效电路非常重要。本文旨在介绍逆变器模块的新型配置，这些配置在温度耐受性、单元数量和面积效率方面具有优势。此外，还提出了一种具有高效率的中继门，以展示其多功能性。在 10 K、100 K、150 K 和 200 K 温度条件下，所提出的逆变器比报告的最佳逆变器块的效率分别提高了 2%、4.4%、11% 和 17.5%。本研究中介绍的电路使用 QCADesigner 软件 v 2.0.3 进行设计和验证，并使用 QCAPro 工具评估了所提设计的能耗。
{"title":"HIGHLY EFFICIENT INVERTER BLOCKS IN QCA TECHNOLOGY","authors":"Ali H. Majeed, M. Khosroshahy","doi":"10.30572/2018/kje/150202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30572/2018/kje/150202","url":null,"abstract":"QCA technology presented as a new paradigm to replace CMOS technology in the nanoscale. QCA technology represents binary information by cell polarization, not as a voltage level. The basic blocks in QCA technology are the majority gate and inverter. Efficient building blocks are important to get whole efficient circuits. This article aims to present novel configurations for the inverter block that offer advantages in terms of temperature tolerance, cell count, and area efficiency. Moreover, a Repeater gate with high efficiency is proposed to demonstrate their versatility. The proposed inverter has efficient improvements by 2%, 4.4%, 11%, and 17.5% over the best-reported inverter block at 10 K, 100 K, 150 K, and 200 K, respectively. The circuits presented in this study were designed and validated using QCADesigner software v 2.0.3, and the energy consumption of the proposed designs was assessed using QCAPro tools.","PeriodicalId":123515,"journal":{"name":"Kufa Journal of Engineering","volume":"103 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141016054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-03DOI: 10.30572/2018/kje/150201
M. Mohammed, Hussein N. Radhia, Alaa M.H. Aljassani
In the present study, the microstructure, mechanical and wear characteristics of commercial Cu-30Zn brass alloy were developed by an equal channel-angular process (ECAP) using a particular die in constant dimensions. The ECAP process was experimentally conducted at room temperature using (1-4) passes in route C with lubricating conditions. Also, the post-annealing treatment at 350 oC has been done for some brass samples, which were deformed with four passes. Findings revealed that by conducting the ECAP, a significant reduction in the grain size of the deformed brass samples is achieved compared to the as-received alloy. The grain refinement increased with the increasing number of ECAP passes. However, the post-annealing treatment increased the grain size of the deformed brass alloy, but still it was lower than the as-received alloy. Moreover, the mechanical performance, i.e. micro-hardness and strength, was significantly enhanced after the ECAP. The samples processed with three passes presented the highest hardness value (237 HV) and mechanical strength (UTS= 692 MPa, and YS= 542 MPa) due to the homogeneous strain hardening and substantial grain refinement throughout the ECAP process. However, the micro-hardness and mechanical strength of brass alloy decreased after post-annealing treatment compared to those of the ECAP deformed samples. The elongation to failure also decreased greatly with increasing the number of passes of ECAP. Additionally, the wear resistance of the investigated samples increased significantly after increasing the number of ECAP passes compared to the as-received alloy. The highest wear resistance has been achieved for samples deformed by three and four passes of ECAP due to the considerable grain size refinement and higher hardness. However, a slight increase in the wear rate occurred after post-annealing treatment on a brass alloy sample processed with four passes due to the increase in grain size.
{"title":"DEVELOPMENT OF MICROSTRUCTURE, MECHANICAL AND WEAR CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BRASS ALLOY PROCESSED BY ECAP","authors":"M. Mohammed, Hussein N. Radhia, Alaa M.H. Aljassani","doi":"10.30572/2018/kje/150201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30572/2018/kje/150201","url":null,"abstract":"In the present study, the microstructure, mechanical and wear characteristics of commercial Cu-30Zn brass alloy were developed by an equal channel-angular process (ECAP) using a particular die in constant dimensions. The ECAP process was experimentally conducted at room temperature using (1-4) passes in route C with lubricating conditions. Also, the post-annealing treatment at 350 oC has been done for some brass samples, which were deformed with four passes. Findings revealed that by conducting the ECAP, a significant reduction in the grain size of the deformed brass samples is achieved compared to the as-received alloy. The grain refinement increased with the increasing number of ECAP passes. However, the post-annealing treatment increased the grain size of the deformed brass alloy, but still it was lower than the as-received alloy. Moreover, the mechanical performance, i.e. micro-hardness and strength, was significantly enhanced after the ECAP. The samples processed with three passes presented the highest hardness value (237 HV) and mechanical strength (UTS= 692 MPa, and YS= 542 MPa) due to the homogeneous strain hardening and substantial grain refinement throughout the ECAP process. However, the micro-hardness and mechanical strength of brass alloy decreased after post-annealing treatment compared to those of the ECAP deformed samples. The elongation to failure also decreased greatly with increasing the number of passes of ECAP. Additionally, the wear resistance of the investigated samples increased significantly after increasing the number of ECAP passes compared to the as-received alloy. The highest wear resistance has been achieved for samples deformed by three and four passes of ECAP due to the considerable grain size refinement and higher hardness. However, a slight increase in the wear rate occurred after post-annealing treatment on a brass alloy sample processed with four passes due to the increase in grain size.","PeriodicalId":123515,"journal":{"name":"Kufa Journal of Engineering","volume":"100 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141015971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-03DOI: 10.30572/2018/kje/150209
Adekunle Olorunlowo David, Jude K. Omotosho, O. Opafola, Van Nam Thai, Olukunle O. Akisanya
The discharge of effluent polluted with heavy metals have become a growing concern for researchers around the world. This study evaluated the removal efficiency of commercial activated carbon and rice husk activated carbon as adsorbents for the removal of copper ion in water. A nominal size of 1 mm was obtained after sieving the Rice Husk, washed with distilled water, dried in an oven t at 80 ℃ for 12 hours, and pyrolyzed in a furnace at 550 ℃ for 30 minutes. The chars produced were later air-dried and then activated with lemon juice. The Rice Husk Activated Carbon (RHAC) and Commercial Activated Carbon (CAC) purchased from the market were both subjected to the following analyses: bulk density, X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) in order to characterise the adsorbents and to understand their suitability for the removal of copper ion in water. One of the properties of an adsorbent is large pores which is exhibited by the activated carbons as revealed by the SEM analysis. Likewise, the XRF and EDX analyses confirmed that the adsorbents had larger proportion of Silica (50.1 – 50.25%), Carbon (60.06 – 84.87 wt .%) and Oxygen (15.13 – 21.60 wt. %) which is a property of a good adsorbent. BET analysis showed that the surface areas of the rice husk activated carbon and the commercial activated carbon were 998.35 and 1208.25 m2/g, respectively. The bulk densities of the rice husk activated carbon and the commercial activated carbon were 0.3325 and 0.2812 g/cm3, respectively. The maximum removal efficiency using RHAC was observed at 60 ℃ and 120 minutes at 83.96 and 89.21 %, respectively while for CAC the maximum removal efficiency was observed at 60 ℃ at 84.61 % and 30 minutes at 83.3 %. Initial concentration of 20 mg/l was observed to have the highest removal efficiency for the two activated carbon specimens. The modelled effect of initial concentration, temperature and contact time on removal efficiency yielded R2 values of 1, 0.918; 1,1 and 1,1 respectively for the CAC and RHAC.
{"title":"BIO-ADSORPTION OF HEAVY METAL ION FROM WATER USING ACTIVATED CARBON","authors":"Adekunle Olorunlowo David, Jude K. Omotosho, O. Opafola, Van Nam Thai, Olukunle O. Akisanya","doi":"10.30572/2018/kje/150209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30572/2018/kje/150209","url":null,"abstract":"The discharge of effluent polluted with heavy metals have become a growing concern for researchers around the world. This study evaluated the removal efficiency of commercial activated carbon and rice husk activated carbon as adsorbents for the removal of copper ion in water. A nominal size of 1 mm was obtained after sieving the Rice Husk, washed with distilled water, dried in an oven t at 80 ℃ for 12 hours, and pyrolyzed in a furnace at 550 ℃ for 30 minutes. The chars produced were later air-dried and then activated with lemon juice. The Rice Husk Activated Carbon (RHAC) and Commercial Activated Carbon (CAC) purchased from the market were both subjected to the following analyses: bulk density, X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) in order to characterise the adsorbents and to understand their suitability for the removal of copper ion in water. One of the properties of an adsorbent is large pores which is exhibited by the activated carbons as revealed by the SEM analysis. Likewise, the XRF and EDX analyses confirmed that the adsorbents had larger proportion of Silica (50.1 – 50.25%), Carbon (60.06 – 84.87 wt .%) and Oxygen (15.13 – 21.60 wt. %) which is a property of a good adsorbent. BET analysis showed that the surface areas of the rice husk activated carbon and the commercial activated carbon were 998.35 and 1208.25 m2/g, respectively. The bulk densities of the rice husk activated carbon and the commercial activated carbon were 0.3325 and 0.2812 g/cm3, respectively. The maximum removal efficiency using RHAC was observed at 60 ℃ and 120 minutes at 83.96 and 89.21 %, respectively while for CAC the maximum removal efficiency was observed at 60 ℃ at 84.61 % and 30 minutes at 83.3 %. Initial concentration of 20 mg/l was observed to have the highest removal efficiency for the two activated carbon specimens. The modelled effect of initial concentration, temperature and contact time on removal efficiency yielded R2 values of 1, 0.918; 1,1 and 1,1 respectively for the CAC and RHAC.","PeriodicalId":123515,"journal":{"name":"Kufa Journal of Engineering","volume":"123 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141015072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-03DOI: 10.30572/2018/kje/150207
Adekunle Olorunlowo David, O. Opafola, F. O. Ajibade, B. D. Odugbose, B. Orogbade, Olukunle O. Akisanya, Ibukunoluwa Oyesola
The indiscriminate disposal of waste into various dumpsites with noncompliance to the existing environmental laws and the inadequate provision for leachate containments had resulted in the degradation of environmental resources over the years. The research investigated the practicability of enhanced termite mound-bentonite mixture as an alternate landfill bottom liner. The percentage weight ratio of mound soil and bentonite used for the experimental study were (100:0), (95:5), (90:10) and (85:15) respectively. The study was conducted on a pilot scale artificial landfill (800 x 800 x 400 mm) with four sections AX, AY, BX and BY. Bottom liner was exposed to wastewater for 26 weeks retention period. The pilot scale experimental study revealed that liner mixtures in sections AX, AY and BX failed during the 6, 11 and 17th week retention periods respectively with a corresponding seepage amounting to , and mm3 respectively. However, no seepage was recorded for liner mixture in section BY which connotes that wastewater leakage was prevented throughout the experimental framework. Conclusively, the application of termite mound soil enhanced with 15% bentonite is recommended as a bottom liner in a waste containment system.
多年来，由于不遵守现行的环境法律，在各种垃圾堆放场肆意丢弃废物，以及沥滤液控制措施不足，导致了环境资源的退化。这项研究调查了白蚁堆-膨润土混合物作为替代垃圾填埋场底衬的实用性。实验研究中使用的土墩土和膨润土的重量百分比比分别为（100:0）、（95:5）、（90:10）和（85:15）。研究是在一个中试规模的人工垃圾填埋场（800 x 800 x 400 毫米）上进行的，该填埋场有 AX、AY、BX 和 BY 四个部分。底部衬垫暴露在废水中，停留时间为 26 周。中试规模的实验研究表明，AX、AY 和 BX 区段的衬垫混合物分别在第 6、11 和 17 周的滞留期失效，相应的渗出量分别为、和 mm3。然而，BY 区段的衬垫混合物没有出现渗漏，这说明在整个实验框架内都防止了废水渗漏。综上所述，建议使用添加了 15%膨润土的白蚁丘土壤作为废物隔离系统的底衬。
{"title":"Application of Termite Mound-Bentonite Mixture as Bottom Liner for Industrial Waste Containment","authors":"Adekunle Olorunlowo David, O. Opafola, F. O. Ajibade, B. D. Odugbose, B. Orogbade, Olukunle O. Akisanya, Ibukunoluwa Oyesola","doi":"10.30572/2018/kje/150207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30572/2018/kje/150207","url":null,"abstract":"The indiscriminate disposal of waste into various dumpsites with noncompliance to the existing environmental laws and the inadequate provision for leachate containments had resulted in the degradation of environmental resources over the years. The research investigated the practicability of enhanced termite mound-bentonite mixture as an alternate landfill bottom liner. The percentage weight ratio of mound soil and bentonite used for the experimental study were (100:0), (95:5), (90:10) and (85:15) respectively. The study was conducted on a pilot scale artificial landfill (800 x 800 x 400 mm) with four sections AX, AY, BX and BY. Bottom liner was exposed to wastewater for 26 weeks retention period. The pilot scale experimental study revealed that liner mixtures in sections AX, AY and BX failed during the 6, 11 and 17th week retention periods respectively with a corresponding seepage amounting to , and mm3 respectively. However, no seepage was recorded for liner mixture in section BY which connotes that wastewater leakage was prevented throughout the experimental framework. Conclusively, the application of termite mound soil enhanced with 15% bentonite is recommended as a bottom liner in a waste containment system.","PeriodicalId":123515,"journal":{"name":"Kufa Journal of Engineering","volume":"104 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141016200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-03DOI: 10.30572/2018/kje/150205
E. Obidiegwu, H. Mgbemere, Arhuere O. Akporehe
This study investigated the physical, mechanical and thermal characteristics of insulating refractory bricks produced from Nigerian clay blended with melon seed husk. The aim is to reduce the cost of production which arises from importation. This is due to lack of high-quality domestic insulating refractory bricks in most high temperature industries in Nigeria. The test samples were produced by mixing clay and melon seed husk having grain sizes of 212 - 300 μm. The samples were oven dried and fired at temperatures 950℃ to 1150℃ at 50℃ intervals. Physical, mechanical, thermal tests, chemical compositions, Mineralogical and Microstructural analysis were conducted. The results showed that, clay with 25 and 30 wt.% melon seed husks possessed the required refractory properties with cold crushing strength above the recommended ASTM Standard of 1000 kN/m2.
{"title":"THE STUDYOF INSULATING PROPERTIES OF REFRACTORY BRICKS PRODUCED USING MELON SEED HUSKSAS POREFORMER","authors":"E. Obidiegwu, H. Mgbemere, Arhuere O. Akporehe","doi":"10.30572/2018/kje/150205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30572/2018/kje/150205","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated the physical, mechanical and thermal characteristics of insulating refractory bricks produced from Nigerian clay blended with melon seed husk. The aim is to reduce the cost of production which arises from importation. This is due to lack of high-quality domestic insulating refractory bricks in most high temperature industries in Nigeria. The test samples were produced by mixing clay and melon seed husk having grain sizes of 212 - 300 μm. The samples were oven dried and fired at temperatures 950℃ to 1150℃ at 50℃ intervals. Physical, mechanical, thermal tests, chemical compositions, Mineralogical and Microstructural analysis were conducted. The results showed that, clay with 25 and 30 wt.% melon seed husks possessed the required refractory properties with cold crushing strength above the recommended ASTM Standard of 1000 kN/m2.","PeriodicalId":123515,"journal":{"name":"Kufa Journal of Engineering","volume":"12 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141014625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-03DOI: 10.30572/2018/kje/150206
Firas Asad, Shaimaa Hadi
The recent reports of road traffic accident statistics in Iraq have disclosed a rise in the number of crash injuries resulted from the use of mobile phone while driving. This paper aims to explore the factors contributing to the occurrence and prevalence of such crashes and near crashes in Al-Najaf governorate, Iraq. A representative sample of 417 drivers were interviewed as part of a questionnaire driving survey. Several frequency and modelling analyses were conducted using the IBM SPSS software. The frequency analysis revealed a high use of mobile phones for calling and texting activities while driving. Almost 20% and 55% of the interviewed drivers reported their involvement in a crash or in a near crash because of such use, respectively. Regarding the developed logistic models, the crash involvement sequential regression analysis revealed that factors such gender, education, handheld phoning, calling-answering frequency, and inadequate driving can affect the likelihood of crash occurrence. In contrast, the ordinal logistic near miss models revealed that age, gender, high phone use rate, and improper driving due to such use are influential factors in rising the likelihood of being in multiple near crashes. The analysis results confirm the influence of using phones in distracting the attention of drivers and hence threating their lives; as a result, these findings would be enlightening for agencies and policy makers interested in highway safety.
最近的伊拉克道路交通事故统计报告显示，因驾车时使用手机而导致的车祸受伤人数有所上升。本文旨在探讨导致伊拉克纳杰夫省发生此类车祸和险些发生车祸的因素。作为驾驶问卷调查的一部分，对具有代表性的 417 名驾驶员进行了访谈。使用 IBM SPSS 软件进行了频率和模型分析。频率分析表明，驾驶时使用手机打电话和发短信的比例很高。分别有近 20% 和 55% 的受访驾驶员称，他们曾因使用手机而发生车祸或险些发生车祸。在所建立的逻辑模型中，涉及车祸的序列回归分析表明，性别、教育程度、手持电话、接听电话频率和驾驶不当等因素会影响车祸发生的可能性。而序数逻辑险情模型则显示，年龄、性别、高电话使用率和因使用电话而导致的不当驾驶是增加多次险情发生概率的影响因素。分析结果证实，使用手机会分散驾驶员的注意力，进而威胁到他们的生命安全；因此，这些发现对关注高速公路安全的机构和政策制定者具有启发意义。
{"title":"MODELLING THE FACTORS AFFECTING CRASH OCCURRENCE AND FREQUENCY RESULTED FROM MOBILE PHONE USE WHILE DRIVING: EVIDENCE FROM AL-NAJAF, IRAQ","authors":"Firas Asad, Shaimaa Hadi","doi":"10.30572/2018/kje/150206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30572/2018/kje/150206","url":null,"abstract":"The recent reports of road traffic accident statistics in Iraq have disclosed a rise in the number of crash injuries resulted from the use of mobile phone while driving. This paper aims to explore the factors contributing to the occurrence and prevalence of such crashes and near crashes in Al-Najaf governorate, Iraq. A representative sample of 417 drivers were interviewed as part of a questionnaire driving survey. Several frequency and modelling analyses were conducted using the IBM SPSS software. The frequency analysis revealed a high use of mobile phones for calling and texting activities while driving. Almost 20% and 55% of the interviewed drivers reported their involvement in a crash or in a near crash because of such use, respectively. Regarding the developed logistic models, the crash involvement sequential regression analysis revealed that factors such gender, education, handheld phoning, calling-answering frequency, and inadequate driving can affect the likelihood of crash occurrence. In contrast, the ordinal logistic near miss models revealed that age, gender, high phone use rate, and improper driving due to such use are influential factors in rising the likelihood of being in multiple near crashes. The analysis results confirm the influence of using phones in distracting the attention of drivers and hence threating their lives; as a result, these findings would be enlightening for agencies and policy makers interested in highway safety.","PeriodicalId":123515,"journal":{"name":"Kufa Journal of Engineering","volume":"123 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141017500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-03DOI: 10.30572/2018/kje/150203
Ali A. A. AL-Turaihi, H. Al-Katib
The objective of this research is to experimentally study the flexural behavior of hybrid reinforced concrete beams. Three test beams, each with dimensions of (2200 X 150 X 240) mm, were fabricated for this purpose. The first beam was constructed using ordinary concrete, while the second beam consisted of two layers of high-strength concrete in the compression zone and normal concrete in the tension zone. The third beam was entirely cast using high-strength concrete. In terms of reinforcement, all beams were equipped with 2φ12 steel bars in the tension zone and 2φ12 steel bars in the compression zone. Additionally, φ12 steel bars were employed to resist shear forces, distributed along the length of the beams with a spacing of 125 mm c/c. Two-point loading was applied to all beams until failure occurred. The results obtained from the experimental tests reveal that the use of hybrid concrete beams enhances the ultimate load capacity by approximately 20.93%. On the other hand, beams constructed entirely from high-strength concrete exhibited an increase in failure load capacity by approximately 28.68%.
本研究的目的是通过实验研究混合钢筋混凝土梁的抗弯行为。为此，我们制作了三根试验梁，每根的尺寸均为（2200 X 150 X 240）毫米。第一根梁使用普通混凝土，第二根梁在受压区由两层高强度混凝土组成，在受拉区由普通混凝土组成。第三根横梁全部使用高强度混凝土浇筑。在钢筋方面，所有梁的受拉区和受压区都分别安装了 2φ12 钢筋。此外，还采用了 φ12 钢筋来抵抗剪力，这些钢筋沿梁的长度方向分布，间距为 125 mm c/c。对所有横梁施加两点荷载，直至发生破坏。实验结果表明，混合混凝土梁的极限承载能力提高了约 20.93%。另一方面，完全由高强度混凝土制成的梁的破坏荷载能力提高了约 28.68%。
{"title":"BEHAVIOR OF HYBRID REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS ON FLEXURAL STRENGTH","authors":"Ali A. A. AL-Turaihi, H. Al-Katib","doi":"10.30572/2018/kje/150203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30572/2018/kje/150203","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this research is to experimentally study the flexural behavior of hybrid reinforced concrete beams. Three test beams, each with dimensions of (2200 X 150 X 240) mm, were fabricated for this purpose. The first beam was constructed using ordinary concrete, while the second beam consisted of two layers of high-strength concrete in the compression zone and normal concrete in the tension zone. The third beam was entirely cast using high-strength concrete. In terms of reinforcement, all beams were equipped with 2φ12 steel bars in the tension zone and 2φ12 steel bars in the compression zone. Additionally, φ12 steel bars were employed to resist shear forces, distributed along the length of the beams with a spacing of 125 mm c/c. Two-point loading was applied to all beams until failure occurred. The results obtained from the experimental tests reveal that the use of hybrid concrete beams enhances the ultimate load capacity by approximately 20.93%. On the other hand, beams constructed entirely from high-strength concrete exhibited an increase in failure load capacity by approximately 28.68%.","PeriodicalId":123515,"journal":{"name":"Kufa Journal of Engineering","volume":"98 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141016076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-03DOI: 10.30572/2018/kje/150204
Ahmed Alhusseny, Qahtan Al-Aabidy, N. Al-Zurfi, A. Nasser, Mohammed Al-Edhari, Hayder Al-Sarraf
Due to their unique heat transfer features, graphite foams are used in the current analysis to form heat sinks effective enough to dissipate extreme heat generated within high-performance electronics. The heat sinks proposed are formed from foamed-baffles arranged either in parallel or perpendicular to the coolant paths through the staggered slots in between to alleviate the penalty of pressure drop while maintaining high heat dissipation capability. Two different sorts of dielectric coolants namely, air and the FC-3283 electronic liquid developed by 3MTM, have been utilized to directly dissipate the heat generated. The feasibility of the currently proposed heat sinks has been examined numerically based on the volume averaging concept of porous media employing the local thermal non-equilibrium model to account for interstitial heat exchange between the foam solid matrix and the fluid particles flowing across. A wide range of design parameters has been tested including the heat sink configuration along with structural characteristics of the graphite foam used. It has been found that foam baffles oriented perpendicular to the path of coolant flow can dissipate heat by about 50% better than those parallel to it, but with higher pressure losses. It has also been found that heat dissipation capability, for a certain orientation of baffles, can be improved by up to 100% when the foam pore size is doubled with outstanding saving in pressure losses by up to 300%. The impact of operating conditions, including the coolant flowrate and the heat flux applied, has also been inspected. The currently proposed heat sinks have been found efficient to meet the thermal demands of high-performance electronics and sweep away the extreme heat generated there with reasonable cost of pressure drop, where the proper selection of design parameters in light of the operating conditions applied can prevent the emergence of hot spots entirely. Extreme operating conditions, i.e. with heat density of up to 10W/cm2 for air-cooled heat sinks and 100W/cm2 for those cooled with FC-3283, can be well managed when a heat sink is configured from baffles that are oriented perpendicularly to the coolant flow path and formed of graphite foam having low porosity (∅=0.8) and larger pore size
{"title":"GRAPHITE FOAM STRUCTURES AS AN EFFECTIVE MEANS TO COOL HIGH-PERFORMANCE ELECTRONICS","authors":"Ahmed Alhusseny, Qahtan Al-Aabidy, N. Al-Zurfi, A. Nasser, Mohammed Al-Edhari, Hayder Al-Sarraf","doi":"10.30572/2018/kje/150204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30572/2018/kje/150204","url":null,"abstract":"Due to their unique heat transfer features, graphite foams are used in the current analysis to form heat sinks effective enough to dissipate extreme heat generated within high-performance electronics. The heat sinks proposed are formed from foamed-baffles arranged either in parallel or perpendicular to the coolant paths through the staggered slots in between to alleviate the penalty of pressure drop while maintaining high heat dissipation capability. Two different sorts of dielectric coolants namely, air and the FC-3283 electronic liquid developed by 3MTM, have been utilized to directly dissipate the heat generated. The feasibility of the currently proposed heat sinks has been examined numerically based on the volume averaging concept of porous media employing the local thermal non-equilibrium model to account for interstitial heat exchange between the foam solid matrix and the fluid particles flowing across. A wide range of design parameters has been tested including the heat sink configuration along with structural characteristics of the graphite foam used. It has been found that foam baffles oriented perpendicular to the path of coolant flow can dissipate heat by about 50% better than those parallel to it, but with higher pressure losses. It has also been found that heat dissipation capability, for a certain orientation of baffles, can be improved by up to 100% when the foam pore size is doubled with outstanding saving in pressure losses by up to 300%. The impact of operating conditions, including the coolant flowrate and the heat flux applied, has also been inspected. The currently proposed heat sinks have been found efficient to meet the thermal demands of high-performance electronics and sweep away the extreme heat generated there with reasonable cost of pressure drop, where the proper selection of design parameters in light of the operating conditions applied can prevent the emergence of hot spots entirely. Extreme operating conditions, i.e. with heat density of up to 10W/cm2 for air-cooled heat sinks and 100W/cm2 for those cooled with FC-3283, can be well managed when a heat sink is configured from baffles that are oriented perpendicularly to the coolant flow path and formed of graphite foam having low porosity (∅=0.8) and larger pore size ","PeriodicalId":123515,"journal":{"name":"Kufa Journal of Engineering","volume":"92 S6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141017469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-02DOI: 10.30572/2018/kje/150106
H. Mgbemere, Viktoriya Semeykina
Glycine exhibits a little piezoelectric response when poled, while lead-free alkaline niobate-based ceramics show much higher responses. This research investigates the synthesis of a dielectric composite from a combination of glycine and (K0.45Na0.51Li0.04) (Nb0.85Ta0.1Sb0.04) O3 (KNNLST) ceramics. The mixed oxide ceramics synthesis method was used to produce the ceramics, while glycine powder was commercially procured. The composition range of the shaped and heat-treated composites is from no ceramics to 100 wt.% ceramics content. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), dielectric studies, and hysteresis measurements were used to characterize the samples. The obtained phases transformed from the monoclinic phase in glycine to a two-phase orthorhombic-tetragonal phase in the ceramics. The samples’ morphology revealed a dense microstructure with some cracks, large porosity, and smaller grain sizes. The dielectric properties showed increasing dielectric constant and loss values with increasing ceramics content, while the ac conductivity also increased with rising ceramics content. Improving the range of ceramics led to polarization hysteresis graphs indicating ferroelectricity in the samples. The properties of the composites show they can be used in electromechanical devices.
{"title":"SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERISATION OF DIELECTRIC COMPOSITES PRODUCED FROM GLYCINE AND ALKALINE NIOBATE-BASED CERAMICS","authors":"H. Mgbemere, Viktoriya Semeykina","doi":"10.30572/2018/kje/150106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30572/2018/kje/150106","url":null,"abstract":"Glycine exhibits a little piezoelectric response when poled, while lead-free alkaline niobate-based ceramics show much higher responses. This research investigates the synthesis of a dielectric composite from a combination of glycine and (K0.45Na0.51Li0.04) (Nb0.85Ta0.1Sb0.04) O3 (KNNLST) ceramics. The mixed oxide ceramics synthesis method was used to produce the ceramics, while glycine powder was commercially procured. The composition range of the shaped and heat-treated composites is from no ceramics to 100 wt.% ceramics content. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), dielectric studies, and hysteresis measurements were used to characterize the samples. The obtained phases transformed from the monoclinic phase in glycine to a two-phase orthorhombic-tetragonal phase in the ceramics. The samples’ morphology revealed a dense microstructure with some cracks, large porosity, and smaller grain sizes. The dielectric properties showed increasing dielectric constant and loss values with increasing ceramics content, while the ac conductivity also increased with rising ceramics content. Improving the range of ceramics led to polarization hysteresis graphs indicating ferroelectricity in the samples. The properties of the composites show they can be used in electromechanical devices.","PeriodicalId":123515,"journal":{"name":"Kufa Journal of Engineering","volume":"27 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139809000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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