The usual concept of simulation methods for turbulent flows is to impose a certain (partial) flow resolution. This concept becomes problematic away from limit regimes of no or an almost complete flow resolution: discrepancies between the imposed and actual flow resolution may imply an unreliable model behavior and high computational cost to compensate for simulation deficiencies. An exact mathematical approach based on variational analysis provides a solution to these problems. Minimal error continuous eddy simulation (CES) designed in this way enables simulations in which the model actively responds to variations in flow resolution by increasing or decreasing its contribution to the simulation as required. This paper presents the first application of CES methods to a moderately complex, relatively high Reynolds number turbulent flow simulation: the NASA wall-mounted hump flow. It is shown that CES performs equally well or better than almost resolving simulation methods at a little fraction of computational cost. Significant computational cost and performance advantages are reported in comparison to popular partially resolving simulation methods including detached eddy simulation and wall-modeled large eddy simulation. Characteristic features of the asymptotic flow structure are identified on the basis of CES simulations.
湍流模拟方法的通常概念是施加一定的（部分）流动分辨率。在没有或几乎完全没有流动分辨率的极限状态下，这一概念就会出现问题：强加的流动分辨率与实际流动分辨率之间的差异可能意味着不可靠的模型行为和弥补模拟缺陷的高计算成本。基于变分分析的精确数学方法为这些问题提供了解决方案。采用这种方法设计的最小误差连续涡模拟（CES）可以在模拟过程中使模型主动响应流动分辨率的变化，根据需要增加或减少其对模拟的贡献。本文首次将 CES 方法应用于中度复杂、雷诺数相对较高的湍流模拟：NASA 壁挂式驼峰流。结果表明，CES 的性能与解析模拟方法相当，甚至更好，而计算成本仅为后者的一小部分。与流行的部分解析模拟方法（包括分离涡模拟和壁面建模大涡模拟）相比，CES 在计算成本和性能方面具有显著优势。在 CES 模拟的基础上，确定了渐近流动结构的特征。
{"title":"Continuous Eddy Simulation vs. Resolution-Imposing Simulation Methods for Turbulent Flows","authors":"A. Fagbade, Stefan Heinz","doi":"10.3390/fluids9010022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids9010022","url":null,"abstract":"The usual concept of simulation methods for turbulent flows is to impose a certain (partial) flow resolution. This concept becomes problematic away from limit regimes of no or an almost complete flow resolution: discrepancies between the imposed and actual flow resolution may imply an unreliable model behavior and high computational cost to compensate for simulation deficiencies. An exact mathematical approach based on variational analysis provides a solution to these problems. Minimal error continuous eddy simulation (CES) designed in this way enables simulations in which the model actively responds to variations in flow resolution by increasing or decreasing its contribution to the simulation as required. This paper presents the first application of CES methods to a moderately complex, relatively high Reynolds number turbulent flow simulation: the NASA wall-mounted hump flow. It is shown that CES performs equally well or better than almost resolving simulation methods at a little fraction of computational cost. Significant computational cost and performance advantages are reported in comparison to popular partially resolving simulation methods including detached eddy simulation and wall-modeled large eddy simulation. Characteristic features of the asymptotic flow structure are identified on the basis of CES simulations.","PeriodicalId":12397,"journal":{"name":"Fluids","volume":"64 23","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139441110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Enif Gutiérrez, Saul Garcia-Hernandez, Rodolfo Morales Dávila, José de Jesús Barreto
The continuous casting tundish is non-isothermal due to heat losses and temperature variation from the inlet stream, which generate relevant convection forces. This condition is commonly avoided through qualitative fluid dynamic analysis only. This work searches to establish the conditions for which non-isothermal simulations are mandatory or for which isothermal simulations are enough to accurately describe the fluid dynamics inside the tundish by quantifying the buoyant and inertial forces. The mathematical model, simulated by CFD software, considers the Navier-Stokes equations, the realizable k-ε model for solving the turbulence, and the Lagrangian discrete phase to track the inclusion trajectories. The results show that temperature does not significantly impact the volume fraction percentages or the mean residence time results; nevertheless, bigger velocity magnitudes under non-isothermal conditions than in isothermal conditions and noticeable changes in the fluid dynamics between isothermal and non-isothermal cases in all the zones where buoyancy forces dominate over inertial forces were observed. Because of the results, it is concluded that isothermal simulations can accurately describe the flow behavior in tundishes when the flow control devices control the fluid dynamics, but simulations without control devices or with a weak fluid dynamic dependence on the control devices require non-isothermal simulations.
{"title":"Deeper Flow Behavior Explanation of Temperature Effects on the Fluid Dynamic inside a Tundish","authors":"Enif Gutiérrez, Saul Garcia-Hernandez, Rodolfo Morales Dávila, José de Jesús Barreto","doi":"10.3390/fluids9010021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids9010021","url":null,"abstract":"The continuous casting tundish is non-isothermal due to heat losses and temperature variation from the inlet stream, which generate relevant convection forces. This condition is commonly avoided through qualitative fluid dynamic analysis only. This work searches to establish the conditions for which non-isothermal simulations are mandatory or for which isothermal simulations are enough to accurately describe the fluid dynamics inside the tundish by quantifying the buoyant and inertial forces. The mathematical model, simulated by CFD software, considers the Navier-Stokes equations, the realizable k-ε model for solving the turbulence, and the Lagrangian discrete phase to track the inclusion trajectories. The results show that temperature does not significantly impact the volume fraction percentages or the mean residence time results; nevertheless, bigger velocity magnitudes under non-isothermal conditions than in isothermal conditions and noticeable changes in the fluid dynamics between isothermal and non-isothermal cases in all the zones where buoyancy forces dominate over inertial forces were observed. Because of the results, it is concluded that isothermal simulations can accurately describe the flow behavior in tundishes when the flow control devices control the fluid dynamics, but simulations without control devices or with a weak fluid dynamic dependence on the control devices require non-isothermal simulations.","PeriodicalId":12397,"journal":{"name":"Fluids","volume":"59 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139440993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abulhassan Ali, Nawal Noshad, Abhishek Kumar, Suhaib Umer Ilyas, Patrick E. Phelan, M. Alsaady, R. Nasir, Yuying Yan
The use of nanofluids in heat transfer applications has significantly increased in recent times due to their enhanced thermal properties. It is therefore important to investigate the flow behavior and, thus, the rheology of different nanosuspensions to improve heat transfer performance. In this study, the viscosity of a BN-diamond/thermal oil hybrid nanofluid is predicted using four machine learning (ML) algorithms, i.e., random forest (RF), gradient boosting regression (GBR), Gaussian regression (GR) and artificial neural network (ANN), as a function of temperature (25–65 °C), particle concentration (0.2–0.6 wt.%), and shear rate (1–2000 s−1). Six different error matrices were employed to evaluate the performance of these models by providing a comparative analysis. The data were randomly divided into training and testing data. The algorithms were optimized for better prediction of 700 experimental data points. While all ML algorithms produced R2 values greater than 0.99, the most accurate predictions, with minimum error, were obtained by GBR. This study indicates that ML algorithms are highly accurate and reliable for the rheological predictions of nanofluids.
{"title":"Application of Machine Learning Algorithms in Predicting Rheological Behavior of BN-diamond/Thermal Oil Hybrid Nanofluids","authors":"Abulhassan Ali, Nawal Noshad, Abhishek Kumar, Suhaib Umer Ilyas, Patrick E. Phelan, M. Alsaady, R. Nasir, Yuying Yan","doi":"10.3390/fluids9010020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids9010020","url":null,"abstract":"The use of nanofluids in heat transfer applications has significantly increased in recent times due to their enhanced thermal properties. It is therefore important to investigate the flow behavior and, thus, the rheology of different nanosuspensions to improve heat transfer performance. In this study, the viscosity of a BN-diamond/thermal oil hybrid nanofluid is predicted using four machine learning (ML) algorithms, i.e., random forest (RF), gradient boosting regression (GBR), Gaussian regression (GR) and artificial neural network (ANN), as a function of temperature (25–65 °C), particle concentration (0.2–0.6 wt.%), and shear rate (1–2000 s−1). Six different error matrices were employed to evaluate the performance of these models by providing a comparative analysis. The data were randomly divided into training and testing data. The algorithms were optimized for better prediction of 700 experimental data points. While all ML algorithms produced R2 values greater than 0.99, the most accurate predictions, with minimum error, were obtained by GBR. This study indicates that ML algorithms are highly accurate and reliable for the rheological predictions of nanofluids.","PeriodicalId":12397,"journal":{"name":"Fluids","volume":"53 46","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139441967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Throughout many decades, the Schlieren visualization method has been mainly used as means to visualize transparent flows in a qualitative manner. The images recorded provide data regarding the existence of the flow, or illustrate predicted flow geometries and details. The colored Schlieren method has been developed in the late 1890s and has always had the intent to provide quantitative data rather than qualitative pictures of the studied phenomena. This paper centers on applying a quantitative color Schlieren method to help determine the gasodynamic parameters of an H2–O2 exhaust jet, developing in air. A comparison between the parameters obtained through calibrating the color filter for the Schlieren method and the results from a CFD simulation is performed to assess the range of the CS (color Schlieren) measurement. This paper’s findings address the issues of calibrated color filter Schlieren encounter during its implementation and discusses possible errors appearing when the method is applied to a 3D flow. While the qualitative Schlieren images are still impressive to observe, the quantitative Schlieren presents challenges and a low measurement accuracy (75%) when applied to 3D flows and compared to 2D cases found in the literature (97–98%).
{"title":"Quantitative Color Schlieren for an H2–O2 Exhaust Jet Developing in Air","authors":"E. Prisăcariu, T. Prisecaru","doi":"10.3390/fluids9010019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids9010019","url":null,"abstract":"Throughout many decades, the Schlieren visualization method has been mainly used as means to visualize transparent flows in a qualitative manner. The images recorded provide data regarding the existence of the flow, or illustrate predicted flow geometries and details. The colored Schlieren method has been developed in the late 1890s and has always had the intent to provide quantitative data rather than qualitative pictures of the studied phenomena. This paper centers on applying a quantitative color Schlieren method to help determine the gasodynamic parameters of an H2–O2 exhaust jet, developing in air. A comparison between the parameters obtained through calibrating the color filter for the Schlieren method and the results from a CFD simulation is performed to assess the range of the CS (color Schlieren) measurement. This paper’s findings address the issues of calibrated color filter Schlieren encounter during its implementation and discusses possible errors appearing when the method is applied to a 3D flow. While the qualitative Schlieren images are still impressive to observe, the quantitative Schlieren presents challenges and a low measurement accuracy (75%) when applied to 3D flows and compared to 2D cases found in the literature (97–98%).","PeriodicalId":12397,"journal":{"name":"Fluids","volume":"57 25","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139447201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The solution of compressible flow equations is of interest with many aerospace engineering applications. Past literature has focused primarily on the solution of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) problems with low-order finite element and finite volume methods. High-order methods are more the norm nowadays, in both a finite element and a finite volume setting. In this paper, inviscid compressible flow of an ideal gas is solved with high-order spectral/hp stabilized formulations using uniform high-order spectral element methods. The Euler equations are solved with high-order spectral element methods. Traditional definitions of stabilization parameters used in conjunction with traditional low-order bilinear Lagrange-based polynomials provide diffused results when applied to the high-order context. Thus, a revision of the definitions of the stabilization parameters was needed in a high-order spectral/hp framework. We introduce revised stabilization parameters, τsupg, with low-order finite element solutions. We also reexamine two standard definitions of the shock-capturing parameter, δ: the first is described with entropy variables, and the other is the YZβ parameter. We focus on applications with the above introduced stabilization parameters and analyze an array of problems in the high-speed flow regime. We demonstrate spectral convergence for the Kovasznay flow problem in both L1 and L2 norms. We numerically validate the revised definitions of the stabilization parameter with Sod’s shock and the oblique shock problems and compare the solutions with the exact solutions available in the literature. The high-order formulation is further extended to solve shock reflection and two-dimensional explosion problems. Following, we solve flow past a two-dimensional step at a Mach number of 3.0 and numerically validate the shock standoff distance with results obtained from NASA Overflow 2.2 code. Compressible flow computations with high-order spectral methods are found to perform satisfactorily for this supersonic inflow problem configuration. We extend the formulation to solve the implosion problem. Furthermore, we test the stabilization parameters on a complex flow configuration of AS-202 capsule analyzing the flight envelope. The proposed stabilization parameters have shown robustness, providing excellent results for both simple and complex geometries.
{"title":"A Spectral/hp-Based Stabilized Solver with Emphasis on the Euler Equations","authors":"Rakesh Ranjan, L. Catabriga, Guillermo Araya","doi":"10.3390/fluids9010018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids9010018","url":null,"abstract":"The solution of compressible flow equations is of interest with many aerospace engineering applications. Past literature has focused primarily on the solution of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) problems with low-order finite element and finite volume methods. High-order methods are more the norm nowadays, in both a finite element and a finite volume setting. In this paper, inviscid compressible flow of an ideal gas is solved with high-order spectral/hp stabilized formulations using uniform high-order spectral element methods. The Euler equations are solved with high-order spectral element methods. Traditional definitions of stabilization parameters used in conjunction with traditional low-order bilinear Lagrange-based polynomials provide diffused results when applied to the high-order context. Thus, a revision of the definitions of the stabilization parameters was needed in a high-order spectral/hp framework. We introduce revised stabilization parameters, τsupg, with low-order finite element solutions. We also reexamine two standard definitions of the shock-capturing parameter, δ: the first is described with entropy variables, and the other is the YZβ parameter. We focus on applications with the above introduced stabilization parameters and analyze an array of problems in the high-speed flow regime. We demonstrate spectral convergence for the Kovasznay flow problem in both L1 and L2 norms. We numerically validate the revised definitions of the stabilization parameter with Sod’s shock and the oblique shock problems and compare the solutions with the exact solutions available in the literature. The high-order formulation is further extended to solve shock reflection and two-dimensional explosion problems. Following, we solve flow past a two-dimensional step at a Mach number of 3.0 and numerically validate the shock standoff distance with results obtained from NASA Overflow 2.2 code. Compressible flow computations with high-order spectral methods are found to perform satisfactorily for this supersonic inflow problem configuration. We extend the formulation to solve the implosion problem. Furthermore, we test the stabilization parameters on a complex flow configuration of AS-202 capsule analyzing the flight envelope. The proposed stabilization parameters have shown robustness, providing excellent results for both simple and complex geometries.","PeriodicalId":12397,"journal":{"name":"Fluids","volume":"16 22","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139445446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study proposes a computational model to define the wind velocity of the environment on the photovoltaic (PV) module via heat transfer concepts. The effect of the wind velocity and PV module is mostly considered a cooling effect. However, cooling and controlling the PV module temperature leads to the capability to optimize the PV module efficiency. The present study applied a nominal operating cell temperature (NOCT) condition of the PV module as a reference condition to determine the wind velocity and PV module temperature. The obtained model has been examined in contrast to the experimental heat transfer equation and outdoor PV module performance. The results display a remarkable matching of the model with experiments. The model’s novelty defines the PV module temperature in relation to the wind speed, PV module size, and various ambient temperatures that were not included in previous studies. The suggested model could be used in PV module test specification and provide analytical evaluation.
{"title":"Wind Velocity and Forced Heat Transfer Model for Photovoltaic Module","authors":"R. Hassanian, Nashmin Yeganeh, M. Riedel","doi":"10.3390/fluids9010017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids9010017","url":null,"abstract":"This study proposes a computational model to define the wind velocity of the environment on the photovoltaic (PV) module via heat transfer concepts. The effect of the wind velocity and PV module is mostly considered a cooling effect. However, cooling and controlling the PV module temperature leads to the capability to optimize the PV module efficiency. The present study applied a nominal operating cell temperature (NOCT) condition of the PV module as a reference condition to determine the wind velocity and PV module temperature. The obtained model has been examined in contrast to the experimental heat transfer equation and outdoor PV module performance. The results display a remarkable matching of the model with experiments. The model’s novelty defines the PV module temperature in relation to the wind speed, PV module size, and various ambient temperatures that were not included in previous studies. The suggested model could be used in PV module test specification and provide analytical evaluation.","PeriodicalId":12397,"journal":{"name":"Fluids","volume":"10 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139448788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article presents a summarised history of the equations governing fluid motion, known as the Navier–Stokes equations. It starts with the work of Castelli, who established the continuity equation in 1628. The determination of fluid flow resistance was a topic that involved the brightest minds of the 17th and 18th centuries. Navier’s contribution consisted of the incorporation of molecular attraction effects into Euler’s equation, giving rise to an additional term associated with resistance. However, his analysis was not the only one. This continued until 1850, when Stokes firmly established the boundary conditions that must be applied to the differential equations of motion, specifically stating the non-slip condition of the fluid in contact with a solid surface. With this article, the author wants to commemorate the bicentennial of the publication of “Sur les Lois du Mouvement des Fluides” by Navier in the Mémoires de l’Académie Royale des Sciences de l’Institut de France.
{"title":"From Navier to Stokes: Commemorating the Bicentenary of Navier’s Equation on the Lay of Fluid Motion","authors":"Aldo Tamburrino","doi":"10.3390/fluids9010015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids9010015","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents a summarised history of the equations governing fluid motion, known as the Navier–Stokes equations. It starts with the work of Castelli, who established the continuity equation in 1628. The determination of fluid flow resistance was a topic that involved the brightest minds of the 17th and 18th centuries. Navier’s contribution consisted of the incorporation of molecular attraction effects into Euler’s equation, giving rise to an additional term associated with resistance. However, his analysis was not the only one. This continued until 1850, when Stokes firmly established the boundary conditions that must be applied to the differential equations of motion, specifically stating the non-slip condition of the fluid in contact with a solid surface. With this article, the author wants to commemorate the bicentennial of the publication of “Sur les Lois du Mouvement des Fluides” by Navier in the Mémoires de l’Académie Royale des Sciences de l’Institut de France.","PeriodicalId":12397,"journal":{"name":"Fluids","volume":"56 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139449485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Luca Del Zanna, Simone Landi, Lorenzo Serafini, Matteo Bugli, E. Papini
The numerical study of relativistic magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) plays a crucial role in high-energy astrophysics but unfortunately is computationally demanding, given the complex physics involved (high Lorentz factor flows, extreme magnetization, and curved spacetimes near compact objects) and the large variety of spatial scales needed to resolve turbulent motions. A great benefit comes from the porting of existing codes running on standard processors to GPU-based platforms. However, this usually requires a drastic rewriting of the original code, the use of specific languages like CUDA, and a complex analysis of data management and optimization of parallel processes. Here, we describe the porting of the ECHO code for special and general relativistic MHD to accelerated devices, simply based on native Fortran language built-in constructs, especially do concurrent loops, few OpenACC directives, and straightforward data management provided by the Unified Memory option of NVIDIA compilers. Thanks to these very minor modifications to the original code, the new version of ECHO runs at least 16 times faster on GPU platforms as compared to CPU-based ones. The chosen benchmark is the 3D propagation of a relativistic MHD Alfvén wave, for which strong and weak scaling tests performed on the LEONARDO pre-exascale supercomputer at CINECA are provided (using up to 256 nodes corresponding to 1024 GPUs, and over 14 billion cells). Finally, an example of high-resolution relativistic MHD Alfvénic turbulence simulation is shown, demonstrating the potential for astrophysical plasmas of the new GPU-based version of ECHO.
{"title":"A GPU-Accelerated Modern Fortran Version of the ECHO Code for Relativistic Magnetohydrodynamics","authors":"Luca Del Zanna, Simone Landi, Lorenzo Serafini, Matteo Bugli, E. Papini","doi":"10.3390/fluids9010016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids9010016","url":null,"abstract":"The numerical study of relativistic magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) plays a crucial role in high-energy astrophysics but unfortunately is computationally demanding, given the complex physics involved (high Lorentz factor flows, extreme magnetization, and curved spacetimes near compact objects) and the large variety of spatial scales needed to resolve turbulent motions. A great benefit comes from the porting of existing codes running on standard processors to GPU-based platforms. However, this usually requires a drastic rewriting of the original code, the use of specific languages like CUDA, and a complex analysis of data management and optimization of parallel processes. Here, we describe the porting of the ECHO code for special and general relativistic MHD to accelerated devices, simply based on native Fortran language built-in constructs, especially do concurrent loops, few OpenACC directives, and straightforward data management provided by the Unified Memory option of NVIDIA compilers. Thanks to these very minor modifications to the original code, the new version of ECHO runs at least 16 times faster on GPU platforms as compared to CPU-based ones. The chosen benchmark is the 3D propagation of a relativistic MHD Alfvén wave, for which strong and weak scaling tests performed on the LEONARDO pre-exascale supercomputer at CINECA are provided (using up to 256 nodes corresponding to 1024 GPUs, and over 14 billion cells). Finally, an example of high-resolution relativistic MHD Alfvénic turbulence simulation is shown, demonstrating the potential for astrophysical plasmas of the new GPU-based version of ECHO.","PeriodicalId":12397,"journal":{"name":"Fluids","volume":"86 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139450132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In pursuit of advancing the development of more electric aircraft, the present research explores the forefront capabilities of electro-hydrostatic actuators (EHAs) as potential replacements for conventional hydraulic flight control systems. EHAs are currently used primarily as backup options due to their limited durability. As of now, the high dynamic axial piston pump is the main cause of the limited longevity of the EHA, due to strong tribological wear. The primary objective of this investigation is the identification of parameters and pump behavior to determine the current wear of the pump, as well as providing valuable insights into run-ins, temperature dependencies, and wear-related efficiency losses for future pump improvements. In the scope of this paper, the design of EHAs is explained in detail and the impact of challenging working conditions on the health status of the pump by comprehensive analysis of load-holding modes is examined. The experimental data for analysis is conducted on a longevity test bench with test profiles specifically designed to simulate real-world operational scenarios.
{"title":"Degradation Identification of an EHA Piston Pump by Analysis of Load-Holding States","authors":"Yannick Duensing, Amos Merkel, Katharina Schmitz","doi":"10.3390/fluids9010014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids9010014","url":null,"abstract":"In pursuit of advancing the development of more electric aircraft, the present research explores the forefront capabilities of electro-hydrostatic actuators (EHAs) as potential replacements for conventional hydraulic flight control systems. EHAs are currently used primarily as backup options due to their limited durability. As of now, the high dynamic axial piston pump is the main cause of the limited longevity of the EHA, due to strong tribological wear. The primary objective of this investigation is the identification of parameters and pump behavior to determine the current wear of the pump, as well as providing valuable insights into run-ins, temperature dependencies, and wear-related efficiency losses for future pump improvements. In the scope of this paper, the design of EHAs is explained in detail and the impact of challenging working conditions on the health status of the pump by comprehensive analysis of load-holding modes is examined. The experimental data for analysis is conducted on a longevity test bench with test profiles specifically designed to simulate real-world operational scenarios.","PeriodicalId":12397,"journal":{"name":"Fluids","volume":"48 22","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139390111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wheels and wheelhouses are a significant source of aerodynamic drag on passenger cars. The use of air jets, in the form of an air curtain, to smooth the airflow around front wheel housings on cars has become common practice, as it produces a small drag benefit. This paper reports an initial small-scale wind tunnel study of an air jet employed as an effective wheel spoiler to reduce the drag produced by the front wheels and wheel housings of passenger cars. For this investigation, the air jet was created using an external compressed-air supply and was applied to a highly simplified car body shape. The data presented suggest that the air jet has some potential as a drag-reduction device.
{"title":"An Exploratory Wind Tunnel Study of Air Jet Wheel Spoilers","authors":"Jeff Howell, Daniel Butcher, Martin Passmore","doi":"10.3390/fluids8120322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids8120322","url":null,"abstract":"Wheels and wheelhouses are a significant source of aerodynamic drag on passenger cars. The use of air jets, in the form of an air curtain, to smooth the airflow around front wheel housings on cars has become common practice, as it produces a small drag benefit. This paper reports an initial small-scale wind tunnel study of an air jet employed as an effective wheel spoiler to reduce the drag produced by the front wheels and wheel housings of passenger cars. For this investigation, the air jet was created using an external compressed-air supply and was applied to a highly simplified car body shape. The data presented suggest that the air jet has some potential as a drag-reduction device.","PeriodicalId":12397,"journal":{"name":"Fluids","volume":"29 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138995620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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