Frontiers in Oral Health最新文献

Orthodontics has considerably increased the use of technology combined with surgery as a tool to improve dental movements in terms of predictability, acceleration of movement, and fewer side effects. To achieve these goals miniscrews and corticotomy were introduced. The digital workflow permits an increase in the accuracy of surgical and orthodontic setups. The tool that transfers the information is the CAD/CAM (Computer-Aided Design/ Computer-Aided Manufacturing) template. The aim of this review is to illustrate the use of computer-guided surgery in orthodontics regarding miniscrews and piezocision. The search strategy was a combination of Medical Subject Headings (Mesh) and free text words for PubMed. A total of 27 articles were included in this review: 16 concerned miniscrews and 11 concerned corticotomy. The current need for faster treatments, the improved systems of anchorage, and the evolution of imaging technologies require operators to be knowledgeable of the digital workflow. CAD/CAM templates allow greater precision and predictability of miniscrew insertion even if in the hands of less experienced clinicians and permit a better orientation and depth of the cortical incision. In conclusion, digital planning makes surgery faster and easier and allows for the identification and correction of any potential problem before the procedure.

Objectives: There are relatively few cohort studies which have examined changes in fluorosis appearance over time, and none of these have assessed changes in generalized fluorosis. In this analysis, we quantified and assessed changes in multiple measures of generalized fluorosis severity through childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood.

Methods: Participants were from the Iowa Fluoride Study, a birth cohort recruited from 1992 to 1995. Permanent dentition fluorosis exams were carried out at ages 9, 13, 17, and 23 years using the Fluorosis Risk Index (FRI). Generalized fluorosis was assessed using mean FRI scores at the tooth- and person-level as well as a five-category measure of generalized fluorosis. Generalized fluorosis prevalence and severity was summarized at each time point and differences in adjacent time points were assessed using gamma statistics, signed-rank tests, and plotting changes in generalized fluorosis between adjacent time points.

Results: We observed a statistically significant decline in the percentage of non-zero mean FRI scores at later exam ages at both the person- and tooth-levels. Based on our five-category generalized fluorosis measure, there were 34.0%-54.1% of participants with generalized fluorosis at baseline for each tooth group, and these percentages declined to 8.9%-27.2% at the age 23-year exam.

Conclusions: We observed a statistically significant decline in generalized fluorosis severity scores and overall prevalence at later exam ages across all three measures of generalized fluorosis severity. This trend should be accounted for when estimating the prevalence of fluorosis in a population using fluorosis severity data collected in children and adolescents.

Wearing a face mask was strongly recommended during the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this study was to investigate the diversity of the oral microbiome, the abundance of each bacterium on the inner surface of the mask, and the effects of xerostomia on the microbiota. The study was conducted on 55 generally healthy adults (45 women and 10 men, mean age 38.18 ± 12.49 years). Unstimulated flow rate (UFR) and stimulated flow rate (SFR) were measured in whole saliva samples collected for each condition. The 14 major oral bacterial species, including Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), Lactobacillus casei (L. casei), Tannerella forsythia (T. forsythia), and Treponema denticola (T. denticola) on the inner surface of the mask and in the UFR and SFR samples, were analyzed by real-time PCR. We found that the total DNA copy number of oral bacteria was significantly higher in UFR and SFR than in the mask (p < 0.001). On the inner surface of the mask, P. gingivalis and L. casei were the most abundant Gram-negative and Gram-positive species, respectively. The oral microbiome profile of the mask differed from that of the UFR and SFR samples. Shannon's diversity index was also significantly higher in the UFR and SFR than in the mask (2.64 ± 0.78, 2.66 ± 0.76, and 1.26 ± 1.51, respectively, p < 0.001). Shannon's diversity index of UFR and SFR had a significant positive correlation with each other (r = 0.828, p < 0.001), but there was no significant relationship with Shannon's diversity index of mask. Red complex abundance, including P. gingivalis, T. forsythia, and T. denticola, was significantly higher in UFR than in the mask. Interestingly, the DNA copy number of each of the 14 bacteria, the total bacterial amount, and Shannon's diversity index did not differ in the absence or presence of xerostomia (p > 0.05). In summary, oral bacteria migrated to and existed on the inside of the mask, and the presence of xerostomia did not affect the bacterial profiles. The inner surface of the mask had an independent oral microbiome profile, although this showed lower quantity and diversity than the UFR and SFR samples.

Introduction: This paper set out to investigate the relationship between teaching and clinical practice of direct posterior restoration placement at tertiary dental institutions in South Africa.

Methods: A cross-sectional study using a mixed methods approach was conducted, and all the South African dental schools were invited to participate. The quantitative phase of the study analyzed the Conservative Dentistry department's records of direct restorations at a single dental school. The number of amalgam and tooth-colored restorations placed by students in the fourth and fifth year of the program from 2004 to 2019 were compared. During the qualitative phase, semi-structured interviews were held with staff from the four dental schools involved with the teaching of direct posterior restorations.

Results: The predominant direct posterior restoration placed in student clinics over a 15-year period at a South African dental school was tooth colored (75%). Teaching times do not correspond to a decrease in the placement of dental amalgam restorations for both one-surface and two-surface posterior restorations and a concomitant increase in the tooth-colored restorations.

Discussion: Academic staff involved in teaching identified that South Africa's ratification of the Minamata Convention has consequences for dental education and training. However, all schools reported that dental amalgam would continue to be taught in the absence of an appropriate alternative.

Enamel Renal Syndrome (ERS) (OMIM # 204690) is a rare genetic condition characterised by hypoplastic amelogenesis imperfecta, failed tooth eruption, intra-pulpal calcifications, gingival enlargement and occasionally nephrocalcinosis. In this case series, we report on four unrelated patients with a confirmed molecular diagnosis of ERS (FAM20A pathogenic variants) from Sub-Saharan Africa. The pathognomonic oral profile of ERS was mostly fulfilled in these patients, with the notable addition of an odontoma in one patient. The cases presented a spectrum of phenotypic severity both dentally and systemically. One patient presented with nephrocalcinosis and abnormal kidney function, one had reduced kidney size with normal kidney function, and two had no renal abnormalities. Patients presenting with the oral profile of ERS should receive a prompt referral to a nephrologist and a geneticist. They should receive long-term management from a multidisciplinary medical and dental team.

Background: Behaviours depicted in movies and TV shows can significantly affect one's behaviour. Children are particularly susceptible to these effects as their habits are still forming. Oral hygiene behaviours play a crucial role in preventing or slowing down the progression of dental diseases, which are among the most common yet preventable diseases in the world. Therefore, it is important to understand if popular movies include oral hygiene behaviours or risk-related behaviours, which can in effect influence children's behaviour.

Aim: The aim of this study is to review the top grossing animated movies of all time to record and collect on screen portrayals of oral hygiene practices and risk behaviours related to oral health.

Methodology: Top 30 highest grossing animated feature films (over 40 min duration) were coded using a structured coding instrument to capture oral hygiene and risk-related behaviours related to oral health. Two coders performed coding using the standardised instrument.

Results: Overall, 93% of behaviours were coded as a risk behaviour, with 7% coded as positive oral hygiene behaviour. Within the risk behaviour category, the majority (74%) were based around the consumption of sugar with risk behaviour occurring in 23 out of 30 movies (76%), while oral hygiene practices occurred in 6 out of 30 movies (20%); one movie depicted neither oral hygiene nor oral health risk behaviours. About 53% of behaviours were purely visual, 10% verbal, and 37% a combination of verbal and visual. Anthropomorphic characters and movie settings resulted in more behaviours related to oral health, either hygiene or mainly risk behaviours, depicted.

Conclusion: Despite their importance in shaping habits and attitudes, animated movies portrayed a significant number of risk behaviours related to oral health with depiction of beneficial behaviours remaining limited. Consideration should be given on how to best portray behaviours that promote and enhance optimal oral hygiene behaviours to achieve and sustain better oral health for children.

Head and neck cancers are composed of a diverse group of malignancies, many of which exhibit an unacceptably low patient survival, high morbidity and poor treatment outcomes. The cancer stem cell (CSC) hypothesis provides an explanation for the substantial patient morbidity associated with treatment resistance and the high frequency of tumor recurrence/metastasis. Stem cells are a unique population of cells capable of recapitulating a heterogenous organ from a single cell, due to their capacity to self-renew and differentiate into progenitor cells. CSCs share these attributes, in addition to playing a pivotal role in cancer initiation and progression by means of their high tumorigenic potential. CSCs constitute only a small fraction of tumor cells but play a major role in tumor initiation and therapeutic evasion. The shift towards stem-like phenotype fuels many malignant features of a cancer cell and mediates resistance to conventional chemotherapy. Bmi-1 is a master regulator of stem cell self-renewal as part of the polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1) and has emerged as a prominent player in cancer stem cell biology. Bmi-1 expression is upregulated in CSCs, which is augmented by tumor-promoting factors and various conventional chemotherapies. Bmi-1⁺ CSCs mediate chemoresistance and metastasis. On the other hand, inhibiting Bmi-1 rescinds CSC function and re-sensitizes cancer cells to chemotherapy. Therefore, elucidating the functional role of Bmi-1 in CSC-mediated cancer progression may unveil an attractive target for mechanism-based, developmental therapeutics. In this review, we discuss the parallels in the role of Bmi-1 in stem cell biology of health and disease and explore how this can be leveraged to advance clinical treatment strategies for head and neck cancer.

Background: This study aimed to explore the lived experiences of dentists practicing in Mashhad, Iran, during the COVID-19 pandemic and identify possible influencing factors for providing dental health in this era.

Methods: Sixteen dentists took part in this qualitative phenomenological study. Semi-structured face-to-face interviews were performed and evaluated using a qualitative content analysis approach. The MAXQDA program (2020) was used to code and classify the data. Purposive sampling, audio recording, member checking, and peer review were employed to verify transferability, reliability, and validity. The interview transcripts were transcribed, and sentences and remarks relevant to the study's goal were retrieved and classified.

Results: Six hundred twenty-eight codes were extracted after several readings of the texts. Five core themes and fourteen sub-themes were determined after deleting repeated themes and axial coding. The main five themes included: "Coping with the COVID-19 pandemic", "Alternations in providing dental care," "Infection control," "COVID-19-related news and information sources", and "Positive and negative aspects of COVID-19 in dental care ".

Conclusions: During the COVID-19 pandemic, dentists noted various challenges in delivering routine dental treatment, including a lack of resources, reliable and straightforward guidelines for dentists, and governmental policies for dental facility restrictions. Dentists concluded that financial, educational, and financial support from the government would significantly enhance the delivery of community dental care services. With the right strategies and lessons learned, dentists may be better prepared for future challenges in global health care.

Introduction: The aim of the current study was to investigate associations between dental fluorosis in children living in low socioeconomic areas in Mexico, and fluoride concentrations in tap water, fluoride concentrations and in bottled water, and body mass index (BMI).

Methods: A cross-sectional study involving 585 schoolchildren aged 8-12 years was conducted in communities in a southern state of Mexico with >0.7 parts per million (ppm) fluoride in the groundwater. The Thylstrup and Fejerskov index (TFI) was used to evaluate dental fluorosis, and the World Health Organization growth standards were used to calculate age-adjusted and sex-adjusted BMI Z-scores. A BMI Z-score ≤ -1 SD was used as the cut-off point for thinness, and multiple logistic regression models for dental fluorosis (TFI ≥ 4) were constructed.

Results: The mean fluoride concentration in tap water was 1.39 ppm (SD 0.66), and the mean fluoride concentration in bottled water was 0.32 ppm (SD 0.23). Eighty-four children (14.39%) had a BMI Z-score ≤ -1 SD. More than half (56.1%) of the children presented with dental fluorosis in TFI categories ≥ 4. Children living in areas with higher fluoride concentrations in the tap water [odds ratio (OR) 1.57, p = 0.002] and bottled water (OR 3.03, p < .001) were more likely to have dental fluorosis in the severe categories (TFI ≥ 4). BMI Z-score was associated with the probability of dental fluorosis (TFI ≥ 4; OR 2.11, p < 0.001), and the effect size was 29.3%.

Discussion: A low BMI Z-score was associated with a higher prevalence of dental fluorosis in the severe category. Awareness of the fluoride concentrations in bottled water may help prevent dental fluorosis, particularly in children exposed to several high fluoride content sources. Children with a low BMI may be more vulnerable to dental fluorosis.