Pub Date : 2024-09-23eCollection Date: 2024-01-01DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2024.1399571
Shude Zhu, Ruobing Xia, Xiaomo Chen, Tirin Moore
Primary visual cortex (V1) has been the focus of extensive neurophysiological investigations, with its laminar organization serving as a crucial model for understanding the functional logic of neocortical microcircuits. Utilizing newly developed high-density, Neuropixels probes, we measured visual responses from large populations of simultaneously recorded neurons distributed across layers of macaque V1. Within single recordings, myriad differences in the functional properties of neuronal subpopulations could be observed. Notably, while standard measurements of orientation selectivity showed only minor differences between laminar compartments, decoding stimulus orientation from layer 4C responses outperformed both superficial and deep layers within the same cortical column. The superior orientation discrimination within layer 4C was associated with greater response reliability of individual neurons rather than lower correlated activity within neuronal populations. Our results underscore the efficacy of high-density electrophysiology in revealing the functional organization and network properties of neocortical microcircuits within single experiments.
{"title":"Comparison of orientation encoding across layers within single columns of primate V1 revealed by high-density recordings.","authors":"Shude Zhu, Ruobing Xia, Xiaomo Chen, Tirin Moore","doi":"10.3389/fncir.2024.1399571","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fncir.2024.1399571","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Primary visual cortex (V1) has been the focus of extensive neurophysiological investigations, with its laminar organization serving as a crucial model for understanding the functional logic of neocortical microcircuits. Utilizing newly developed high-density, Neuropixels probes, we measured visual responses from large populations of simultaneously recorded neurons distributed across layers of macaque V1. Within single recordings, myriad differences in the functional properties of neuronal subpopulations could be observed. Notably, while standard measurements of orientation selectivity showed only minor differences between laminar compartments, decoding stimulus orientation from layer 4C responses outperformed both superficial and deep layers within the same cortical column. The superior orientation discrimination within layer 4C was associated with greater response reliability of individual neurons rather than lower correlated activity within neuronal populations. Our results underscore the efficacy of high-density electrophysiology in revealing the functional organization and network properties of neocortical microcircuits within single experiments.</p>","PeriodicalId":12498,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neural Circuits","volume":"18 ","pages":"1399571"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11456443/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142389543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-10DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2024.1456558
Mohammad Yaghoubi, Javier G. Orlandi, Michael A. Colicos, Jörn Davidsen
The brain can be seen as a self-organized dynamical system that optimizes information processing and storage capabilities. This is supported by studies across scales, from small neuronal assemblies to the whole brain, where neuronal activity exhibits features typically associated with phase transitions in statistical physics. Such a critical state is characterized by the emergence of scale-free statistics as captured, for example, by the sizes and durations of activity avalanches corresponding to a cascading process of information flow. Another phenomenon observed during sleep, under anesthesia, and in in vitro cultures, is that cortical and hippocampal neuronal networks alternate between “up” and “down” states characterized by very distinct firing rates. Previous theoretical work has been able to relate these two concepts and proposed that only up states are critical whereas down states are subcritical, also indicating that the brain spontaneously transitions between the two. Using high-speed high-resolution calcium imaging recordings of neuronal cultures, we test this hypothesis here by analyzing the neuronal avalanche statistics in populations of thousands of neurons during “up” and “down” states separately. We find that both “up” and “down” states can exhibit scale-free behavior when taking into account their intrinsic time scales. In particular, the statistical signature of “down” states is indistinguishable from those observed previously in cultures without “up” states. We show that such behavior can not be explained by network models of non-conservative leaky integrate-and-fire neurons with short-term synaptic depression, even when realistic noise levels, spatial network embeddings, and heterogeneous populations are taken into account, which instead exhibits behavior consistent with previous theoretical models. Similar differences were also observed when taking into consideration finite-size scaling effects, suggesting that the intrinsic dynamics and self-organization mechanisms of these cultures might be more complex than previously thought. In particular, our findings point to the existence of different mechanisms of neuronal communication, with different time scales, acting during either high-activity or low-activity states, potentially requiring different plasticity mechanisms.
{"title":"Criticality and universality in neuronal cultures during “up” and “down” states","authors":"Mohammad Yaghoubi, Javier G. Orlandi, Michael A. Colicos, Jörn Davidsen","doi":"10.3389/fncir.2024.1456558","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fncir.2024.1456558","url":null,"abstract":"The brain can be seen as a self-organized dynamical system that optimizes information processing and storage capabilities. This is supported by studies across scales, from small neuronal assemblies to the whole brain, where neuronal activity exhibits features typically associated with phase transitions in statistical physics. Such a critical state is characterized by the emergence of scale-free statistics as captured, for example, by the sizes and durations of activity avalanches corresponding to a cascading process of information flow. Another phenomenon observed during sleep, under anesthesia, and in <jats:italic>in vitro</jats:italic> cultures, is that cortical and hippocampal neuronal networks alternate between “up” and “down” states characterized by very distinct firing rates. Previous theoretical work has been able to relate these two concepts and proposed that only up states are critical whereas down states are subcritical, also indicating that the brain spontaneously transitions between the two. Using high-speed high-resolution calcium imaging recordings of neuronal cultures, we test this hypothesis here by analyzing the neuronal avalanche statistics in populations of thousands of neurons during “up” and “down” states separately. We find that both “up” and “down” states can exhibit scale-free behavior when taking into account their intrinsic time scales. In particular, the statistical signature of “down” states is indistinguishable from those observed previously in cultures without “up” states. We show that such behavior can not be explained by network models of non-conservative leaky integrate-and-fire neurons with short-term synaptic depression, even when realistic noise levels, spatial network embeddings, and heterogeneous populations are taken into account, which instead exhibits behavior consistent with previous theoretical models. Similar differences were also observed when taking into consideration finite-size scaling effects, suggesting that the intrinsic dynamics and self-organization mechanisms of these cultures might be more complex than previously thought. In particular, our findings point to the existence of different mechanisms of neuronal communication, with different time scales, acting during either high-activity or low-activity states, potentially requiring different plasticity mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":12498,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neural Circuits","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142187791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The L-type Ca2+ channel (LTCC, also known as Cav1,2) is involved in the regulation of key neuronal functions, such as dendritic information integration, cell survival, and neuronal gene expression. Clinical studies have shown an association between L-type calcium channels and the onset of depression, although the precise mechanisms remain unclear. The development of depression results from a combination of environmental and genetic factors. DNA methylation, a significant epigenetic modification, plays a regulatory role in the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and autism. In our study, we observed reduced Dnmt3a expression levels in the hippocampal DG region of mice with LPS-induced depression compared to control mice. The antidepressant Venlafaxine was able to increase Dnmt3a expression levels. Conversely, Bay K 8644, an agonist of the L-type Ca2+ channel, partially ameliorated depression-like behaviors but did not elevate Dnmt3a expression levels. Furthermore, when we manipulated DNA methylation levels during Bay K 8644 intervention in depression-like models, we found that enhancing the expression of Dnmt3a could improve LPS-induced depression/anxiety-like behaviors, while inhibiting DNA methylation exacerbated anxiety-like behaviors, the combined use of BAY K 8644 and L-methionine can better improve depressive-like behavior. These findings indicate that DNA methylation plays a role in the regulation of depression-like behaviors by the L-type Ca2+ channel, and further research is needed to elucidate the interactions between DNA methylation and L-type Ca2+ channels.
L 型钙离子通道（LTCC，又称 Cav1,2）参与调控神经元的关键功能，如树突信息整合、细胞存活和神经元基因表达。临床研究表明，L 型钙通道与抑郁症的发病有关，但其确切机制仍不清楚。抑郁症的发病是环境和遗传因素共同作用的结果。DNA 甲基化是一种重要的表观遗传修饰，在创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）、抑郁症和自闭症等精神疾病的发病机制中起着调节作用。在我们的研究中，我们观察到与对照组小鼠相比，LPS诱导的抑郁症小鼠海马DG区的Dnmt3a表达水平降低。抗抑郁药文拉法辛能够提高 Dnmt3a 的表达水平。相反，L 型 Ca2+ 通道激动剂 Bay K 8644 可部分改善抑郁样行为，但不会提高 Dnmt3a 的表达水平。此外，当我们在对抑郁样模型进行 BAY K 8644 干预时操纵 DNA 甲基化水平，我们发现提高 Dnmt3a 的表达可以改善 LPS 诱导的抑郁/焦虑样行为，而抑制 DNA 甲基化则会加剧焦虑样行为，联合使用 BAY K 8644 和 L-蛋氨酸可以更好地改善抑郁样行为。这些研究结果表明，DNA甲基化在L型Ca2+通道对抑郁样行为的调控中起着一定的作用，而DNA甲基化与L型Ca2+通道之间的相互作用还需要进一步的研究来阐明。
{"title":"L-methionine and the L-type Ca2+ channel agonist BAY K 8644 collaboratively contribute to the reduction of depressive-like behavior in mice","authors":"Ershu He, Ruixue Ma, Shanglan Qu, Xiaoye Zheng, Xin Peng, Jieyu Ji, Wenhao Ma, Xueyan Zhang, Ying Li, Hanwei Li, Yanjiao Li, Lijuan Li, Zhiting Gong","doi":"10.3389/fncir.2024.1435507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fncir.2024.1435507","url":null,"abstract":"The L-type Ca<jats:sup>2+</jats:sup> channel (LTCC, also known as Cav1,2) is involved in the regulation of key neuronal functions, such as dendritic information integration, cell survival, and neuronal gene expression. Clinical studies have shown an association between L-type calcium channels and the onset of depression, although the precise mechanisms remain unclear. The development of depression results from a combination of environmental and genetic factors. DNA methylation, a significant epigenetic modification, plays a regulatory role in the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and autism. In our study, we observed reduced Dnmt3a expression levels in the hippocampal DG region of mice with LPS-induced depression compared to control mice. The antidepressant Venlafaxine was able to increase Dnmt3a expression levels. Conversely, Bay K 8644, an agonist of the L-type Ca<jats:sup>2+</jats:sup> channel, partially ameliorated depression-like behaviors but did not elevate Dnmt3a expression levels. Furthermore, when we manipulated DNA methylation levels during Bay K 8644 intervention in depression-like models, we found that enhancing the expression of Dnmt3a could improve LPS-induced depression/anxiety-like behaviors, while inhibiting DNA methylation exacerbated anxiety-like behaviors, the combined use of BAY K 8644 and L-methionine can better improve depressive-like behavior. These findings indicate that DNA methylation plays a role in the regulation of depression-like behaviors by the L-type Ca<jats:sup>2+</jats:sup> channel, and further research is needed to elucidate the interactions between DNA methylation and L-type Ca<jats:sup>2+</jats:sup> channels.","PeriodicalId":12498,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neural Circuits","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142187792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-29DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2024.1448592
Hajime Suyama, Gaia Bianchini, Michael Lukas
Vasopressin (VP) plays a crucial role in social memory even at the level of the olfactory bulb (OB), where OB VP cells are activated during social interactions. However, it remains unclear how VP modulates olfactory processing to enable enhanced discrimination of very similar odors, e.g., rat body odors. Thus far, it has been shown that VP reduces firing rates in mitral cells (MCs) during odor presentation in vivo and decreases the amplitudes of olfactory nerve-evoked excitatory postsynaptic potentials (ON-evoked EPSPs) in external tufted cells in vitro. We performed whole-cell patch-clamp recordings and population Ca2+ imaging on acute rat OB slices. We recorded ON-evoked EPSPs as well as spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) from two types of projection neurons: middle tufted cells (mTCs) and MCs. VP bath application reduced the amplitudes of ON-evoked EPSPs and the frequencies of spontaneous IPSCs in mTCs but did not change those in MCs. Therefore, we analyzed ON-evoked EPSPs in inhibitory interneurons, i.e., periglomerular cells (PGCs) and granule cells (GCs), to search for the origin of increased inhibition in mTCs. However, VP did not increase the amplitudes of evoked EPSPs in either type of interneurons. We next performed two-photon population Ca2+ imaging in the glomerular layer and the superficial GC layer of responses to stronger ON stimulation than during patch-clamp experiments that should evoke action potentials in the measured cells. We observed that VP application increased ON-evoked Ca2+ influx in juxtaglomerular cells and GC somata. Thus, our findings indicate inhibition by VP on projection neurons via strong ON input-mediated inhibitory interneuron activity. This neural modulation could improve representation of odors, hence, better discriminability of similar odors, e.g., conspecific body odors.
即使在嗅球（OB）水平，血管加压素（VP）也在社会记忆中发挥着至关重要的作用，在社会交往过程中，嗅球的VP细胞会被激活。然而，目前仍不清楚 VP 是如何调节嗅觉处理过程以提高对非常相似气味（如大鼠体味）的辨别能力的。迄今为止，已有研究表明，VP 在体内气味呈现过程中会降低有丝分裂细胞（MCs）的发射率，并在体外降低外簇细胞中嗅觉神经诱发的兴奋性突触后电位（ON-evoked EPSPs）的振幅。我们在急性大鼠外耳道切片上进行了全细胞膜片钳记录和群体 Ca2+ 成像。我们记录了两类投射神经元（中间丛细胞（mTCs）和MCs）的导通诱发EPSPs以及自发抑制性突触后电流（IPSCs）。VP 浴降低了 mTCs 的导联诱发 EPSP 的振幅和自发 IPSC 的频率，但并没有改变 MCs 的这些振幅和频率。因此，我们分析了抑制性中间神经元（即肾小球周围细胞（PGC）和颗粒细胞（GC））的ON诱发的EPSPs，以寻找mTCs抑制作用增强的原因。然而，VP 并没有增加这两类中间神经元诱发的 EPSPs 的振幅。接下来，我们在肾小球层和表层 GC 层进行了双光子群体 Ca2+ 成像，以观察对强于贴片钳实验期间的 ON 刺激的反应，因为 ON 刺激应该会在被测细胞中唤起动作电位。我们观察到，施加 VP 增加了并肾小球细胞和 GC 体节中 ON 诱导的 Ca2+ 流入。因此，我们的研究结果表明，VP 可通过强 ON 输入介导的抑制性中间神经元活动抑制投射神经元。这种神经调节可以改善气味的表征，从而提高对类似气味（如同种体味）的辨别能力。
{"title":"Vasopressin differentially modulates the excitability of rat olfactory bulb neuron subtypes","authors":"Hajime Suyama, Gaia Bianchini, Michael Lukas","doi":"10.3389/fncir.2024.1448592","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fncir.2024.1448592","url":null,"abstract":"Vasopressin (VP) plays a crucial role in social memory even at the level of the olfactory bulb (OB), where OB VP cells are activated during social interactions. However, it remains unclear how VP modulates olfactory processing to enable enhanced discrimination of very similar odors, e.g., rat body odors. Thus far, it has been shown that VP reduces firing rates in mitral cells (MCs) during odor presentation <jats:italic>in vivo</jats:italic> and decreases the amplitudes of olfactory nerve-evoked excitatory postsynaptic potentials (ON-evoked EPSPs) in external tufted cells <jats:italic>in vitro</jats:italic>. We performed whole-cell patch-clamp recordings and population Ca<jats:sup>2+</jats:sup> imaging on acute rat OB slices. We recorded ON-evoked EPSPs as well as spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) from two types of projection neurons: middle tufted cells (mTCs) and MCs. VP bath application reduced the amplitudes of ON-evoked EPSPs and the frequencies of spontaneous IPSCs in mTCs but did not change those in MCs. Therefore, we analyzed ON-evoked EPSPs in inhibitory interneurons, i.e., periglomerular cells (PGCs) and granule cells (GCs), to search for the origin of increased inhibition in mTCs. However, VP did not increase the amplitudes of evoked EPSPs in either type of interneurons. We next performed two-photon population Ca<jats:sup>2+</jats:sup> imaging in the glomerular layer and the superficial GC layer of responses to stronger ON stimulation than during patch-clamp experiments that should evoke action potentials in the measured cells. We observed that VP application increased ON-evoked Ca<jats:sup>2+</jats:sup> influx in juxtaglomerular cells and GC somata. Thus, our findings indicate inhibition by VP on projection neurons via strong ON input-mediated inhibitory interneuron activity. This neural modulation could improve representation of odors, hence, better discriminability of similar odors, e.g., conspecific body odors.","PeriodicalId":12498,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neural Circuits","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142187789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recent advances in human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) technologies have prompted the emergence of new research fields and applications for human neurons and brain organoids. Brain organoids have gained attention as an in vitro model system that recapitulates the higher structure, cellular diversity and function of the brain to explore brain development, disease modeling, drug screening, and regenerative medicine. This progress has been accelerated by abundant interactions of brain organoid technology with various research fields. A cross-disciplinary approach with human brain organoid technology offers a higher-ordered advance for more accurately understanding the human brain. In this review, we summarize the status of neural induction in two- and three-dimensional culture systems from hPSCs and the modeling of neurodegenerative diseases using brain organoids. We also highlight the latest bioengineered technologies for the assembly of spatially higher-ordered neural tissues and prospects of brain organoid technology toward the understanding of the potential and abilities of the human brain.
{"title":"Recent advances and applications of human brain models","authors":"Kaneyasu Nishimura, Hironobu Osaki, Kotaro Tezuka, Daisuke Nakashima, Shintaro Numata, Yoshito Masamizu","doi":"10.3389/fncir.2024.1453958","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fncir.2024.1453958","url":null,"abstract":"Recent advances in human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) technologies have prompted the emergence of new research fields and applications for human neurons and brain organoids. Brain organoids have gained attention as an <jats:italic>in vitro</jats:italic> model system that recapitulates the higher structure, cellular diversity and function of the brain to explore brain development, disease modeling, drug screening, and regenerative medicine. This progress has been accelerated by abundant interactions of brain organoid technology with various research fields. A cross-disciplinary approach with human brain organoid technology offers a higher-ordered advance for more accurately understanding the human brain. In this review, we summarize the status of neural induction in two- and three-dimensional culture systems from hPSCs and the modeling of neurodegenerative diseases using brain organoids. We also highlight the latest bioengineered technologies for the assembly of spatially higher-ordered neural tissues and prospects of brain organoid technology toward the understanding of the potential and abilities of the human brain.","PeriodicalId":12498,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neural Circuits","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141938528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-19DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2024.1449459
Taichi Onishi, Kenzo Hirose, Takeshi Sakaba
To understand how neurons and neural circuits function during behaviors, it is essential to record neuronal activity in the brain in vivo. Among the various technologies developed for recording neuronal activity, molecular tools that induce gene expression in an activity-dependent manner have attracted particular attention for their ability to clarify the causal relationships between neuronal activity and behavior. In this review, we summarize recently developed activity-dependent gene expression tools and their potential contributions to the study of neural circuits.
{"title":"Molecular tools to capture active neural circuits","authors":"Taichi Onishi, Kenzo Hirose, Takeshi Sakaba","doi":"10.3389/fncir.2024.1449459","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fncir.2024.1449459","url":null,"abstract":"To understand how neurons and neural circuits function during behaviors, it is essential to record neuronal activity in the brain <jats:italic>in vivo</jats:italic>. Among the various technologies developed for recording neuronal activity, molecular tools that induce gene expression in an activity-dependent manner have attracted particular attention for their ability to clarify the causal relationships between neuronal activity and behavior. In this review, we summarize recently developed activity-dependent gene expression tools and their potential contributions to the study of neural circuits.","PeriodicalId":12498,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neural Circuits","volume":"120 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141741616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-09DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2024.1435757
Takuto Suito, Makoto Tominaga
Thermoregulation is a fundamental mechanism for maintaining homeostasis in living organisms because temperature affects essentially all biochemical and physiological processes. Effector responses to internal and external temperature cues are critical for achieving effective thermoregulation by controlling heat production and dissipation. Thermoregulation can be classified as physiological, which is observed primarily in higher organisms (homeotherms), and behavioral, which manifests as crucial physiological functions that are conserved across many species. Neuronal pathways for physiological thermoregulation are well-characterized, but those associated with behavioral regulation remain unclear. Thermoreceptors, including Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels, play pivotal roles in thermoregulation. Mammals have 11 thermosensitive TRP channels, the functions for which have been elucidated through behavioral studies using knockout mice. Behavioral thermoregulation is also observed in ectotherms such as the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Studies of Drosophila thermoregulation helped elucidate significant roles for thermoreceptors as well as regulatory actions of membrane lipids in modulating the activity of both thermosensitive TRP channels and thermoregulation. This review provides an overview of thermosensitive TRP channel functions in behavioral thermoregulation based on results of studies involving mice or Drosophila melanogaster.
{"title":"Functional relationship between peripheral thermosensation and behavioral thermoregulation","authors":"Takuto Suito, Makoto Tominaga","doi":"10.3389/fncir.2024.1435757","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fncir.2024.1435757","url":null,"abstract":"Thermoregulation is a fundamental mechanism for maintaining homeostasis in living organisms because temperature affects essentially all biochemical and physiological processes. Effector responses to internal and external temperature cues are critical for achieving effective thermoregulation by controlling heat production and dissipation. Thermoregulation can be classified as physiological, which is observed primarily in higher organisms (homeotherms), and behavioral, which manifests as crucial physiological functions that are conserved across many species. Neuronal pathways for physiological thermoregulation are well-characterized, but those associated with behavioral regulation remain unclear. Thermoreceptors, including Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels, play pivotal roles in thermoregulation. Mammals have 11 thermosensitive TRP channels, the functions for which have been elucidated through behavioral studies using knockout mice. Behavioral thermoregulation is also observed in ectotherms such as the fruit fly, <jats:italic>Drosophila melanogaster</jats:italic>. Studies of <jats:italic>Drosophila</jats:italic> thermoregulation helped elucidate significant roles for thermoreceptors as well as regulatory actions of membrane lipids in modulating the activity of both thermosensitive TRP channels and thermoregulation. This review provides an overview of thermosensitive TRP channel functions in behavioral thermoregulation based on results of studies involving mice or <jats:italic>Drosophila melanogaster</jats:italic>.","PeriodicalId":12498,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neural Circuits","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141572479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-08DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2024.1430783
Ijeoma Nwabudike, Alicia Che
Early life experiences shape physical and behavioral outcomes throughout lifetime. Sensory circuits are especially susceptible to environmental and physiological changes during development. However, the impact of different types of early life experience are often evaluated in isolation. In this mini review, we discuss the specific effects of postnatal sensory experience, sleep, social isolation, and substance exposure on barrel cortex development. Considering these concurrent factors will improve understanding of the etiology of atypical sensory perception in many neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders.
{"title":"Early-life maturation of the somatosensory cortex: sensory experience and beyond","authors":"Ijeoma Nwabudike, Alicia Che","doi":"10.3389/fncir.2024.1430783","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fncir.2024.1430783","url":null,"abstract":"Early life experiences shape physical and behavioral outcomes throughout lifetime. Sensory circuits are especially susceptible to environmental and physiological changes during development. However, the impact of different types of early life experience are often evaluated in isolation. In this mini review, we discuss the specific effects of postnatal sensory experience, sleep, social isolation, and substance exposure on barrel cortex development. Considering these concurrent factors will improve understanding of the etiology of atypical sensory perception in many neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders.","PeriodicalId":12498,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neural Circuits","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141572578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-05DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2024.1402700
Toru Takahata
The existence of cortical columns, regarded as computational units underlying both lower and higher-order information processing, has long been associated with highly evolved brains, and previous studies suggested their absence in rodents. However, recent discoveries have unveiled the presence of ocular dominance columns (ODCs) in the primary visual cortex (V1) of Long-Evans rats. These domains exhibit continuity from layer 2 through layer 6, confirming their identity as genuine ODCs. Notably, ODCs are also observed in Brown Norway rats, a strain closely related to wild rats, suggesting the physiological relevance of ODCs in natural survival contexts, although they are lacking in albino rats. This discovery has enabled researchers to explore the development and plasticity of cortical columns using a multidisciplinary approach, leveraging studies involving hundreds of individuals—an endeavor challenging in carnivore and primate species. Notably, developmental trajectories differ depending on the aspect under examination: while the distribution of geniculo-cortical afferent terminals indicates matured ODCs even before eye-opening, consistent with prevailing theories in carnivore/primate studies, examination of cortical neuron spiking activities reveals immature ODCs until postnatal day 35, suggesting delayed maturation of functional synapses which is dependent on visual experience. This developmental gap might be recognized as ‘critical period’ for ocular dominance plasticity in previous studies. In this article, I summarize cross-species differences in ODCs and geniculo-cortical network, followed by a discussion on the development, plasticity, and evolutionary significance of rat ODCs. I discuss classical and recent studies on critical period plasticity in the venue where critical period plasticity might be a component of experience-dependent development. Consequently, this series of studies prompts a paradigm shift in our understanding of species conservation of cortical columns and the nature of plasticity during the classical critical period.
{"title":"Development of ocular dominance columns across rodents and other species: revisiting the concept of critical period plasticity","authors":"Toru Takahata","doi":"10.3389/fncir.2024.1402700","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fncir.2024.1402700","url":null,"abstract":"The existence of cortical columns, regarded as computational units underlying both lower and higher-order information processing, has long been associated with highly evolved brains, and previous studies suggested their absence in rodents. However, recent discoveries have unveiled the presence of ocular dominance columns (ODCs) in the primary visual cortex (V1) of Long-Evans rats. These domains exhibit continuity from layer 2 through layer 6, confirming their identity as genuine ODCs. Notably, ODCs are also observed in Brown Norway rats, a strain closely related to wild rats, suggesting the physiological relevance of ODCs in natural survival contexts, although they are lacking in albino rats. This discovery has enabled researchers to explore the development and plasticity of cortical columns using a multidisciplinary approach, leveraging studies involving hundreds of individuals—an endeavor challenging in carnivore and primate species. Notably, developmental trajectories differ depending on the aspect under examination: while the distribution of geniculo-cortical afferent terminals indicates matured ODCs even before eye-opening, consistent with prevailing theories in carnivore/primate studies, examination of cortical neuron spiking activities reveals immature ODCs until postnatal day 35, suggesting delayed maturation of functional synapses which is dependent on visual experience. This developmental gap might be recognized as ‘critical period’ for ocular dominance plasticity in previous studies. In this article, I summarize cross-species differences in ODCs and geniculo-cortical network, followed by a discussion on the development, plasticity, and evolutionary significance of rat ODCs. I discuss classical and recent studies on critical period plasticity in the venue where critical period plasticity might be a component of experience-dependent development. Consequently, this series of studies prompts a paradigm shift in our understanding of species conservation of cortical columns and the nature of plasticity during the classical critical period.","PeriodicalId":12498,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neural Circuits","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141548778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-05DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2024.1437575
Yutian J. Zhang, Jason Y. Lee, Kei M. Igarashi
The olfactory system plays crucial roles in perceiving and interacting with their surroundings. Previous studies have deciphered basic odor perceptions, but how information processing in the olfactory system is associated with learning and memory is poorly understood. In this review, we summarize recent studies on the anatomy and functional dynamics of the mouse olfactory learning pathway, focusing on how neuronal circuits in the olfactory bulb (OB) and olfactory cortical areas integrate odor information in learning. We also highlight in vivo evidence for the role of the lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC) in olfactory learning. Altogether, these studies demonstrate that brain regions throughout the olfactory system are critically involved in forming and representing learned knowledge. The role of olfactory areas in learning and memory, and their susceptibility to dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases, necessitate further research.
{"title":"Circuit dynamics of the olfactory pathway during olfactory learning","authors":"Yutian J. Zhang, Jason Y. Lee, Kei M. Igarashi","doi":"10.3389/fncir.2024.1437575","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fncir.2024.1437575","url":null,"abstract":"The olfactory system plays crucial roles in perceiving and interacting with their surroundings. Previous studies have deciphered basic odor perceptions, but how information processing in the olfactory system is associated with learning and memory is poorly understood. In this review, we summarize recent studies on the anatomy and functional dynamics of the mouse olfactory learning pathway, focusing on how neuronal circuits in the olfactory bulb (OB) and olfactory cortical areas integrate odor information in learning. We also highlight in vivo evidence for the role of the lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC) in olfactory learning. Altogether, these studies demonstrate that brain regions throughout the olfactory system are critically involved in forming and representing learned knowledge. The role of olfactory areas in learning and memory, and their susceptibility to dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases, necessitate further research.","PeriodicalId":12498,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neural Circuits","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141548779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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