Wetlands constitute only two percent of the world’s land mass. Yet, a total of 10% of the world population live in wetlands. Also, about 13% of global urban settlements are found in wetlands. Coastal ecosystems are among the most productive in the world and are among the most threatened. A significant global response to this threat was the 1971 Convention held in Ramsar, Iran, to save the world’s wetlands. Unfortunately, most developing countries are not signatories to the convention, and those that are have paid passive attention to its articles; leading to massive loss of wetlands in these countries. Cities along water ways and basins (such as Calabar) are known for their rapid growth. Calabar has witnessed a rapid urban growth of recent. This growth has led to severe encroachment into the city’s wetlands formed by the Great Kwa and Calabar Rivers with the attendant degradation of the ecosystems. This paper examines the danger posed by the spread of the city to these wetlands and proffers solutions that would check the incursion into these pristine natural habitats. The paper also recommends the development of eco-tourism resort as part of the larger Calabar urban landscape architecture. This will add to the tourism potentials of the city as envisaged by Cross River State.
{"title":"Urban Development In The Third World and Threat To Wetlands: The Case Study of Calabar, Nigeria","authors":"A. E. Obia, E. B. Itam, A. E. Archibong","doi":"10.4314/GJER.V14I1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/GJER.V14I1.5","url":null,"abstract":"Wetlands constitute only two percent of the world’s land mass. Yet, a total of 10% of the world population live in wetlands. Also, about 13% of global urban settlements are found in wetlands. Coastal ecosystems are among the most productive in the world and are among the most threatened. A significant global response to this threat was the 1971 Convention held in Ramsar, Iran, to save the world’s wetlands. Unfortunately, most developing countries are not signatories to the convention, and those that are have paid passive attention to its articles; leading to massive loss of wetlands in these countries. Cities along water ways and basins (such as Calabar) are known for their rapid growth. Calabar has witnessed a rapid urban growth of recent. This growth has led to severe encroachment into the city’s wetlands formed by the Great Kwa and Calabar Rivers with the attendant degradation of the ecosystems. This paper examines the danger posed by the spread of the city to these wetlands and proffers solutions that would check the incursion into these pristine natural habitats. The paper also recommends the development of eco-tourism resort as part of the larger Calabar urban landscape architecture. This will add to the tourism potentials of the city as envisaged by Cross River State.","PeriodicalId":12520,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Research In Engineering","volume":"31 1","pages":"33-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78663191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sugar cane juice (SCJ) was investigated as a retarding agent in concrete production. Slump values and compressive strength of concrete with partial replacement of water by sugar cane juice was also investigated. The concrete cubes were prepared by replacing water with SCJ in the following proportions 0, 3, 5, 10 and 15%. The cubes were cured, tested and the physical properties of interest in this study were determined. Results show that the final setting time of concrete was delayed with increase in content of the SCJ in the concrete mix. At 0% SCJ, final setting time was 3½ hours, while final setting time at 15% SCJ was 6 hours, reflecting additional 2½ hours setting time. The compressive strength of the (water:SCJ) concrete decreased with increase in the content of SCJ in the concrete mix, up till 10% SCJ content. Keywords: sugar cane juice, setting time, slump values, compressive strength
{"title":"Sugar cane juice as a retarding admixture in concrete production","authors":"A. W. Otunyo, Innocent Koate","doi":"10.4314/GJER.V14I1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/GJER.V14I1.3","url":null,"abstract":"Sugar cane juice (SCJ) was investigated as a retarding agent in concrete production. Slump values and compressive strength of concrete with partial replacement of water by sugar cane juice was also investigated. The concrete cubes were prepared by replacing water with SCJ in the following proportions 0, 3, 5, 10 and 15%. The cubes were cured, tested and the physical properties of interest in this study were determined. Results show that the final setting time of concrete was delayed with increase in content of the SCJ in the concrete mix. At 0% SCJ, final setting time was 3½ hours, while final setting time at 15% SCJ was 6 hours, reflecting additional 2½ hours setting time. The compressive strength of the (water:SCJ) concrete decreased with increase in the content of SCJ in the concrete mix, up till 10% SCJ content. Keywords: sugar cane juice, setting time, slump values, compressive strength","PeriodicalId":12520,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Research In Engineering","volume":"44 1","pages":"17-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87487650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The effect of British Standard Light (BSL), West African Standard (WAS) and British standard Heavy (BSH) compactive efforts on the strength indices oflaterite treated with 2, 4, 6 and 8 % calcium carbide waste (CCW) was studied. Atterberg’s limits test, compaction test, California bearing ratio (CBR) andunconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests were performed on laterite treated with CCW. Unconfined compressive strength and California bearing ratio values of Ikpayongo laterite used as strength indices increased with higher compactive effort and CCW content. CBR value of the natural laterite increased from 10 %, 17 % and 18 % to peak values of 23.0 % 47 % and 50 % respectively, when treated with 8 % CCW, using BSL, WAS and BSH compactive effort respectively. 7 day UCS values of the natural laterite using BSL, WAS and BSH compactive efforts increased from 397, 620 and 640 kN/m 2 to peak values of 1450, 1456 and 1457kN/m 2 , respectively, when treated with 8 % CCW. Results of tests showed that compactive effort have effect on strength indices of laterite treated with CCW. The WAS compactive effort was recommended for use as the most economic compactive effort in the treatment of laterite with CCW for use in road work. Outcome of the study will provide a useful guide in the use of CCW for road work. Keywords: compactive effort, strength indices, calcium carbide waste
{"title":"EFFECT OF COMPACTIVE EFFORT ON STRENGTH INDICES OF LATERITE TREATED WITH CALCIUM CARBIDE WASTE","authors":"M. Joel, L. Joseph","doi":"10.4314/GJER.V14I1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/GJER.V14I1.6","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of British Standard Light (BSL), West African Standard (WAS) and British standard Heavy (BSH) compactive efforts on the strength indices oflaterite treated with 2, 4, 6 and 8 % calcium carbide waste (CCW) was studied. Atterberg’s limits test, compaction test, California bearing ratio (CBR) andunconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests were performed on laterite treated with CCW. Unconfined compressive strength and California bearing ratio values of Ikpayongo laterite used as strength indices increased with higher compactive effort and CCW content. CBR value of the natural laterite increased from 10 %, 17 % and 18 % to peak values of 23.0 % 47 % and 50 % respectively, when treated with 8 % CCW, using BSL, WAS and BSH compactive effort respectively. 7 day UCS values of the natural laterite using BSL, WAS and BSH compactive efforts increased from 397, 620 and 640 kN/m 2 to peak values of 1450, 1456 and 1457kN/m 2 , respectively, when treated with 8 % CCW. Results of tests showed that compactive effort have effect on strength indices of laterite treated with CCW. The WAS compactive effort was recommended for use as the most economic compactive effort in the treatment of laterite with CCW for use in road work. Outcome of the study will provide a useful guide in the use of CCW for road work. Keywords: compactive effort, strength indices, calcium carbide waste","PeriodicalId":12520,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Research In Engineering","volume":"210 1","pages":"47-57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73194081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Commercially available sandcrete blocks produced in Abuja municipal area of the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) Nigeria was investigated, to ascertain their suitability for use as side drain walling material. Block samples produced using a standard mix (SM) ratio of cement: sand of 1: 6 and block samples obtained from five different commercial sandcrete block producing factories, labelled A, B, C, D, and E were obtained and subjected to compressive and water absorption tests. Blocks produced with the standard mix ratio, and those obtained from factory A, B, C, D and E have 28 day average compressive strength values of 0.65, 0.56, 0.56, 0.98 0.94 and 2.89 N/mm 2 respectively, and water absorption values of 8. 6, 9.4, 9.5, 8.1, 7.8 and 5.1 % respectively. Based on results of test commercially available sandcrete blocks in Abuja Municipal area are and blocks produced with the standard mix of (1:6) are not suitable for use as side drain walling materials. Suitability of commercially available sandcrete blocks for use as side drain walling material can be enhanced if a mix proportion richer than the standard mix is used in block production. Keywords: Sandcrete blocks, Side drain, Compressive Strength, Water absorption
{"title":"SUITABILITY OF COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE SANDCRETE BLOCKS IN ABUJA MUNICIPAL AREA FOR USE AS STREET SIDE DRAIN WALLING MATERIALS","authors":"M. Joel, Adie Gabriel Utyankpan","doi":"10.4314/GJER.V14I1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/GJER.V14I1.4","url":null,"abstract":"Commercially available sandcrete blocks produced in Abuja municipal area of the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) Nigeria was investigated, to ascertain their suitability for use as side drain walling material. Block samples produced using a standard mix (SM) ratio of cement: sand of 1: 6 and block samples obtained from five different commercial sandcrete block producing factories, labelled A, B, C, D, and E were obtained and subjected to compressive and water absorption tests. Blocks produced with the standard mix ratio, and those obtained from factory A, B, C, D and E have 28 day average compressive strength values of 0.65, 0.56, 0.56, 0.98 0.94 and 2.89 N/mm 2 respectively, and water absorption values of 8. 6, 9.4, 9.5, 8.1, 7.8 and 5.1 % respectively. Based on results of test commercially available sandcrete blocks in Abuja Municipal area are and blocks produced with the standard mix of (1:6) are not suitable for use as side drain walling materials. Suitability of commercially available sandcrete blocks for use as side drain walling material can be enhanced if a mix proportion richer than the standard mix is used in block production. Keywords: Sandcrete blocks, Side drain, Compressive Strength, Water absorption","PeriodicalId":12520,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Research In Engineering","volume":"84 1","pages":"25-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86062284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-11-17DOI: 10.15192/pscp.sa.2015.12.3.126134
E. Alimasunya, O. Yahaya, Abudu Mohammed
Sensitivity-based analysis carried out on the production of dynamic loudspeakers for client (A) and (B) showed that client (A) has reliability efficiency 0f 20.4% with 90% of Tp, 30%-Ep, 50%-Ecp, while client (B) has 30%-Tp, 90%-Ep and 50%-Ecp respectively. Sustainability of client (B) is higher than (A) with 0.06. It has 99% and 20.1% system and efficiency reliabilities. Client (B) has the flexibility of indoor and outdoor which Client (A) lacks. The overall simulation analysis shows that client (B) product is better than (A).
{"title":"Design for a Sustainability of a Commercial Product: A Case Study of a Dynamic Loudspeaker","authors":"E. Alimasunya, O. Yahaya, Abudu Mohammed","doi":"10.15192/pscp.sa.2015.12.3.126134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15192/pscp.sa.2015.12.3.126134","url":null,"abstract":"Sensitivity-based analysis carried out on the production of dynamic loudspeakers for client (A) and (B) showed that client (A) has reliability efficiency 0f 20.4% with 90% of Tp, 30%-Ep, 50%-Ecp, while client (B) has 30%-Tp, 90%-Ep and 50%-Ecp respectively. Sustainability of client (B) is higher than (A) with 0.06. It has 99% and 20.1% system and efficiency reliabilities. Client (B) has the flexibility of indoor and outdoor which Client (A) lacks. The overall simulation analysis shows that client (B) product is better than (A).","PeriodicalId":12520,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Research In Engineering","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80723959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Enumeration of coliform bacteria in wastewater was carried out by comparing between imported Macconkey broth solution and the locally prepared solution type. Wastewater samples were obtained from four Waste Stabilization ponds (WSPs) at the Aluminium smelting company located at Ikot Abasi Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State. The results of the Analysis showed that the imported media yielded higher numbers of coliform bacteria per 100ml, as compared to the locally prepared media. Two methods where used for this analysis namely: the membrane Filtration Technique (MFT) and the Multiple Tube Technique (MTT). The MFT was more precise, simple and faster in enumerating coliofrm bacteria per 100ml as compared with the MTT method. The two methods (MTT and MFT) was used to determine the amount of coliform present in two different samples each of locally male solution and imported Macckonkey broth solution. The Average results obtained for sample 1 from the MTT method for ponds 01 to ponds 04 respectively for locally made solution are 255.75, 268,271.25, and 262, while that from imported solution are 293.75, 312, 317, and 2995. also the average result from MFT for locally made solution are 246, 260.5, 257.5 and 247.5; while that for imported solution is 265.25, 282, 278, and 267.75 all in multiples of 1000. For sample 2, the results obtained from MTT method from ponds 1 to 4 for locally mixed solution are 178.25, 192.5, 184.5 and 177.5, while that of imported macConkey broth solution are 158, 167, 5, 171.25 and 162. Also that of MFT for locally mixed solution are 206.25, 227,206.25 and 211.75, while that of imported macConkey solution are. 186,201.75, 187.5 and 187.5 all in multiples of 1000 per 100ml the other average results from pond 1 to 4 are obtained from the different compartments of each pond, this includes the pH of sample (6.853, 6.6.55, 6.378 and 6.918), The TDS (81.125, 98.25, 116.575, and 129.010), the DO (2.893, 2.585, 2.58, and 2.798), the BOD (1.748, 1.435, 1.430, and 1.648), The COD (98, 115.25, 124,70 and 131.160), conductivity (162.7, 197, 233.4 and 258.05), and Temperature in celcius (28.25, 29.145, 29.155, 28.685).
{"title":"Analysis of Coliform Bacteria in WSPs at ALSCON Using Macconkey Broth and Locally made Solution","authors":"E. Ukpong, Udechukwu John Abaraugu","doi":"10.4314/GJER.V13I1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/GJER.V13I1.3","url":null,"abstract":"Enumeration of coliform bacteria in wastewater was carried out by comparing between imported Macconkey broth solution and the locally prepared solution type. Wastewater samples were obtained from four Waste Stabilization ponds (WSPs) at the Aluminium smelting company located at Ikot Abasi Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State. The results of the Analysis showed that the imported media yielded higher numbers of coliform bacteria per 100ml, as compared to the locally prepared media. Two methods where used for this analysis namely: the membrane Filtration Technique (MFT) and the Multiple Tube Technique (MTT). The MFT was more precise, simple and faster in enumerating coliofrm bacteria per 100ml as compared with the MTT method. The two methods (MTT and MFT) was used to determine the amount of coliform present in two different samples each of locally male solution and imported Macckonkey broth solution. The Average results obtained for sample 1 from the MTT method for ponds 01 to ponds 04 respectively for locally made solution are 255.75, 268,271.25, and 262, while that from imported solution are 293.75, 312, 317, and 2995. also the average result from MFT for locally made solution are 246, 260.5, 257.5 and 247.5; while that for imported solution is 265.25, 282, 278, and 267.75 all in multiples of 1000. For sample 2, the results obtained from MTT method from ponds 1 to 4 for locally mixed solution are 178.25, 192.5, 184.5 and 177.5, while that of imported macConkey broth solution are 158, 167, 5, 171.25 and 162. Also that of MFT for locally mixed solution are 206.25, 227,206.25 and 211.75, while that of imported macConkey solution are. 186,201.75, 187.5 and 187.5 all in multiples of 1000 per 100ml the other average results from pond 1 to 4 are obtained from the different compartments of each pond, this includes the pH of sample (6.853, 6.6.55, 6.378 and 6.918), The TDS (81.125, 98.25, 116.575, and 129.010), the DO (2.893, 2.585, 2.58, and 2.798), the BOD (1.748, 1.435, 1.430, and 1.648), The COD (98, 115.25, 124,70 and 131.160), conductivity (162.7, 197, 233.4 and 258.05), and Temperature in celcius (28.25, 29.145, 29.155, 28.685).","PeriodicalId":12520,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Research In Engineering","volume":"31 1","pages":"21-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77598389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Biogas technology converts biological matter or biological waste (substrate) into energy and simultaneously helps to improve the quality of life and the environment. The effect of substrate on biogas yield was studied by using different substrate in laboratory scale experiment using water displacement method to monitor the volume of biogas produced. The substrates used are waste tomatoes, waste fluted pumpkin leaves, chicken manure, sheep manure and cow dung. The cumulative biogas produced by each of the substrate was monitored and recorded over a period of 22 days. the results show that sheep dung gave the highest cumulative volume of biogas per 100 g of substrate of 240 ml followed by cow dung 200 ml and the least being waste tomatoes and chicken manure with cumulative volume of 170 ml each. Analysis of the biogas produced indicated that the average content of methane is 65.34 mol%, carbon dioxide 22.81mol%; other components present are; hydrogen 7.49 mol%, Oxygen 0.95 mol%, Nitrogen 3.39 mol% and trace amount of carbon monoxide and water vapor. Hydrogen sulfide was not detected. Based on these results it can be conclude that sheep manure gave the highest cumulative volume of biogas and that the biogas produced from all the substrates is free from hydrogen sulfide.
{"title":"Effect of Substrate on Biogas Yield","authors":"A. Adamu","doi":"10.4314/GJER.V13I1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/GJER.V13I1.4","url":null,"abstract":"Biogas technology converts biological matter or biological waste (substrate) into energy and simultaneously helps to improve the quality of life and the environment. The effect of substrate on biogas yield was studied by using different substrate in laboratory scale experiment using water displacement method to monitor the volume of biogas produced. The substrates used are waste tomatoes, waste fluted pumpkin leaves, chicken manure, sheep manure and cow dung. The cumulative biogas produced by each of the substrate was monitored and recorded over a period of 22 days. the results show that sheep dung gave the highest cumulative volume of biogas per 100 g of substrate of 240 ml followed by cow dung 200 ml and the least being waste tomatoes and chicken manure with cumulative volume of 170 ml each. Analysis of the biogas produced indicated that the average content of methane is 65.34 mol%, carbon dioxide 22.81mol%; other components present are; hydrogen 7.49 mol%, Oxygen 0.95 mol%, Nitrogen 3.39 mol% and trace amount of carbon monoxide and water vapor. Hydrogen sulfide was not detected. Based on these results it can be conclude that sheep manure gave the highest cumulative volume of biogas and that the biogas produced from all the substrates is free from hydrogen sulfide.","PeriodicalId":12520,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Research In Engineering","volume":"147 1","pages":"35-39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86116161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The guarantee of multiple water use is one of the main objectives of the Brazilian system of managing water resources. However, it is still unclear how to reach these objectives regarding hydropower plants. This paper introduces a method for support of hydropower plants taking into account the compatibility with multiple water uses. It also introduces a computational tool based on the proposed method, which assesses energy generation and possible losses associated with meeting upstream water demand. A case study of the Tocantins and Araguaia basins (Amazon region) is presented. The results obtained corroborate the applicability of the proposed method.
{"title":"Water Resource Conflict in the Amazon Region: The Case of Hydropower Generation and Multiple Water uses in the Tocantins and Araguaia River Basins","authors":"Deeksha Hora, L. Legey, Mônica","doi":"10.5963/jwrhe0403002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5963/jwrhe0403002","url":null,"abstract":"The guarantee of multiple water use is one of the main objectives of the Brazilian system of managing water resources. However, it is still unclear how to reach these objectives regarding hydropower plants. This paper introduces a method for support of hydropower plants taking into account the compatibility with multiple water uses. It also introduces a computational tool based on the proposed method, which assesses energy generation and possible losses associated with meeting upstream water demand. A case study of the Tocantins and Araguaia basins (Amazon region) is presented. The results obtained corroborate the applicability of the proposed method.","PeriodicalId":12520,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Research In Engineering","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79032436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-09-30DOI: 10.4172/2090-4568.1000101
M. Asari, F. Hormozi
This paper focuses on the effect of surfactants on the bubble size. Bubble size in Sodium dodecyl sulfate / water system were investigated at various superficial gas velocities (0.13, 0.26 and 0.5 cm/s). On the other hands, Bubble diameter was determined for different values of Sodium dodecyl sulfate surfactant concentration. Surfactant concentration in water were 0.05, 0.02 and 0.1 vol.%. Tap water and aqueous solutions with surfactants (anionic, non-ionic and zwitterionic) are used as liquid phases. The bubbles size in this phase is determined at Cs=0.05%vol and u g =0.13 cm/s. The bubbles are generated into a small-scale bubble column making of Plexiglas with height of 1.2 m. High speed photography techniques are used to measure the bubble size. The experimental results were shown that bubble diameter in Sodium dodecyl sulfate /water system is larger than other systems. In solution of Sodium dodecyl sulfate, Sauter mean bubble diameter (Location A and D) decreases when superficial gas velocity increased.
本文主要研究了表面活性剂对气泡大小的影响。研究了十二烷基硫酸钠/水体系在不同表面气速(0.13、0.26和0.5 cm/s)下的气泡大小。另一方面，测定了十二烷基硫酸钠表面活性剂浓度不同时的气泡直径。表面活性剂在水中的浓度分别为0.05、0.02和0.1 vol %。自来水和含有表面活性剂(阴离子、非离子和两性离子)的水溶液用作液相。在Cs=0.05%vol, u g =0.13 cm/s的条件下，测定了该相的气泡大小。这些气泡形成一个高度为1.2 m的有机玻璃制成的小型气泡柱。高速摄影技术被用来测量气泡的大小。实验结果表明，十二烷基硫酸钠/水体系的气泡直径比其他体系大。在十二烷基硫酸钠溶液中，随着表面气速的增加，Sauter平均气泡直径(位置A和D)减小。
{"title":"Experimental Determination of Bubble Size in Solution of Surfactants of the Bubble Column","authors":"M. Asari, F. Hormozi","doi":"10.4172/2090-4568.1000101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2090-4568.1000101","url":null,"abstract":"This paper focuses on the effect of surfactants on the bubble size. Bubble size in Sodium dodecyl sulfate / water system were investigated at various superficial gas velocities (0.13, 0.26 and 0.5 cm/s). On the other hands, Bubble diameter was determined for different values of Sodium dodecyl sulfate surfactant concentration. Surfactant concentration in water were 0.05, 0.02 and 0.1 vol.%. Tap water and aqueous solutions with surfactants (anionic, non-ionic and zwitterionic) are used as liquid phases. The bubbles size in this phase is determined at Cs=0.05%vol and u g =0.13 cm/s. The bubbles are generated into a small-scale bubble column making of Plexiglas with height of 1.2 m. High speed photography techniques are used to measure the bubble size. The experimental results were shown that bubble diameter in Sodium dodecyl sulfate /water system is larger than other systems. In solution of Sodium dodecyl sulfate, Sauter mean bubble diameter (Location A and D) decreases when superficial gas velocity increased.","PeriodicalId":12520,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Research In Engineering","volume":"58 4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83513444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-09-29DOI: 10.11648/J.IJMSA.20140305.24
K. Karel, Zemanova Eva, Friedrichova Romana, Bradka Stanislav, Gembalová Lucie
This contribution contains data on thermal stability of certain materials whose initial precursor is graphite. Graphite was oxidized separately and in a mixture with fullerene C60. The prepared oxides were processed with vacuum filtration to produce foils and their morphology and thermal stability was described. The graphene oxides reacted with nano-cellulose and s- glucan to produce composites. The prepared composites in the form of foils were tested for thermal stability and further analyzed e.g.by FT-IR, SEM, etc.
{"title":"Thermal Stability off Oils Made of Graphene-Oxide and Graphene-Oxide with Fullerene and their Composites with Methyl Carboxy Cellulose and with Beta 1,3/1,6 – D- Glucan","authors":"K. Karel, Zemanova Eva, Friedrichova Romana, Bradka Stanislav, Gembalová Lucie","doi":"10.11648/J.IJMSA.20140305.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IJMSA.20140305.24","url":null,"abstract":"This contribution contains data on thermal stability of certain materials whose initial precursor is graphite. Graphite was oxidized separately and in a mixture with fullerene C60. The prepared oxides were processed with vacuum filtration to produce foils and their morphology and thermal stability was described. The graphene oxides reacted with nano-cellulose and s- glucan to produce composites. The prepared composites in the form of foils were tested for thermal stability and further analyzed e.g.by FT-IR, SEM, etc.","PeriodicalId":12520,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Research In Engineering","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87139335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：