Pub Date : 2018-04-24DOI: 10.34257/gjrefvol18is2pg1
Daniel L. Stevens, S. Schuckers
{"title":"Low Probability of Intercept Frequency Hopping Signal Characterization Comparison Using the Wigner Ville Distribution and the Choi Williams Distribution","authors":"Daniel L. Stevens, S. Schuckers","doi":"10.34257/gjrefvol18is2pg1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34257/gjrefvol18is2pg1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12520,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Research In Engineering","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83191811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, the design of a digital thermometer with clock is presented. The design was achieved using ATMEGA 328P PU Microcontroller Unit, MLX90614 Infrared Sensor for achieving contactless measurement (wireless) and the DS1307 Real Time Clock (RTC) for accurate time keeping during the measurement of this parameter.The MLX90614 is factory calibrated in wide temperature ranges from - 40 oC to 125oC for the ambient temperature and -70 oC to 382.19oC for object temperature, while the DS1307 is a low-power clock/calendar with 56 bytes of battery-backed serial random access memory (SRAM). Power is supplied using a regulated 9 V DC battery. The microcontrollers and RTC chip are powered by 5 V DC. The temperature sensor and liquid crystal display (LCD) require 3.3 V DC for operation and are supplied by passing the 5 V DC through a variable resistor. The sensors output values are both fed into the microcontroller. While monitoring temperature and telling time, the microcontroller sends the measurements in form of digital signal to the LCDs for display.This design was compared with a standard infrared thermometer by taking the body temperature measurements of two individuals at different times of the day. It was observed from the results that the difference between the temperature readings of the two thermometers ranges from 0 to 1 °C Keywords: Infrared sensor, digital thermometer, microcontroller, real time clock, temperature
{"title":"Design and implementation of a digital thermometer with clock","authors":"B. Akinloye, Aaron O. Onyan, Donaldson E. Oweibor","doi":"10.4314/GJER.V15I1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/GJER.V15I1.1","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, the design of a digital thermometer with clock is presented. The design was achieved using ATMEGA 328P PU Microcontroller Unit, MLX90614 Infrared Sensor for achieving contactless measurement (wireless) and the DS1307 Real Time Clock (RTC) for accurate time keeping during the measurement of this parameter.The MLX90614 is factory calibrated in wide temperature ranges from - 40 oC to 125oC for the ambient temperature and -70 oC to 382.19oC for object temperature, while the DS1307 is a low-power clock/calendar with 56 bytes of battery-backed serial random access memory (SRAM). Power is supplied using a regulated 9 V DC battery. The microcontrollers and RTC chip are powered by 5 V DC. The temperature sensor and liquid crystal display (LCD) require 3.3 V DC for operation and are supplied by passing the 5 V DC through a variable resistor. The sensors output values are both fed into the microcontroller. While monitoring temperature and telling time, the microcontroller sends the measurements in form of digital signal to the LCDs for display.This design was compared with a standard infrared thermometer by taking the body temperature measurements of two individuals at different times of the day. It was observed from the results that the difference between the temperature readings of the two thermometers ranges from 0 to 1 °C Keywords: Infrared sensor, digital thermometer, microcontroller, real time clock, temperature","PeriodicalId":12520,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Research In Engineering","volume":"94 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90784172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There is a sudden increase in demand and utilization of natural gas in Nigeria; this may be attributed to federal government policy on establishment of independent power plants and the rising cost of kerosene and fire wood. This increase in demand for natural gas call for design and construction of pipelines for natural gas transportation from production zones to consuming areas. Natural gas transmission through pipelines is accepted as the best method for high capacities gas transmission. Due to the high capital investment and operating cost required for natural gas pipeline transmission systems, optimum designs become inevitable. Cost of compression form a significant part of the operating cost of natural gas pipeline system and can be reduced by optimum design. This paper focuses on the development of software for optimum design and simulation of natural gas pipeline. General Gas equation coupled with correlations for friction factor, Reynolds number, viscosity of gas mixture, compressibility factor etc were used to developed an algorithm from which the software was developed using VISUAL BASIC 6.0. The effect of different operating variables and pipeline dimensions could be investigated using this software. The software was tested for functionality using a typical design problem from literature. Comparison of the software result and that of literature shows that the software can be use for preliminary design and simulation purposes. Keywords: Pipeline, design, simulation, Natural gas
{"title":"Software for natural gas pipeline design and simulation (gaspisim)","authors":"A. Adamu","doi":"10.4314/GJER.V15I1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/GJER.V15I1.6","url":null,"abstract":"There is a sudden increase in demand and utilization of natural gas in Nigeria; this may be attributed to federal government policy on establishment of independent power plants and the rising cost of kerosene and fire wood. This increase in demand for natural gas call for design and construction of pipelines for natural gas transportation from production zones to consuming areas. Natural gas transmission through pipelines is accepted as the best method for high capacities gas transmission. Due to the high capital investment and operating cost required for natural gas pipeline transmission systems, optimum designs become inevitable. Cost of compression form a significant part of the operating cost of natural gas pipeline system and can be reduced by optimum design. This paper focuses on the development of software for optimum design and simulation of natural gas pipeline. General Gas equation coupled with correlations for friction factor, Reynolds number, viscosity of gas mixture, compressibility factor etc were used to developed an algorithm from which the software was developed using VISUAL BASIC 6.0. The effect of different operating variables and pipeline dimensions could be investigated using this software. The software was tested for functionality using a typical design problem from literature. Comparison of the software result and that of literature shows that the software can be use for preliminary design and simulation purposes. Keywords: Pipeline, design, simulation, Natural gas","PeriodicalId":12520,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Research In Engineering","volume":"27 1","pages":"47-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89940220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The properties of different grades of concrete produced with Portland limestone Cement (PLC) grades 32.5N and 42.5R was compared in the study. Initial and Final setting time tests were perform on cement paste. Slump and compacting factor test were performed on fresh concrete. Mix ratios of 1:2:4 and 1:3:6 (Cement: Sand: Granite) by volume and mix proportions for Grades 30 and 40 concrete used in different aspect of rigid pavements, were used to cast concrete cubes and beams that were subjected to compression and flexural strength test after curing for 7, 14, 28 and 56 days respectively. Compressive and flexural strength values of concrete produced with PLC grade 42.5R were higher than values obtained with grade 32.5. The 28 day compressive strength values of concrete produced with PLC grade 42.5R were, 28.0, 30.0, 35.0, and 40.0 N/mm, 2 while values of 22.0, 28.0, 33.0 and 35.0 were obtained with PLC grade 32.5, for mix ratios of 1:3:6, 1:2:4 and Grade 30 and 40 concrete respectively. Similar trend was observed with flexural strength values. Based on result of test PLC grade 42.5R is an improvement over grade 32.5 and its usage in rigid pavement construction work is recommended as it ensures higher strength and economy in concrete work.
{"title":"COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE PRODUCED WITH PORTLAND LIMESTONE CEMENT (PLC) GRADE 32.5N AND 42.5R FOR USE IN RIGID PAVEMENT WORK","authors":"M. Joel, I. D. Mbapuun","doi":"10.4314/GJER.V15I1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/GJER.V15I1.3","url":null,"abstract":"The properties of different grades of concrete produced with Portland limestone Cement (PLC) grades 32.5N and 42.5R was compared in the study. Initial and Final setting time tests were perform on cement paste. Slump and compacting factor test were performed on fresh concrete. Mix ratios of 1:2:4 and 1:3:6 (Cement: Sand: Granite) by volume and mix proportions for Grades 30 and 40 concrete used in different aspect of rigid pavements, were used to cast concrete cubes and beams that were subjected to compression and flexural strength test after curing for 7, 14, 28 and 56 days respectively. Compressive and flexural strength values of concrete produced with PLC grade 42.5R were higher than values obtained with grade 32.5. The 28 day compressive strength values of concrete produced with PLC grade 42.5R were, 28.0, 30.0, 35.0, and 40.0 N/mm, 2 while values of 22.0, 28.0, 33.0 and 35.0 were obtained with PLC grade 32.5, for mix ratios of 1:3:6, 1:2:4 and Grade 30 and 40 concrete respectively. Similar trend was observed with flexural strength values. Based on result of test PLC grade 42.5R is an improvement over grade 32.5 and its usage in rigid pavement construction work is recommended as it ensures higher strength and economy in concrete work.","PeriodicalId":12520,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Research In Engineering","volume":"102 1","pages":"17-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90309999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The effect of lime pre-treatment duration on some geotechnical properties of shale treated with cement for use as flexible pavement material was studied. Atterberg’s limits, compaction, California bearing ratio (CBR) and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests were conducted on the natural shale and shale pre-treated with 0, 3, 6, and 9 % lime and allowed to mellow for 0, 24, and 48 hours, before it was treated with 0, 3, 6 and 9 % cement. Results of tests shows that lime pre treatment mellowing duration greatly enhance the suitability of shale treated with cement. 7 day UCS value of shale increased from 400kN/m 2 to peak value of 2311kN/m 2 when shale pre-treated with 9% lime was allowed to mellow for 48 hours before treatment with 9 % cement. CBR value of natural shale increased from 2.4 % to 112 % when shale pre-treated with 9 % lime and allowed to mellow for 48 hours was treated with 9 % cement. Shale pre-treated with 9 % lime and allowed to mellow for 48 hours before treatment with 6 % cement is recommended for use as road base material in lightly trafficked road and sub-base material of a heavily trafficked road. Keywords: Cement, Lime, Mellow, Pre-treatment, shale
{"title":"EFFECT OF LIME PRE-TREATMENT MELLOWING DURATION ON SOME GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES OF SHALE TREATED WITH CEMENT","authors":"M. Joel, V. O. Otse","doi":"10.4314/gjer.v15i1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/gjer.v15i1.5","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of lime pre-treatment duration on some geotechnical properties of shale treated with cement for use as flexible pavement material was studied. Atterberg’s limits, compaction, California bearing ratio (CBR) and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests were conducted on the natural shale and shale pre-treated with 0, 3, 6, and 9 % lime and allowed to mellow for 0, 24, and 48 hours, before it was treated with 0, 3, 6 and 9 % cement. Results of tests shows that lime pre treatment mellowing duration greatly enhance the suitability of shale treated with cement. 7 day UCS value of shale increased from 400kN/m 2 to peak value of 2311kN/m 2 when shale pre-treated with 9% lime was allowed to mellow for 48 hours before treatment with 9 % cement. CBR value of natural shale increased from 2.4 % to 112 % when shale pre-treated with 9 % lime and allowed to mellow for 48 hours was treated with 9 % cement. Shale pre-treated with 9 % lime and allowed to mellow for 48 hours before treatment with 6 % cement is recommended for use as road base material in lightly trafficked road and sub-base material of a heavily trafficked road. Keywords: Cement, Lime, Mellow, Pre-treatment, shale","PeriodicalId":12520,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Research In Engineering","volume":"1238 1","pages":"35-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77681164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this compendium is to survey why many buildings in Nigeria collapse, during or after completion, and find remedy against future occurrences. The method used here is the stock-taking of occurrences as reported in media. It also takes into account the field – book reports by the authors as they ventured out in the field to interview some architects. It was discovered that quite a number of these cases are never reported for fear of sanctions. The findings were that governments don’t make such sanctions public. Moreover, the use of quacks in the building industry had contributed in no small measure. Conclusion therefore was that, Government must develop stiffer measures on defaulters and get consultants and contractors registered. All registered consultants (architects and engineers) must be made public and Quacks must be made to find their ways out of the building industry. Draughtsmen should not claim to be architects, engineers or builders.
{"title":"Collapsed buildings in Nigeria","authors":"I. D. Obot, A. Archibong","doi":"10.4314/GJER.V15I1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/GJER.V15I1.2","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this compendium is to survey why many buildings in Nigeria collapse, during or after completion, and find remedy against future occurrences. The method used here is the stock-taking of occurrences as reported in media. It also takes into account the field – book reports by the authors as they ventured out in the field to interview some architects. It was discovered that quite a number of these cases are never reported for fear of sanctions. The findings were that governments don’t make such sanctions public. Moreover, the use of quacks in the building industry had contributed in no small measure. Conclusion therefore was that, Government must develop stiffer measures on defaulters and get consultants and contractors registered. All registered consultants (architects and engineers) must be made public and Quacks must be made to find their ways out of the building industry. Draughtsmen should not claim to be architects, engineers or builders.","PeriodicalId":12520,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Research In Engineering","volume":"127 1","pages":"11-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88429599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The thirst for increased food production and management of our natural resources (water) is increasing on daily basis and there is a great need for proper utilization of such important resource. Nigerian farmers today still rely on rainfall for cultivation of food crops, this is simply because they do not have the knowledge of irrigation scheduling and timing and it has affected the rate at which food crops are produced in our country. The formula of a mathematical model that can predict the required amount of irrigation water for swamp rice in Port Harcourt L.G.A. of Nigeria was the main objective of this work. Thus, the formula or the model is given as; d 2 = d 1 + E RF + I + I p – ET c . The maximum and minimum values of water depth (d max and d min ) required in the field were determined to be 320.32mm and160mm respectively. The result showed that, the model was able to augment the water need of the planted crop except in weeks 5 and 6 which have the values of d 2 (final water depth in the field) as 135.69mm and 120.07mm respectively. While the mother model indicated that the planted crops will be under severe water stress because the values of their d 2 were below the allowable range of water depletion except in weeks 1,7,10,16 and 17 with their d 2 values to be; 178.50mm, 181.47mm, 162.11mm, 198.80mm and 187.60mm respectively. Water application is made on the field whenever the water level is at or below d min . The result of the correlation analysis for the two models was obtained to be 0.002796. This showed that the two models have a strong non linear relationship between them. Keywords: Mathematical model, irrigation, Water, swamp rice
对增加粮食生产和管理我们的自然资源(水)的渴望日益增加，因此非常需要适当利用这一重要资源。尼日利亚农民今天仍然依靠降雨来种植粮食作物，这仅仅是因为他们不了解灌溉计划和时机，这影响了我国粮食作物的产量。本研究的主要目的是建立一个数学模型公式，预测尼日利亚哈科特港(Port Harcourt L.G.A.)沼泽稻所需的灌溉水量。因此，公式或模型为:d2 = d1 + E RF + I + I p - ET c。确定了现场所需的最大水深为320.32mm，最小水深为160mm。结果表明:除了第5周和第6周的d2值(田间最终水深)分别为135.69mm和120.07mm外，该模型能够增加作物的需水量。而母模型表明，除第1、7、10、16、17周的d值为外，种植作物的d值均低于允许耗水量范围，因此将受到严重的水分胁迫;分别为178.50mm、181.47mm、162.11mm、198.80mm和187.60mm。当水位等于或低于d min时，在现场进行浇水。两个模型的相关分析结果为0.002796。这说明两个模型之间存在很强的非线性关系。关键词:数学模型，灌溉，水，沼泽稻
{"title":"Mathematical model for scheduling irrigation for swamp rice in Port Harcourt L.G.A, Nigeria","authors":"U. Chiwetalu, M. Ayotamuno, E. Obio","doi":"10.4314/gjer.v15i1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/gjer.v15i1.4","url":null,"abstract":"The thirst for increased food production and management of our natural resources (water) is increasing on daily basis and there is a great need for proper utilization of such important resource. Nigerian farmers today still rely on rainfall for cultivation of food crops, this is simply because they do not have the knowledge of irrigation scheduling and timing and it has affected the rate at which food crops are produced in our country. The formula of a mathematical model that can predict the required amount of irrigation water for swamp rice in Port Harcourt L.G.A. of Nigeria was the main objective of this work. Thus, the formula or the model is given as; d 2 = d 1 + E RF + I + I p – ET c . The maximum and minimum values of water depth (d max and d min ) required in the field were determined to be 320.32mm and160mm respectively. The result showed that, the model was able to augment the water need of the planted crop except in weeks 5 and 6 which have the values of d 2 (final water depth in the field) as 135.69mm and 120.07mm respectively. While the mother model indicated that the planted crops will be under severe water stress because the values of their d 2 were below the allowable range of water depletion except in weeks 1,7,10,16 and 17 with their d 2 values to be; 178.50mm, 181.47mm, 162.11mm, 198.80mm and 187.60mm respectively. Water application is made on the field whenever the water level is at or below d min . The result of the correlation analysis for the two models was obtained to be 0.002796. This showed that the two models have a strong non linear relationship between them. Keywords: Mathematical model, irrigation, Water, swamp rice","PeriodicalId":12520,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Research In Engineering","volume":"68 1","pages":"27-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76525275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The students’ outcome in terms of quality of graduates as regard teaching and learning determines whether the existing methods should be reviewed or not. In the recent world ranking of Universities, only University of Ibadan came among the first hundred despite the number of Universities in Nigeria. This calls for general repositioning of the education sector in Nigeria. This paper examines the teaching and learning of engineering in Nigerian Universities and suggests ways of improving engineering education in Nigerian Universities. Keywords: Engineering Education, students’ outcome, Tertiary Education and Learning and Teaching methodology
{"title":"TEACHING AND LEARNING METHODOLOGIES IN ENGINEERING EDUCATION IN NIGERIAN UNIVERSITIES","authors":"O. J. Ushie, J. Ogbulezie","doi":"10.4314/gjer.v15i1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/gjer.v15i1.7","url":null,"abstract":"The students’ outcome in terms of quality of graduates as regard teaching and learning determines whether the existing methods should be reviewed or not. In the recent world ranking of Universities, only University of Ibadan came among the first hundred despite the number of Universities in Nigeria. This calls for general repositioning of the education sector in Nigeria. This paper examines the teaching and learning of engineering in Nigerian Universities and suggests ways of improving engineering education in Nigerian Universities. Keywords: Engineering Education, students’ outcome, Tertiary Education and Learning and Teaching methodology","PeriodicalId":12520,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Research In Engineering","volume":"236 1","pages":"63-69"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77656445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-09DOI: 10.34257/GJREFVOL17IS2PG37
Daniel L. Stevens, S. Schuckers
Digital intercept receivers are currently moving away from Fourier-based analysis and towards 9 classical timefrequency analysis techniques for the purpose of analyzing low probability of 10 intercept radar signals. This paper presents the novel approach of characterizing low 11 probability of intercept frequency modulated continuous wave radar signals through utilization 12 and direct comparison of the Spectrogram versus the Scalogram. Two different triangular 13 modulated frequency modulated continuous wave signals were analyzed. The following metrics 14 were used for evaluation: percent error of: carrier frequency, modulation bandwidth, 15 modulation period, chirp rate, and time-frequency localization (x and y direction). Also used 16 were: percent detection, lowest signal-to-noise ratio for signal detection, and plot (processing) 17 time. Experimental results demonstrate that overall, the Spectrogram produced more 18 accurate characterization metrics than the Scalogram. An improvement in performance may 19 well translate into saved equipment and lives. 20
{"title":"Low Probability of Intercept Triangular Modulated Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave Signal Characterization Comparison using the Spectrogram and the Scalogram","authors":"Daniel L. Stevens, S. Schuckers","doi":"10.34257/GJREFVOL17IS2PG37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34257/GJREFVOL17IS2PG37","url":null,"abstract":"Digital intercept receivers are currently moving away from Fourier-based analysis and towards 9 classical timefrequency analysis techniques for the purpose of analyzing low probability of 10 intercept radar signals. This paper presents the novel approach of characterizing low 11 probability of intercept frequency modulated continuous wave radar signals through utilization 12 and direct comparison of the Spectrogram versus the Scalogram. Two different triangular 13 modulated frequency modulated continuous wave signals were analyzed. The following metrics 14 were used for evaluation: percent error of: carrier frequency, modulation bandwidth, 15 modulation period, chirp rate, and time-frequency localization (x and y direction). Also used 16 were: percent detection, lowest signal-to-noise ratio for signal detection, and plot (processing) 17 time. Experimental results demonstrate that overall, the Spectrogram produced more 18 accurate characterization metrics than the Scalogram. An improvement in performance may 19 well translate into saved equipment and lives. 20","PeriodicalId":12520,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Research In Engineering","volume":"1 1","pages":"37-47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82520738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-04-06DOI: 10.4172/2157-7048.1000329
Z. Hailu, Derese Mekonnen
The study was focused on the effects of yeast and oxygen on quality parameters of wine produced from Ethiopian beetroot such as Ethanol, Volatile Acidity, Titratable acidity, Specific Gravity and pH. The basic ingredients used for fermentation were water, sugar, yeast, beetroot juice and citric acid. The experimental set up was design through randomized block design with four fermentation treatments such as: F-1: specified beetroot juice mixed with water, sugar, acid and yeast and then placed under anaerobic fermentation. F-2: the conditions were similar with fermentation treatment one, rather yeast was absence. F-3: This also same condition as treatment condition one, but it was put under aerobic conditions and F-4: the conditions were the same as treatment two, but it placed under aerobic. The results obtained showed that treatment F1 of Ethanol- 13% w/v, TA- 0.65% v/v, VA- 0.15% v/v, pH- 3.49, SG- 0.99 and F2, F3 and F4 (15.5, 0.735, 0.11, 2.89, 1.12, 7.15, 0.6, 0.131, 3.31, 0.983 and 11.17, 0.622, 0.121, 3.53, 0.985) respectively. By using statically analysis and sensory analysis treatment F1-A was highly acceptable with (p<0.02008) and panelist overall acceptance of 8.8+0.61. Finally, it can be conclude that beetroot juice treated with pure water, yeast, acid and sugar under anaerobic fermentation is produced wonderful wine.
{"title":"Effects of Yeast and Oxygen on Quality Attributes of Wine Produced from Ethiopian Beetroot","authors":"Z. Hailu, Derese Mekonnen","doi":"10.4172/2157-7048.1000329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7048.1000329","url":null,"abstract":"The study was focused on the effects of yeast and oxygen on quality parameters of wine produced from Ethiopian beetroot such as Ethanol, Volatile Acidity, Titratable acidity, Specific Gravity and pH. The basic ingredients used for fermentation were water, sugar, yeast, beetroot juice and citric acid. The experimental set up was design through randomized block design with four fermentation treatments such as: F-1: specified beetroot juice mixed with water, sugar, acid and yeast and then placed under anaerobic fermentation. F-2: the conditions were similar with fermentation treatment one, rather yeast was absence. F-3: This also same condition as treatment condition one, but it was put under aerobic conditions and F-4: the conditions were the same as treatment two, but it placed under aerobic. The results obtained showed that treatment F1 of Ethanol- 13% w/v, TA- 0.65% v/v, VA- 0.15% v/v, pH- 3.49, SG- 0.99 and F2, F3 and F4 (15.5, 0.735, 0.11, 2.89, 1.12, 7.15, 0.6, 0.131, 3.31, 0.983 and 11.17, 0.622, 0.121, 3.53, 0.985) respectively. By using statically analysis and sensory analysis treatment F1-A was highly acceptable with (p<0.02008) and panelist overall acceptance of 8.8+0.61. Finally, it can be conclude that beetroot juice treated with pure water, yeast, acid and sugar under anaerobic fermentation is produced wonderful wine.","PeriodicalId":12520,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Research In Engineering","volume":"7 12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88239622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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