Abdul Majid, Frans Salesman, Emanuel Gerald Alan Rahmat, Nikmah Nikmah
BACKGROUND: The resistance of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria to antibiotics is still a problem in clinical medicine. The potential of Ant-nest plant extract (Myrmecodia pendans) from the island of Timor as an antibacterial needs to be tested to be used as a new alternative. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to determine the antibacterial potential and dose level of Myrmecodia pendans extract from Timor as bacteriostatic and bactericidal bacteria against Staphylococcus aureus in vitro. METHOD: This study is an experimental study, using five doses of Myrmecodia pendans extract from Timor, namely positive control (cephalexin drug) and negative control (200 μl ethanol 95% + 50 μl DMSO), concentration 62.5 mg/ml (P1), concentration 125 mg/ml (P2), concentration 250 mg/ml (P3), concentration 500 mg/ml (P4), and concentration 1000 mg/ml (P5), with five replications each. Samples of Myrmecodia pendans, taken from Nonbaun Village, Central Fatuleu District, Kupang Regency, Mauleum Village, East Amanuban District, and Oenae Village, Kie District, South Central Timor Regency. The Kupang City Food and Drug Control Center obtained the test bacteria. Data were obtained and analyzed using the Standard Plate Count (SPC) method. The SPC value of each treatment was compared with the SPC value of the control treatment. RESULTS: The results of the analysis showed that the positive control treatment (0), negative control, and concentration treatment of 62.5 mg/ml (P1) had too much bacterial growth value (TBUD). Conversely, treatment with concentrations of 125 mg/ml (P2) and 250 mg/ml (P3) has a Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC) value of 9.4 x 104 CFU / ml and 6.7 x 104 CFU / ml, respectively. Treatment with concentrations of 500 mg/ml (P4) and 1000 mg/ml (P5) can both kill bacteria with a Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) value of 0. CONCLUSION: Myrmecodia pendans extract from Timor Island has bacteriostatic potential (inhibits) the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria at a concentration of at least 125 mg/ml and potentially bactericidal (deadly) at a concentration of at least 500 mg/ml.
{"title":"Antibacterial Potential of Sarang Semut Herbal Extract (Myrmecodia pendans) from Timor Against Staphylococcus aureus: An In Vitro Study","authors":"Abdul Majid, Frans Salesman, Emanuel Gerald Alan Rahmat, Nikmah Nikmah","doi":"10.5539/gjhs.v16n2p57","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v16n2p57","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND: The resistance of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria to antibiotics is still a problem in clinical medicine. The potential of Ant-nest plant extract (Myrmecodia pendans) from the island of Timor as an antibacterial needs to be tested to be used as a new alternative. \u0000 \u0000OBJECTIVE: This study aims to determine the antibacterial potential and dose level of Myrmecodia pendans extract from Timor as bacteriostatic and bactericidal bacteria against Staphylococcus aureus in vitro. \u0000 \u0000METHOD: This study is an experimental study, using five doses of Myrmecodia pendans extract from Timor, namely positive control (cephalexin drug) and negative control (200 μl ethanol 95% + 50 μl DMSO), concentration 62.5 mg/ml (P1), concentration 125 mg/ml (P2), concentration 250 mg/ml (P3), concentration 500 mg/ml (P4), and concentration 1000 mg/ml (P5), with five replications each. Samples of Myrmecodia pendans, taken from Nonbaun Village, Central Fatuleu District, Kupang Regency, Mauleum Village, East Amanuban District, and Oenae Village, Kie District, South Central Timor Regency. The Kupang City Food and Drug Control Center obtained the test bacteria. Data were obtained and analyzed using the Standard Plate Count (SPC) method. The SPC value of each treatment was compared with the SPC value of the control treatment. \u0000 \u0000RESULTS: The results of the analysis showed that the positive control treatment (0), negative control, and concentration treatment of 62.5 mg/ml (P1) had too much bacterial growth value (TBUD). Conversely, treatment with concentrations of 125 mg/ml (P2) and 250 mg/ml (P3) has a Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC) value of 9.4 x 104 CFU / ml and 6.7 x 104 CFU / ml, respectively. Treatment with concentrations of 500 mg/ml (P4) and 1000 mg/ml (P5) can both kill bacteria with a Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) value of 0. \u0000 \u0000CONCLUSION: Myrmecodia pendans extract from Timor Island has bacteriostatic potential (inhibits) the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria at a concentration of at least 125 mg/ml and potentially bactericidal (deadly) at a concentration of at least 500 mg/ml.","PeriodicalId":12573,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Health Science","volume":"43 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139965360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Global Journal of Health Science, Vol. 16, No. 2.
全球健康科学杂志》第 16 卷第 2 期审稿人致谢。
{"title":"Reviewer Acknowledgements for Global Journal of Health Science, Vol. 16, No. 2, 2024.","authors":"E. Grey","doi":"10.5539/gjhs.v16n2p64","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v16n2p64","url":null,"abstract":"Reviewer Acknowledgements for Global Journal of Health Science, Vol. 16, No. 2.","PeriodicalId":12573,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Health Science","volume":"48 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139965410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mimansa Dahal, K. Dahal, Nawa Raj Pokhrel, Durga Kutal
Creatine is a popular and widely used ergogenic dietary supplement among athletes, for which studies have consistently shown increased lean muscle mass and exercise capacity when used with short-duration, high-intensity exercise. This article provides an overview of creatine supplementation, particularly in the context of athletes, focusing on its safety, benefits, dosage, and considerations for young individuals. Research has shown that creatine supplementation may provide additional benefits including enhanced post-exercise recovery, injury prevention, and rehabilitation, as well as several potential neurological benefits that may be relevant to sports. Studies show that short- and long-term supplementation is safe and well-tolerated in healthy individuals and several patient populations.
{"title":"Creatine Supplements: What the Research Says about How It Can Help Healthy Athletes","authors":"Mimansa Dahal, K. Dahal, Nawa Raj Pokhrel, Durga Kutal","doi":"10.5539/gjhs.v16n2p48","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v16n2p48","url":null,"abstract":"Creatine is a popular and widely used ergogenic dietary supplement among athletes, for which studies have consistently shown increased lean muscle mass and exercise capacity when used with short-duration, high-intensity exercise. This article provides an overview of creatine supplementation, particularly in the context of athletes, focusing on its safety, benefits, dosage, and considerations for young individuals. Research has shown that creatine supplementation may provide additional benefits including enhanced post-exercise recovery, injury prevention, and rehabilitation, as well as several potential neurological benefits that may be relevant to sports. Studies show that short- and long-term supplementation is safe and well-tolerated in healthy individuals and several patient populations.","PeriodicalId":12573,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Health Science","volume":"142 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139604623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thailand is becoming an aged society. It is very important to investigate the effect of Thailand becoming an aged society. It is crucial to examine the impact of socio-demographic factors on quality of life (QoL) for population aging. This study aimed to understand the QoL of older adults aged 60 years or older based on their socio-demographic status. Using the data of 13 Regional Health (RH) of Thailand from 2012-2018. QoL was measured with the Thai version of the WHOQOL-BREF. A total of 400 older adults were selected from each region each year. To analyze the factors affecting the QoL between 2012 and 2018, the linear regression model was used. The results showed that the QoL significantly increases with age for both sexes. The QoL was significantly higher than the overall mean in the married and secured income groups. According to time, the QoL in 2015 was significantly lower than the overall mean. In addition, the groups of adults in Bangkok, lower northeast, southwest, and south of the country showed a significantly lower QoL.
{"title":"Socio-Demographic Determinants of Quality of Life Among Aging Population in Thailand","authors":"Yodfah Ratmanee, Phattrawan Tongkumchum","doi":"10.5539/gjhs.v15n12p37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v15n12p37","url":null,"abstract":"Thailand is becoming an aged society. It is very important to investigate the effect of Thailand becoming an aged society. It is crucial to examine the impact of socio-demographic factors on quality of life (QoL) for population aging. This study aimed to understand the QoL of older adults aged 60 years or older based on their socio-demographic status. Using the data of 13 Regional Health (RH) of Thailand from 2012-2018. QoL was measured with the Thai version of the WHOQOL-BREF. A total of 400 older adults were selected from each region each year. To analyze the factors affecting the QoL between 2012 and 2018, the linear regression model was used. The results showed that the QoL significantly increases with age for both sexes. The QoL was significantly higher than the overall mean in the married and secured income groups. According to time, the QoL in 2015 was significantly lower than the overall mean. In addition, the groups of adults in Bangkok, lower northeast, southwest, and south of the country showed a significantly lower QoL.","PeriodicalId":12573,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Health Science","volume":"27 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136347523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abdullah Ali Alzahrani, Mohammad Abdullah Alhasani
Studies have reported an increased incidence of recurrent post-decompression-associated lower back pain (LBP) among obese patients after Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) surgery. Higher prevalence of lower back pain (LBP) associated with post-decompression surgical treatment among obese or overweight female patients compared to male patients. The current study has aimed to examine the relationship between body composition and long-duration consequences of post-spinal decompression among the Saudi population. This retrospective, longitudinal study was conducted at Taif Hospital, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), throughout ____2010-till 2015 ____. Chronic pain grade questionnaire for assessing lower back pain and any disability among post-decompression participants. The chi-square test was used to analyze independent variables, and an independent t-test was employed to detect variances between mobility, age, education, body composition, and emotional disorders. The adjustment of age, education, mobility, emotional disorder, and BMI was examined through multivariate analysis. Highly a statistically substantial difference between obese and non-obese with regard to age, emotional distress, low mobility, Body mass index (BMI), mean estimated flow of blood (p-value <0.000), and hospitalization (p-value <0.002). The results showed a statistically substantial relationship between the degree of pain and disability with patient weight (p-value: 0.05), body mass index (p-value: 0.03), and Fat mass/fat-free mass ratio (p-value: 0.05). Clinical improvement is observed in obese patients post decompression surgical intervention, but the percentage of improvement was significantly higher among the male gender compared to female obese patients.
{"title":"Incidence of Recurrent Low Back Pain as a Side Effect of Decompressive Surgery for Lumbar Spinal Stenosis in Obese Versus Non-Obese Patients","authors":"Abdullah Ali Alzahrani, Mohammad Abdullah Alhasani","doi":"10.5539/gjhs.v15n12p29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v15n12p29","url":null,"abstract":"Studies have reported an increased incidence of recurrent post-decompression-associated lower back pain (LBP) among obese patients after Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) surgery. Higher prevalence of lower back pain (LBP) associated with post-decompression surgical treatment among obese or overweight female patients compared to male patients. The current study has aimed to examine the relationship between body composition and long-duration consequences of post-spinal decompression among the Saudi population. This retrospective, longitudinal study was conducted at Taif Hospital, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), throughout ____2010-till 2015 ____. Chronic pain grade questionnaire for assessing lower back pain and any disability among post-decompression participants. The chi-square test was used to analyze independent variables, and an independent t-test was employed to detect variances between mobility, age, education, body composition, and emotional disorders. The adjustment of age, education, mobility, emotional disorder, and BMI was examined through multivariate analysis. Highly a statistically substantial difference between obese and non-obese with regard to age, emotional distress, low mobility, Body mass index (BMI), mean estimated flow of blood (p-value &lt;0.000), and hospitalization (p-value &lt;0.002). The results showed a statistically substantial relationship between the degree of pain and disability with patient weight (p-value: 0.05), body mass index (p-value: 0.03), and Fat mass/fat-free mass ratio (p-value: 0.05). Clinical improvement is observed in obese patients post decompression surgical intervention, but the percentage of improvement was significantly higher among the male gender compared to female obese patients.","PeriodicalId":12573,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Health Science","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136068065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thyroid diseases are prevalent in primary care settings, encompassing a wide spectrum of disorders such as hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and thyroid nodules. Early and accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective management and improved patient outcomes. This case series provides an overview of the key diagnostic approaches for common thyroid diseases in primary care.
The diagnosis of common thyroid diseases in primary care relies on a combination of clinical assessment, laboratory tests, imaging studies, and, if necessary, biopsy. Early and accurate diagnosis is essential for guiding appropriate treatment strategies and optimizing patient well-being. Primary care physicians play a vital role in identifying and managing thyroid disorders, ensuring that patients receive timely and effective care.
{"title":"Clinical Evaluation and Diagnosis of Prevalent Thyroid Disorders in Primary Care: A Comprehensive Case Series","authors":"Basem Abbas Ahmed Al Ubaidi","doi":"10.5539/gjhs.v15n11p44","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v15n11p44","url":null,"abstract":"Thyroid diseases are prevalent in primary care settings, encompassing a wide spectrum of disorders such as hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and thyroid nodules. Early and accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective management and improved patient outcomes. This case series provides an overview of the key diagnostic approaches for common thyroid diseases in primary care.
 
 The diagnosis of common thyroid diseases in primary care relies on a combination of clinical assessment, laboratory tests, imaging studies, and, if necessary, biopsy. Early and accurate diagnosis is essential for guiding appropriate treatment strategies and optimizing patient well-being. Primary care physicians play a vital role in identifying and managing thyroid disorders, ensuring that patients receive timely and effective care.","PeriodicalId":12573,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Health Science","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136114283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Enos Moyo, Perseverance Moyo, Tafadzwa Dzinamarira, Grant Murewanhema, Andrew Ross
Maternal and neonatal deaths continue to pose significant public health challenges globally. In 2020, low-to-middle-income countries accounted for over 95% of all maternal deaths. Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is the region most severely impacted, accounting for 70% of global maternal deaths in 2020. Most of the maternal deaths and about a third of child deaths occur in the postnatal period. These unnecessary deaths can be avoided if postpartum women have adequate knowledge about postnatal care (PNC). This literature review’s aim was to determine the factors that influence PNC knowledge among postpartum women in SSA. The methodology of this literature review was loosely guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) statement. Peer-reviewed articles describing determinants of PNC knowledge among postpartum women in SSA published in English between 2013 and 2023 were searched using several search engines. All the twenty-five articles used in this literature review reported on quantitative cross-sectional studies. Some of the individual-level determinants of PNC knowledge identified in this review include place of residence, age of the mother, marital status, educational status of the mother, and the socio-economic status of the woman while the health system-level determinants include distance to a healthcare facility, source of PNC information, place of delivery, and previous maternal healthcare service experience. To improve PNC knowledge of postpartum women, we recommend developing rural areas through improving transport networks, improving the socio-economic status of women, and devising strategies to increase maternal and child health services utilization.
{"title":"Mapping Evidence on the Determinants of Postnatal Care Knowledge among Postpartum Women in sub-Saharan Africa: A Literature Review","authors":"Enos Moyo, Perseverance Moyo, Tafadzwa Dzinamarira, Grant Murewanhema, Andrew Ross","doi":"10.5539/gjhs.v15n12p16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v15n12p16","url":null,"abstract":"Maternal and neonatal deaths continue to pose significant public health challenges globally. In 2020, low-to-middle-income countries accounted for over 95% of all maternal deaths. Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is the region most severely impacted, accounting for 70% of global maternal deaths in 2020. Most of the maternal deaths and about a third of child deaths occur in the postnatal period. These unnecessary deaths can be avoided if postpartum women have adequate knowledge about postnatal care (PNC). This literature review&rsquo;s aim was to determine the factors that influence PNC knowledge among postpartum women in SSA. The methodology of this literature review was loosely guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) statement. Peer-reviewed articles describing determinants of PNC knowledge among postpartum women in SSA published in English between 2013 and 2023 were searched using several search engines. All the twenty-five articles used in this literature review reported on quantitative cross-sectional studies. Some of the individual-level determinants of PNC knowledge identified in this review include place of residence, age of the mother, marital status, educational status of the mother, and the socio-economic status of the woman while the health system-level determinants include distance to a healthcare facility, source of PNC information, place of delivery, and previous maternal healthcare service experience. To improve PNC knowledge of postpartum women, we recommend developing rural areas through improving transport networks, improving the socio-economic status of women, and devising strategies to increase maternal and child health services utilization.","PeriodicalId":12573,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Health Science","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135805509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gamuchirai P. Gwaza, Marcy McCall MacBain, Annette Annette Plüddemann, Carl Heneghan
INTRODUCTION: The Primary Health Care approach (PHC) can contribute towards universal health coverage (UHC). However, implementing the PHC approach in Africa remains suboptimal. One way to ascertain political commitment to the PHC approach is its reflection in the national health policies (NHP). Several PHC initiatives have helped define and guide the PHC definition, implementation, and evaluation. These include the Alma Ata PHC conference, the Ouagadougou Declaration on PHC in Africa, and the Astana conference. The aim of this paper is to explore to what extent the guidance and characteristics of the PHC approach have been reflected and integrated into the National Health Policies (NHPs) in countries in the Southern African Development Community (SADC).
METHODS: The READ approach was undertaken to analyze eight publicly available NHPs. A 12-point checklist was developed to extract relevant data from the policy documents. The WHO Health Systems building blocks are used as the analytical framework to understand the key features of the PHC approach mentioned in the policies.
RESULTS: All the NHPs were developed after the Alma Ata conference in 1978. Six of the eight NHPs reviewed were updated after the Ouagadougou declaration on PHC in Africa in 2008. None of the NHPs were updated after the 2018 Astana PHC conference. Based on the checklist, Lesotho had the most integrated PHC elements (n=12), while Eswatini had the least (n=4). Based on the policy review, there seems to be commitment and priority placed on leadership, governance, and access to essential medicines. However, more still needs to be done to improve service delivery in terms of integrated patient centered care (only included in 3 out of the 8), health financing for primary care, integrated health information systems and the community health workers as part of the health workforce.
CONCLUSION: In conclusion, NHPs should guide implementation, and the NHP is a reference document for many organizations wishing to partner with the government in improving health care services. As such, it should be updated in line with the new evidence and learning and reflect the country’s priorities to help align development actors.
{"title":"The Primary Health Care Approach: Rhetoric or Policy? - A Review of National Health Policies in 8 Countries in Southern Africa","authors":"Gamuchirai P. Gwaza, Marcy McCall MacBain, Annette Annette Plüddemann, Carl Heneghan","doi":"10.5539/gjhs.v15n12p1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v15n12p1","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTION: The Primary Health Care approach (PHC) can contribute towards universal health coverage (UHC). However, implementing the PHC approach in Africa remains suboptimal. One way to ascertain political commitment to the PHC approach is its reflection in the national health policies (NHP). Several PHC initiatives have helped define and guide the PHC definition, implementation, and evaluation. These include the Alma Ata PHC conference, the Ouagadougou Declaration on PHC in Africa, and the Astana conference. The aim of this paper is to explore to what extent the guidance and characteristics of the PHC approach have been reflected and integrated into the National Health Policies (NHPs) in countries in the Southern African Development Community (SADC). 
 
 METHODS: The READ approach was undertaken to analyze eight publicly available NHPs. A 12-point checklist was developed to extract relevant data from the policy documents.&nbsp; The WHO Health Systems building blocks are used as the analytical framework to understand the key features of the PHC approach mentioned in the policies.
 
 RESULTS: All the NHPs were developed after the Alma Ata conference in 1978. Six of the eight NHPs reviewed were updated after the Ouagadougou declaration on PHC in Africa in 2008. None of the NHPs were updated after the 2018 Astana PHC conference. Based on the checklist, Lesotho had the most integrated PHC elements (n=12), while Eswatini had the least (n=4). Based on the policy review, there seems to be commitment and priority placed on leadership, governance, and access to essential medicines. However, more still needs to be done to improve service delivery in terms of integrated patient centered care (only included in 3 out of the 8), health financing for primary care, integrated health information systems and the community health workers as part of the health workforce. 
 
 CONCLUSION: In conclusion, NHPs should guide implementation, and the NHP is a reference document for many organizations wishing to partner with the government in improving health care services. As such, it should be updated in line with the new evidence and learning and reflect the country&rsquo;s priorities to help align development actors.","PeriodicalId":12573,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Health Science","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136014395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the importance of how people react behaviorally to external threats. Precautionary behavioral responses to COVID-19 become apparent. In addition, individual risk and time preferences are related to economic behaviors under uncertainty and health-related behaviors. This study aims to determine whether and how time and risk choices influence precautionary behaviors in vaccine-taking, saving, and physical activity during the coronavirus lockdown. We conducted a cross-sectional study utilizing an online survey, which included a sample of 1016 individuals aged 18 to 60 residing and working in Shanghai. We use logistic regressions to estimate. We have three findings. First, risk-taking and future-oriented individuals are more likely to get vaccinated. Second, future-oriented ones are more inclined to exercise at home via digital media during the lockdown. Third, neither risk preference nor time preference is predictive of precautionary saving. This work aids the literature by documenting time and risk preferences influencing health-related behaviors and life well-being during the lockdown. The conclusions have practical implications from a policy perspective.
{"title":"The Effect of Individual Preferences on Precautionary Behaviors in Vaccine Taking, Saving, and Physical Activity","authors":"Di Wang, Teng-peng Chen, Zhong-hua Shi","doi":"10.5539/gjhs.v15n11p22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v15n11p22","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the importance of how people react behaviorally to external threats. Precautionary behavioral responses to COVID-19 become apparent. In addition, individual risk and time preferences are related to economic behaviors under uncertainty and health-related behaviors. This study aims to determine whether and how time and risk choices influence precautionary behaviors in vaccine-taking, saving, and physical activity during the coronavirus lockdown. We conducted a cross-sectional study utilizing an online survey, which included a sample of 1016 individuals aged 18 to 60 residing and working in Shanghai. We use logistic regressions to estimate. We have three findings. First, risk-taking and future-oriented individuals are more likely to get vaccinated. Second, future-oriented ones are more inclined to exercise at home via digital media during the lockdown. Third, neither risk preference nor time preference is predictive of precautionary saving. This work aids the literature by documenting time and risk preferences influencing health-related behaviors and life well-being during the lockdown. The conclusions have practical implications from a policy perspective.","PeriodicalId":12573,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Health Science","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135591751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: For the last two decades, the number of women with breast cancer in Saudi Arabia increased steadily. Risk perceptions or an individual's perceived susceptibility to a threat are a key component of many health behavior change theories. Little is known about relationships between risk perceptions of breast cancer and performing preventive practices.
This descriptive study highlights the risk perception of breast cancer in relation to preventive interventions among females over 18 years old in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Methods: Cross-sectional descriptive correlational design. An online questionnaire was conducted with 500 participants aged 18 years and older. The questionnaire was self-administrated electronic questionnaire designed by using Google Forms and it gated broadcast through social media channels such as WhatsApp and twitter.
Results: The study emphasized a low risk perceptions about breast cancer and performing preventive practices. Positive correlation was found between female's risk perceptions and doing the mammogram screening.
Conclusions: Findings will be helpful to use risk perception of breast cancer in the prediction of women adopting preventive measures.
{"title":"Perceived Risk of Breast Cancer in Relation to Precautionary Behavior among Females in Saudi Arabia","authors":"Nawal A. Alissa","doi":"10.5539/gjhs.v15n11p14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v15n11p14","url":null,"abstract":"Background: For the last two decades, the number of women with breast cancer in Saudi Arabia increased steadily. Risk perceptions or an individual&#39;s perceived susceptibility to a threat are a key component of many health behavior change theories. Little is known about relationships between risk perceptions of breast cancer and performing preventive practices. 
 
 This descriptive study highlights the risk perception of breast cancer in relation to preventive interventions among females over 18 years old in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
 
 Methods: Cross-sectional descriptive correlational design. An online questionnaire was conducted with 500 participants aged 18 years and older. The questionnaire was self-administrated electronic questionnaire designed by using Google Forms and it gated broadcast through social media channels such as WhatsApp and twitter. 
 
 Results: The study emphasized a low risk perceptions about breast cancer and performing preventive practices. Positive correlation was found between female&#39;s risk perceptions and doing the mammogram screening.
 
 Conclusions: Findings will be helpful to use risk perception of breast cancer in the prediction of women adopting preventive measures.","PeriodicalId":12573,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Health Science","volume":"231 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135591606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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