Pub Date : 2006-06-19DOI: 10.1109/CPRE.2006.1638706
M. Lucia, R. Cezari, D. Erwin, J. Theron, M. Thakur
The fundamentals of protective relaying of EHV transmission lines such as 345 kV is to ensure secure protection for all line s internal faults, and stable operation for all foresee-able external faults during system contingencies. This paper provides an overview of how utilities have traditionally applied distance protection relays and its associated pilot protection schemes for protecting EHV transmission lines. These traditional methods cover most aspects of the protection and control of EHV lines, however these methods lack in performance when they are subjected to actual power system and fault conditions. This paper highlights the needs in perfecting distance protection relays and its associated pilot protection schemes for EHV transmission lines ensuring reliable performance during all foresee-able system load and fault conditions. This paper also compares the findings of a real time closed loop study against with traditional methods of protecting and controlling a 345 kV EHV transmission line, and provides guidelines to ensure dependable performance of distance protective relays during dynamic system conditions
{"title":"Perfecting performance of distance protective relays and it's associated pilot protection schemes in extra high voltage (EHV) transmission line applications","authors":"M. Lucia, R. Cezari, D. Erwin, J. Theron, M. Thakur","doi":"10.1109/CPRE.2006.1638706","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CPRE.2006.1638706","url":null,"abstract":"The fundamentals of protective relaying of EHV transmission lines such as 345 kV is to ensure secure protection for all line s internal faults, and stable operation for all foresee-able external faults during system contingencies. This paper provides an overview of how utilities have traditionally applied distance protection relays and its associated pilot protection schemes for protecting EHV transmission lines. These traditional methods cover most aspects of the protection and control of EHV lines, however these methods lack in performance when they are subjected to actual power system and fault conditions. This paper highlights the needs in perfecting distance protection relays and its associated pilot protection schemes for EHV transmission lines ensuring reliable performance during all foresee-able system load and fault conditions. This paper also compares the findings of a real time closed loop study against with traditional methods of protecting and controlling a 345 kV EHV transmission line, and provides guidelines to ensure dependable performance of distance protective relays during dynamic system conditions","PeriodicalId":125883,"journal":{"name":"59th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers, 2006.","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124390440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-19DOI: 10.1109/CPRE.2006.1638696
S. Ganesan
While retrofitting protections and meters in substations, the older equipment get replaced with newer ones with the rest of the installation such as current transformer (CT) and lead remaining undisturbed. Utilities have standardized on their older current transformers and want to maintain the same current transformer specifications throughout their system even in their newer installation. An extension of the above approach is that even the cable leads and panel wiring sizes are over-specified resulting in totally unjustified cost of installations as well as difficulty in terminating such wires in the modern panels and equipment. On the other end of the spectrum, in rare cases, the existing CT sizes and lead sizes of electromechanical relays may not be adequate for the latest protective relays which might demand a different current transformer performance. This paper systematically lists and analyses such requirements for various modern protective relays
{"title":"Selection of current transformers and wire sizing in substations","authors":"S. Ganesan","doi":"10.1109/CPRE.2006.1638696","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CPRE.2006.1638696","url":null,"abstract":"While retrofitting protections and meters in substations, the older equipment get replaced with newer ones with the rest of the installation such as current transformer (CT) and lead remaining undisturbed. Utilities have standardized on their older current transformers and want to maintain the same current transformer specifications throughout their system even in their newer installation. An extension of the above approach is that even the cable leads and panel wiring sizes are over-specified resulting in totally unjustified cost of installations as well as difficulty in terminating such wires in the modern panels and equipment. On the other end of the spectrum, in rare cases, the existing CT sizes and lead sizes of electromechanical relays may not be adequate for the latest protective relays which might demand a different current transformer performance. This paper systematically lists and analyses such requirements for various modern protective relays","PeriodicalId":125883,"journal":{"name":"59th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers, 2006.","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127164450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-19DOI: 10.1109/CPRE.2006.1638694
K.W. Jones
This paper reviews the CT saturation problems associated with mechanical layout complications. The error prediction method is proposed, for the prediction of transformation errors, which is independent of the often very complicated magnetic configurations in which window type CTs are expected to operate. The technique, in fact, predicts a problem that result from the sum of all of interacting field shaping mechanical layout conditions and the particular characteristics of the CT itself and error minimization technique are also presented
{"title":"Addressing window type transformer proximity errors","authors":"K.W. Jones","doi":"10.1109/CPRE.2006.1638694","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CPRE.2006.1638694","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reviews the CT saturation problems associated with mechanical layout complications. The error prediction method is proposed, for the prediction of transformation errors, which is independent of the often very complicated magnetic configurations in which window type CTs are expected to operate. The technique, in fact, predicts a problem that result from the sum of all of interacting field shaping mechanical layout conditions and the particular characteristics of the CT itself and error minimization technique are also presented","PeriodicalId":125883,"journal":{"name":"59th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers, 2006.","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117208941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-19DOI: 10.1109/CPRE.2006.1638692
M. Vaziri, F. Brojeni, E. Shulman, M. Thakur
Currently distribution feeder protection and control (P&C) schemes are designed using previous generation of the microprocessor relays, electromechanical switches, and separate annunciation and metering panels. This paper describes development of an innovative redundant protection and control schemes utilizing the state of the art features offered by the new microprocessor relays for distribution feeder application for one of the major utilities in the United States. In the process of designing and implementing this new distribution P&C schemes, there were numerous challenges. Special consideration and efforts were extended to comply with the utility's philosophies in relay redundancy, reclosing practices, underfrequency load shedding, overfrequency restoration and protection against "single phasing" conditions in the fused bank applications. The paper also discusses the operational experiences gained from the feeder installations employing this scheme, which validates the merits in the engineering approach as well as design and implementation
{"title":"Innovative distribution feeder protection and control schemes using new capabilities of microprocessor relays","authors":"M. Vaziri, F. Brojeni, E. Shulman, M. Thakur","doi":"10.1109/CPRE.2006.1638692","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CPRE.2006.1638692","url":null,"abstract":"Currently distribution feeder protection and control (P&C) schemes are designed using previous generation of the microprocessor relays, electromechanical switches, and separate annunciation and metering panels. This paper describes development of an innovative redundant protection and control schemes utilizing the state of the art features offered by the new microprocessor relays for distribution feeder application for one of the major utilities in the United States. In the process of designing and implementing this new distribution P&C schemes, there were numerous challenges. Special consideration and efforts were extended to comply with the utility's philosophies in relay redundancy, reclosing practices, underfrequency load shedding, overfrequency restoration and protection against \"single phasing\" conditions in the fused bank applications. The paper also discusses the operational experiences gained from the feeder installations employing this scheme, which validates the merits in the engineering approach as well as design and implementation","PeriodicalId":125883,"journal":{"name":"59th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers, 2006.","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132830330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-19DOI: 10.1109/CPRE.2006.1638701
J. Horak
Directional overcurrent relaying (67) refers to relaying that can use the phase relationship of voltage and current to determine direction to a fault. There are a variety of concepts by which this task is done. This paper will review the mainstream methods by which 67 type directional decisions are made by protective relays. The paper focuses on how a numeric directional relay uses the phase relationship of sequence components such as positive sequence (V1 vs. I1 ), negative sequence (V2 vs. I2), and zero sequence (V0 vs. I0) to sense fault direction, but other concepts such as using quadrature voltage (e.g., VAB vs Ic) are included
定向过流继电器(67)是指能够利用电压和电流的相位关系来确定故障方向的继电器。有各种各样的概念来完成这项任务。本文综述了保护继电器进行67类定向判定的主流方法。本文重点介绍了数字定向继电器如何使用序列分量的相位关系，如正序列(V1 vs. I1)、负序列(V2 vs. I2)和零序列(V0 vs. I0)来检测故障方向，但也包括其他概念，如使用正交电压(例如，VAB vs. Ic)
{"title":"Directional overcurrent relaying (67) concepts","authors":"J. Horak","doi":"10.1109/CPRE.2006.1638701","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CPRE.2006.1638701","url":null,"abstract":"Directional overcurrent relaying (67) refers to relaying that can use the phase relationship of voltage and current to determine direction to a fault. There are a variety of concepts by which this task is done. This paper will review the mainstream methods by which 67 type directional decisions are made by protective relays. The paper focuses on how a numeric directional relay uses the phase relationship of sequence components such as positive sequence (V<sub>1</sub> vs. I<sub>1 </sub>), negative sequence (V<sub>2</sub> vs. I<sub>2</sub>), and zero sequence (V<sub>0</sub> vs. I<sub>0</sub>) to sense fault direction, but other concepts such as using quadrature voltage (e.g., V<sub>AB</sub> vs I<sub>c</sub>) are included","PeriodicalId":125883,"journal":{"name":"59th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers, 2006.","volume":"397 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131610309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-19DOI: 10.1109/CPRE.2006.1638700
G. Dalke, A. Baum, B. Bailey, J. Daley, B. Duncan, J. Fischer, E. Hesla, R. Hoerauf, B. Hornbarger, W. Lee, D. J. Love, D. McCullough, C. Mozina, N. Nichols, L. Padden, S. Patel, A. Pierce, P. Pillai, G. Poletto, R. Rifaat, M. K. Sanders, J. Shelton, T. Stringer, J. Weber, A. Wu, R. Young
Many owners of distributed resources such as synchronous industrial plant or commercial facility generators (ICG) are concerned about the requirements for protective relaying when connecting to a local utility. The connection may only be for a short transfer time of a few seconds during paralleling for periodic testing. The power rating of an ICG is not important when considering protective relays required, because several small engine generators of 100 kW or a single larger ICG of 10.0 MW could form an island. Thus, all ICG connected to an electric power system usually are required to have the same protection in place at their point of common coupling. This paper elaborates on the protection and its operation will prevent undesired consequences to the ICG owner, the utility and to the general public. The paper also discusses actions that take place when the utility supply is disrupted creating an islanding condition, and states reasons why protection required by regulatory agencies, local utilities and documents such as IEEE Standard 1547 "IEEE Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power Systems" are required of an individual ICG. Consequences of not having the protection in place can permit damage to the generator and/or its prime mover, plus be a hazard to public safety
{"title":"Application of islanding protection for industrial and commercial generators-an IEEE industrial application society working group report","authors":"G. Dalke, A. Baum, B. Bailey, J. Daley, B. Duncan, J. Fischer, E. Hesla, R. Hoerauf, B. Hornbarger, W. Lee, D. J. Love, D. McCullough, C. Mozina, N. Nichols, L. Padden, S. Patel, A. Pierce, P. Pillai, G. Poletto, R. Rifaat, M. K. Sanders, J. Shelton, T. Stringer, J. Weber, A. Wu, R. Young","doi":"10.1109/CPRE.2006.1638700","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CPRE.2006.1638700","url":null,"abstract":"Many owners of distributed resources such as synchronous industrial plant or commercial facility generators (ICG) are concerned about the requirements for protective relaying when connecting to a local utility. The connection may only be for a short transfer time of a few seconds during paralleling for periodic testing. The power rating of an ICG is not important when considering protective relays required, because several small engine generators of 100 kW or a single larger ICG of 10.0 MW could form an island. Thus, all ICG connected to an electric power system usually are required to have the same protection in place at their point of common coupling. This paper elaborates on the protection and its operation will prevent undesired consequences to the ICG owner, the utility and to the general public. The paper also discusses actions that take place when the utility supply is disrupted creating an islanding condition, and states reasons why protection required by regulatory agencies, local utilities and documents such as IEEE Standard 1547 \"IEEE Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power Systems\" are required of an individual ICG. Consequences of not having the protection in place can permit damage to the generator and/or its prime mover, plus be a hazard to public safety","PeriodicalId":125883,"journal":{"name":"59th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers, 2006.","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117093508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-04-04DOI: 10.1109/CPRE.2006.1638690
E. Price
The purpose of this paper to provide a brief overview of wide area monitoring, protection and control systems addressing the fundamental process of collecting and delivering the synchrophasor data to the application, a vision of the technology direction, and some practical points to consider when implementing a phasor measurement program. It is based on experience gained working with utilities in their initial efforts to implement phasor measurement projects.
{"title":"Practical considerations for implementing wide area monitoring, protection and control","authors":"E. Price","doi":"10.1109/CPRE.2006.1638690","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CPRE.2006.1638690","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper to provide a brief overview of wide area monitoring, protection and control systems addressing the fundamental process of collecting and delivering the synchrophasor data to the application, a vision of the technology direction, and some practical points to consider when implementing a phasor measurement program. It is based on experience gained working with utilities in their initial efforts to implement phasor measurement projects.","PeriodicalId":125883,"journal":{"name":"59th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers, 2006.","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127520735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-04-04DOI: 10.1109/CPRE.2006.1638704
B. Kasztenny, I. Voloh, E. Udren
This paper presents a standard pilot phase comparison protective relaying scheme for transmission lines. It offers excellent sensitivity, very fast tripping, immunity to power swings, effective protection for long or short lines, and reduced need for setting calculations and settings maintenance. The performance is superior to that of pilot distance or directional comparison schemes. The proposed scheme meets the technical and management demands for protective relaying satisfying more stringent system security requirements.
{"title":"Rebirth of the phase comparison line protection principle","authors":"B. Kasztenny, I. Voloh, E. Udren","doi":"10.1109/CPRE.2006.1638704","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CPRE.2006.1638704","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a standard pilot phase comparison protective relaying scheme for transmission lines. It offers excellent sensitivity, very fast tripping, immunity to power swings, effective protection for long or short lines, and reduced need for setting calculations and settings maintenance. The performance is superior to that of pilot distance or directional comparison schemes. The proposed scheme meets the technical and management demands for protective relaying satisfying more stringent system security requirements.","PeriodicalId":125883,"journal":{"name":"59th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers, 2006.","volume":"333 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115843305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-04-04DOI: 10.1109/CPRE.2006.1638698
S. Zocholl
Induction motors require thermal protection to prevent overheating to cyclic as well as steady state overloads. This paper discusses the problem that occurred while a customer was testing the motor relay that trip prematurely when subjected to cyclic loads that do not overheat the motor and the characteristic curves are analyzed.
{"title":"Understanding service factor, thermal models, and overloads","authors":"S. Zocholl","doi":"10.1109/CPRE.2006.1638698","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CPRE.2006.1638698","url":null,"abstract":"Induction motors require thermal protection to prevent overheating to cyclic as well as steady state overloads. This paper discusses the problem that occurred while a customer was testing the motor relay that trip prematurely when subjected to cyclic loads that do not overheat the motor and the characteristic curves are analyzed.","PeriodicalId":125883,"journal":{"name":"59th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers, 2006.","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115949788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-04-04DOI: 10.1109/CPRE.2006.1638688
R. Pettigrew
This paper reviews several reasons that generator protection relays should have periodic settings reviews. There are a variety of things that can precipitate a need to change the relay settings. Several examples are presented that indicate the types of situations that have been uncovered during settings reviews. Often problems are uncovered that were a part of the original installation.
{"title":"Generator protection: the value of periodic settings review","authors":"R. Pettigrew","doi":"10.1109/CPRE.2006.1638688","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CPRE.2006.1638688","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reviews several reasons that generator protection relays should have periodic settings reviews. There are a variety of things that can precipitate a need to change the relay settings. Several examples are presented that indicate the types of situations that have been uncovered during settings reviews. Often problems are uncovered that were a part of the original installation.","PeriodicalId":125883,"journal":{"name":"59th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers, 2006.","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130944141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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