Pub Date : 2021-11-22DOI: 10.1515/9783110751451-009
Jessica Allen Hanssen
Edith Wharton’s 1920 novel The Age of Innocence1 is an innovative masterwork of tension and suspense; even the most domestic of its descriptions only heighten the reader’s anticipation to find out what happens next. Frankly, it does not have the most unusual plot: a privileged young man marries one woman out of duty while believing he is in love with an exotic yet inaccessible other, and is forced to deal with the emotional and social consequences of the choices he makes for the rest of his life. Indeed, the themes of vanity and fallibility against the passage of time have been covered in long form by such heavy-hitters as Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Marcel Proust, and Henry James.Yet The Age of Innocence is remarkable in its expression of the at-the-time insignificant moments which ultimately define a person’s, marriage’s, or culture’s destiny. Wharton’s contribution to the novelistic genre comes from the singular and thoughtful way she builds psychological tension through narrative focalization, thus allowing characterization and discourse to emerge through connecting with her reader’s knowledge as well as her own lived experience. Through establishing how Wharton explores a complex marital situation through a selective inclusion of significant cultural forces such as visual arts and earlier American literature into the narrative and builds mood through expanding interpretative spaces at key junctures in the novel, we can establish how The Age of Innocence stands as a powerful and still-influential document on the nature of transaction in marriage discourse in 20-century American literature. This chapter will therefore present both biographical and literary historical data that establishes the context for Wharton’s work. It will also briefly introduce and explore some cultural developments of the early 20 century, such as the rise of psychoanalysis and secularization, which itself might be understood as transactional in nature, that might have impacted a contemporary audience’s awareness of marriage discourse. These will then inform an interpreta-
{"title":"9. Scenes from a Marriage: The Age of Innocence as Discourse on the Transactional Value of Marriage","authors":"Jessica Allen Hanssen","doi":"10.1515/9783110751451-009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110751451-009","url":null,"abstract":"Edith Wharton’s 1920 novel The Age of Innocence1 is an innovative masterwork of tension and suspense; even the most domestic of its descriptions only heighten the reader’s anticipation to find out what happens next. Frankly, it does not have the most unusual plot: a privileged young man marries one woman out of duty while believing he is in love with an exotic yet inaccessible other, and is forced to deal with the emotional and social consequences of the choices he makes for the rest of his life. Indeed, the themes of vanity and fallibility against the passage of time have been covered in long form by such heavy-hitters as Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Marcel Proust, and Henry James.Yet The Age of Innocence is remarkable in its expression of the at-the-time insignificant moments which ultimately define a person’s, marriage’s, or culture’s destiny. Wharton’s contribution to the novelistic genre comes from the singular and thoughtful way she builds psychological tension through narrative focalization, thus allowing characterization and discourse to emerge through connecting with her reader’s knowledge as well as her own lived experience. Through establishing how Wharton explores a complex marital situation through a selective inclusion of significant cultural forces such as visual arts and earlier American literature into the narrative and builds mood through expanding interpretative spaces at key junctures in the novel, we can establish how The Age of Innocence stands as a powerful and still-influential document on the nature of transaction in marriage discourse in 20-century American literature. This chapter will therefore present both biographical and literary historical data that establishes the context for Wharton’s work. It will also briefly introduce and explore some cultural developments of the early 20 century, such as the rise of psychoanalysis and secularization, which itself might be understood as transactional in nature, that might have impacted a contemporary audience’s awareness of marriage discourse. These will then inform an interpreta-","PeriodicalId":126475,"journal":{"name":"Marriage Discourses","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115843587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-22DOI: 10.1515/9783110751451-006
F. Jacob
{"title":"6. Marriage as Exploitation: Emma Goldman and the Anarchist Concept of Female Liberation","authors":"F. Jacob","doi":"10.1515/9783110751451-006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110751451-006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":126475,"journal":{"name":"Marriage Discourses","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130696280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-22DOI: 10.1515/9783110751451-004
Marion Röwekamp
“If it were not for husband and wife,” the German social historian and writer Wilhelm Heinrich Riehl (1823– 1897) wrote in 1855, “one could think people on earth [are] destined for freedom and equality. However, because God created women and men, he made inequality and dependence basic elements of all human development.”1 Gender according to Riehl not only constituted ideas of inequality and domination but contributed significantly to the construction of humanity, to the construction of the modern state. Gender was, he argues, not only one of the most powerful producers of inequality, but the most powerful. This meant that the existence of the traditional family was defended just as much as the traditional position of women, indeed that the subordination of women in marriage was regarded as a paradigm of human inequality and subordination par excellence. As a consequence, the exclusion of married women from the state necessarily resulted from their subordination in the family. The patriarchally organized family thus was not only a mirror image but also a basic element of the state. No wonder that women within the context of the Enlightenment started to question why all humans, including women, were not equal and why not in the family. “Wife, marriage and love exhibit the brand of slavery,” expressed the feminist and philosopher Louise Dittmar (1807– 1884) in 1849. “The man is master over his wife, the absolute monarch with unlimited power to give orders in his realm, and not even lip-service is paid to constitutional guarantees that may be applied to wives,”2 argued Hedwig Dohm (1831– 1919) almost forty
德国社会历史学家和作家威廉·海因里希·里尔(Wilhelm Heinrich Riehl, 1823 - 1897)在1855年写道:“如果没有夫妻，人们可能会认为地球上的人们注定是自由和平等的。”然而，因为上帝创造了女人和男人，他使不平等和依赖成为人类发展的基本要素。1在Riehl看来，性别不仅构成了不平等和统治的观念，而且对人类的建构，对现代国家的建构做出了重大贡献。他认为，性别不仅是造成不平等最有力的因素之一，而且是最有力的因素。这意味着传统家庭的存在和妇女的传统地位一样受到捍卫，事实上，妇女在婚姻中的从属地位被视为人类不平等和绝对从属地位的典范。因此，将已婚妇女排除在国家之外必然是由于她们在家庭中的从属地位。因此，父权制组织的家庭不仅是国家的镜像，而且是国家的基本要素。难怪启蒙运动时期的女性开始质疑，为什么包括女性在内的所有人都不平等，为什么在家庭中不平等。女权主义者和哲学家路易斯·迪特玛(1807 - 1884)在1849年表示:“妻子、婚姻和爱情都带有奴隶制的烙印。”“男人是妻子的主人，是绝对的君主，在他的领域里有无限的权力发号施令，甚至对可能适用于妻子的宪法保障都没有口头上的承诺，”将近40岁的海德维格·多姆(1831 - 1919)说
{"title":"4. Challenging Patriarchy: Marriage and the Reform of Marriage Law in Imperial Germany and the Weimar Republic","authors":"Marion Röwekamp","doi":"10.1515/9783110751451-004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110751451-004","url":null,"abstract":"“If it were not for husband and wife,” the German social historian and writer Wilhelm Heinrich Riehl (1823– 1897) wrote in 1855, “one could think people on earth [are] destined for freedom and equality. However, because God created women and men, he made inequality and dependence basic elements of all human development.”1 Gender according to Riehl not only constituted ideas of inequality and domination but contributed significantly to the construction of humanity, to the construction of the modern state. Gender was, he argues, not only one of the most powerful producers of inequality, but the most powerful. This meant that the existence of the traditional family was defended just as much as the traditional position of women, indeed that the subordination of women in marriage was regarded as a paradigm of human inequality and subordination par excellence. As a consequence, the exclusion of married women from the state necessarily resulted from their subordination in the family. The patriarchally organized family thus was not only a mirror image but also a basic element of the state. No wonder that women within the context of the Enlightenment started to question why all humans, including women, were not equal and why not in the family. “Wife, marriage and love exhibit the brand of slavery,” expressed the feminist and philosopher Louise Dittmar (1807– 1884) in 1849. “The man is master over his wife, the absolute monarch with unlimited power to give orders in his realm, and not even lip-service is paid to constitutional guarantees that may be applied to wives,”2 argued Hedwig Dohm (1831– 1919) almost forty","PeriodicalId":126475,"journal":{"name":"Marriage Discourses","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133290856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-22DOI: 10.1515/9783110751451-005
Vincent Streichhahn
Research on Robert Michels (1876– 1936) tends to think of the sociologist from the end. In the reception of the public, Michels appears predominantly as an elite theorist, whose classic Political Parties: A Sociological Study of the Oligarchical Tendencies of Modern Democracy1 of 1911 reflects his disappointment with representative democracy on the one hand, and in which, on the other hand, the “nucleus of an authoritarian understanding of politics” is laid out, which predestined him as Benito Mussolini’s (1883– 1945) later Fascism apologete. This study, read as a disappointment in Michels’ former democratic hopes, would have led him ultimately from social democracy via syndicalism to Italian Fascism.2 Other works and thus different strands of interpretation are largely unknown compared to Political Parties. In the same year as Michels’ classic, however, another work was published, which is the focus of this article and has the potential to shake up the previous reception, namely Sexual Ethics: A Study of Borderland Questions.3 This “sexual-
{"title":"5. On the Discourse of the “New Sexual Morality” in the German Empire: Robert Michels’ Sexual Ethics between Women’s Movement, Social Democracy, and Sociology","authors":"Vincent Streichhahn","doi":"10.1515/9783110751451-005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110751451-005","url":null,"abstract":"Research on Robert Michels (1876– 1936) tends to think of the sociologist from the end. In the reception of the public, Michels appears predominantly as an elite theorist, whose classic Political Parties: A Sociological Study of the Oligarchical Tendencies of Modern Democracy1 of 1911 reflects his disappointment with representative democracy on the one hand, and in which, on the other hand, the “nucleus of an authoritarian understanding of politics” is laid out, which predestined him as Benito Mussolini’s (1883– 1945) later Fascism apologete. This study, read as a disappointment in Michels’ former democratic hopes, would have led him ultimately from social democracy via syndicalism to Italian Fascism.2 Other works and thus different strands of interpretation are largely unknown compared to Political Parties. In the same year as Michels’ classic, however, another work was published, which is the focus of this article and has the potential to shake up the previous reception, namely Sexual Ethics: A Study of Borderland Questions.3 This “sexual-","PeriodicalId":126475,"journal":{"name":"Marriage Discourses","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123755290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-22DOI: 10.1515/9783110751451-003
Mariela Fargas Peñarrocha
{"title":"3. Marriage Discourses in Conflict: Public and Private Order in Early Modern Spain","authors":"Mariela Fargas Peñarrocha","doi":"10.1515/9783110751451-003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110751451-003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":126475,"journal":{"name":"Marriage Discourses","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131072915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-22DOI: 10.1515/9783110751451-001
F. Jacob, J. A. Mohammed
The latest ... dilemma I’ve encountered is a big one. Until I told my friends I was getting married, I didn’t know marriage and feminism could be considered mutually exclusive. I mean, just because a bride’s engagement ring is a symbol of ownership, and just because changing her name erases her identity as a separate individual, and just because the whole thing is ludicrously assumed to be the woman’s domain...1
{"title":"1. Idealized Romantic Love, Legal Issues, and Patriarchic Exploitation: An Introduction to Historical and Literary Marriage Discourses","authors":"F. Jacob, J. A. Mohammed","doi":"10.1515/9783110751451-001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110751451-001","url":null,"abstract":"The latest ... dilemma I’ve encountered is a big one. Until I told my friends I was getting married, I didn’t know marriage and feminism could be considered mutually exclusive. I mean, just because a bride’s engagement ring is a symbol of ownership, and just because changing her name erases her identity as a separate individual, and just because the whole thing is ludicrously assumed to be the woman’s domain...1","PeriodicalId":126475,"journal":{"name":"Marriage Discourses","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123095147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-22DOI: 10.1515/9783110751451-008
J. Callison
their mutual penetration into the realms of supreme joy the two lovers bring back with them a spark of that light which we call life. unto them a child The mistake lies in supposing that “ the real thing ” , the longing for which has now become an obsession, is there to be found. It is not lying in wait for us on the far side of a surrender to enervated instinct and resentful flesh. It is not hidden, but lost.The only way to recover it is by building it up afresh, thanks to an effort that shall go against passion — that is to say, by some action, a putting in order, a purification, that will bring us back to the sober mean.
{"title":"8. Redefining Marriage in Interwar Britain: Internal Transformation and Personal Sacrifice in the Poetry of H.D.","authors":"J. Callison","doi":"10.1515/9783110751451-008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110751451-008","url":null,"abstract":"their mutual penetration into the realms of supreme joy the two lovers bring back with them a spark of that light which we call life. unto them a child The mistake lies in supposing that “ the real thing ” , the longing for which has now become an obsession, is there to be found. It is not lying in wait for us on the far side of a surrender to enervated instinct and resentful flesh. It is not hidden, but lost.The only way to recover it is by building it up afresh, thanks to an effort that shall go against passion — that is to say, by some action, a putting in order, a purification, that will bring us back to the sober mean.","PeriodicalId":126475,"journal":{"name":"Marriage Discourses","volume":"395 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133513037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-22DOI: 10.1515/9783110751451-002
S. Müller
{"title":"2. Political Marriage in Antiquity","authors":"S. Müller","doi":"10.1515/9783110751451-002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110751451-002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":126475,"journal":{"name":"Marriage Discourses","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132248975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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