The pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) characteristics of nirmatrelvir (NMV) are unknown in Chinese patients with COVID-19.
Objectives
To understand the PK, as well as PK–PD characteristics of NMV for optimizing the dose in Chinese patients with COVID-19.
Methods
We enrolled 141 participants who received NMV 300 mg/ritonavir (RTV) 100 mg b.i.d. for 5 days. The NMV concentrations were analyzed using 251 blood samples. PK/PD of NMV was investigated in these COVID-19 patients using a nonlinear mixed-effects model.
Results
The patients had a mean age of 82 years (range, 34–97). The absorption rate constant and apparent clearance of NMV in this Chinese cohort were 0.253 h−1 and 6.83 L/h, respectively, similar to Caucasian patients. No covariates affected NMV clearance. Predicted peak (Cmax) and trough concentration (Cmin) under 300 mg NMV/100 mg RTV b.i.d. were 4004 and 1498 ng/mL, respectively. Although higher AUC and Cmin were weakly associated with a slight increase in the number of cycle threshold (CT) of viral genes, no significant correlation was found, indicating a weak relationship between drug exposure and efficacy (CT).
Conclusions
In all, our findings suggest no ethnic PK differences, a weak and clinically insignificant relationship between drug exposure and efficacy, suitable dosage for Chinese patients (including the elderly) based on PK parameters, and the need for further studies to determine optimal regimens for high-risk patients due to inter-individual variability.
{"title":"Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of nirmatrelvir in Chinese patients with COVID-19","authors":"Liyan Zeng, Rui Chen, Xuhua Jiang, Feng Li, Zhaoqin Zhu, Zheng Jiao, Yun Ling, Lijun Zhang","doi":"10.1111/fcp.12989","DOIUrl":"10.1111/fcp.12989","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) characteristics of nirmatrelvir (NMV) are unknown in Chinese patients with COVID-19.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To understand the PK, as well as PK–PD characteristics of NMV for optimizing the dose in Chinese patients with COVID-19.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We enrolled 141 participants who received NMV 300 mg/ritonavir (RTV) 100 mg b.i.d. for 5 days. The NMV concentrations were analyzed using 251 blood samples. PK/PD of NMV was investigated in these COVID-19 patients using a nonlinear mixed-effects model.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The patients had a mean age of 82 years (range, 34–97). The absorption rate constant and apparent clearance of NMV in this Chinese cohort were 0.253 h<sup>−1</sup> and 6.83 L/h, respectively, similar to Caucasian patients. No covariates affected NMV clearance. Predicted peak (<i>C</i><sub>max</sub>) and trough concentration (<i>C</i><sub>min</sub>) under 300 mg NMV/100 mg RTV b.i.d. were 4004 and 1498 ng/mL, respectively. Although higher AUC and <i>C</i><sub>min</sub> were weakly associated with a slight increase in the number of cycle threshold (CT) of viral genes, no significant correlation was found, indicating a weak relationship between drug exposure and efficacy (CT).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In all, our findings suggest no ethnic PK differences, a weak and clinically insignificant relationship between drug exposure and efficacy, suitable dosage for Chinese patients (including the elderly) based on PK parameters, and the need for further studies to determine optimal regimens for high-risk patients due to inter-individual variability.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12657,"journal":{"name":"Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology","volume":"38 4","pages":"767-779"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139717508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
While ursodeoxycholic acid is used in treating parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis (PNAC) in neonates, its role in prevention is unclear.
Objectives
In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we attempted to determine the role of ursodeoxycholic acid in preventing PNAC in neonates.
Methods
PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and CINAHL databases were searched on September 16, 2023, for interventional studies comparing ursodeoxycholic acid with placebo.
Results
Of the 6180 unique records identified, five studies were eligible for inclusion (three randomised and two nonrandomised). Evidence from randomised trials showed that ursodeoxycholic acid prophylaxis did not reduce cholestasis, mortality, sepsis, and necrotising enterocolitis. Ursodeoxycholic acid prophylaxis reduced feed intolerance (RR 0.23 (0.09, 0.64); 1 RCT, 102 neonates), peak conjugated bilirubin levels (MD −0.13 (−0.22, −0.04) mg/dL; 1 RCT, 102 neonates), and time to full enteral feeds (MD −2.7 (−5.09, −0.31) days; 2 RCTs, 76 neonates). There was no decrease in hospital stay and parenteral nutrition duration. Data from nonrandomised studies did not show benefit in any of the outcomes. The certainty of the evidence was low to very low.
Conclusion
Because of the very low-quality evidence and lack of evidence on critical outcomes, definitive conclusions could not be made on using ursodeoxycholic acid to prevent parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis in neonates.
{"title":"Ursodeoxycholic acid for preventing parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis in neonates: A systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Rajendra Prasad Anne, Srikanth Puttaiah Kadyada, Abhishek Somasekhara Aradhya, Tejo Pratap Oleti","doi":"10.1111/fcp.12993","DOIUrl":"10.1111/fcp.12993","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>While ursodeoxycholic acid is used in treating parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis (PNAC) in neonates, its role in prevention is unclear.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we attempted to determine the role of ursodeoxycholic acid in preventing PNAC in neonates.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and CINAHL databases were searched on September 16, 2023, for interventional studies comparing ursodeoxycholic acid with placebo.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Of the 6180 unique records identified, five studies were eligible for inclusion (three randomised and two nonrandomised). Evidence from randomised trials showed that ursodeoxycholic acid prophylaxis did not reduce cholestasis, mortality, sepsis, and necrotising enterocolitis. Ursodeoxycholic acid prophylaxis reduced feed intolerance (RR 0.23 (0.09, 0.64); 1 RCT, 102 neonates), peak conjugated bilirubin levels (MD −0.13 (−0.22, −0.04) mg/dL; 1 RCT, 102 neonates), and time to full enteral feeds (MD −2.7 (−5.09, −0.31) days; 2 RCTs, 76 neonates). There was no decrease in hospital stay and parenteral nutrition duration. Data from nonrandomised studies did not show benefit in any of the outcomes. The certainty of the evidence was low to very low.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Because of the very low-quality evidence and lack of evidence on critical outcomes, definitive conclusions could not be made on using ursodeoxycholic acid to prevent parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis in neonates.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12657,"journal":{"name":"Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology","volume":"38 4","pages":"685-694"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/fcp.12993","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139717509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ji Yun Han, Jun Myong Lee, Se Yong Jung, Min Seo Kim, Seung Won Lee, Andreas Kronbichler, Kalthoum Tizaoui, Ai Koyanagi, Eun Young Kim, Kyungchul Song, Hyun Wook Chae, Dong Keon Yon, Jae Il Shin, Lee Smith
Background
Methimazole (MMI) and propylthiouracil (PTU) are commonly used for patients with thyrotoxicosis. Agranulocytosis and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) is associated with high morbidity and mortality, requiring appropriate interventions. In this study, we compared adverse drug effects associated with MMI and PTU using a real-world large pharmacovigilance database.
Methods
We searched all Individual Case Safety Reports reported to be associated with MMI and PTU, from VigiBase between 1967 and June 2, 2021. We conducted disproportionality analysis (case/non-case analysis) to analyze the difference in reported adverse drug reactions (ADRs) between antithyroid drugs (case) and the entire database (non-cases). We further analyzed information for the cases of agranulocytosis and AAV.
Results
Among 11 632 cases of ADRs reported after MMI intake, agranulocytosis occurred in 1633 cases and AAV occurred in 41 cases. For 5055 cases of ADRs reported after PTU intake, agranulocytosis occurred in 459 cases and AAV occurred in 110 cases. Agranulocytosis occurred after a median of 28 days after PTU intake and 33 days after MMI intake. More than 95% of the agranulocytosis cases were classified as serious, but most of them (65.1% for PTU and 70.4% for MMI) were reported to have recovered after dechallenge actions; mostly drug withdrawal. AAV occurred after a median of 668 days after PTU intake, and 1162 days after MMI intake.
Conclusions
This is a pharmacoepidemiological study investigating agranulocytosis and AAV caused by MMI and PTU. Through this research, we could provide more specific insights into a safe prescription of antithyroid drugs in a real-world setting.
{"title":"Comparison of agranulocytosis and anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis caused by two antithyroid drugs: A pharmacovigilance study using the WHO international database","authors":"Ji Yun Han, Jun Myong Lee, Se Yong Jung, Min Seo Kim, Seung Won Lee, Andreas Kronbichler, Kalthoum Tizaoui, Ai Koyanagi, Eun Young Kim, Kyungchul Song, Hyun Wook Chae, Dong Keon Yon, Jae Il Shin, Lee Smith","doi":"10.1111/fcp.12991","DOIUrl":"10.1111/fcp.12991","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Methimazole (MMI) and propylthiouracil (PTU) are commonly used for patients with thyrotoxicosis. Agranulocytosis and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) is associated with high morbidity and mortality, requiring appropriate interventions. In this study, we compared adverse drug effects associated with MMI and PTU using a real-world large pharmacovigilance database.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We searched all Individual Case Safety Reports reported to be associated with MMI and PTU, from VigiBase between 1967 and June 2, 2021. We conducted disproportionality analysis (case/non-case analysis) to analyze the difference in reported adverse drug reactions (ADRs) between antithyroid drugs (case) and the entire database (non-cases). We further analyzed information for the cases of agranulocytosis and AAV.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Among 11 632 cases of ADRs reported after MMI intake, agranulocytosis occurred in 1633 cases and AAV occurred in 41 cases. For 5055 cases of ADRs reported after PTU intake, agranulocytosis occurred in 459 cases and AAV occurred in 110 cases. Agranulocytosis occurred after a median of 28 days after PTU intake and 33 days after MMI intake. More than 95% of the agranulocytosis cases were classified as serious, but most of them (65.1% for PTU and 70.4% for MMI) were reported to have recovered after dechallenge actions; mostly drug withdrawal. AAV occurred after a median of 668 days after PTU intake, and 1162 days after MMI intake.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This is a pharmacoepidemiological study investigating agranulocytosis and AAV caused by MMI and PTU. Through this research, we could provide more specific insights into a safe prescription of antithyroid drugs in a real-world setting.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12657,"journal":{"name":"Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology","volume":"38 4","pages":"780-788"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139717507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yomna M. Tamim, Ahmed A. Nagy, Ahmed M. Abdellah, Ahmed H. Osman, Amel F. M. Ismail
Background
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most widespread type of primary liver cancer. Diethylnitrosamine (DEN), a hepatotoxic hepatocarcinogenic compound, is used to induce HCC in animal models. The non-selective β-blocker propranolol demonstrated antiproliferative activity in many cancer types.
Objective
This investigation aimed to evaluate the anticancer effect of propranolol against DEN-induced HCC in rats.
Methods
Thirty adult male rats were divided into the following groups: Group I (C, control), Group II (HCC); received DEN, 70 mg/kg body weight (b.wt.) once a week for 10 weeks, to induce HCC, and Group III (HCC/Prop); received DEN for 10 weeks for HCC induction, then received 20 mg/kg b.wt. propranolol, intraperitoneally for four successive weeks.
Results
HCC was developed in rats' livers and confirmed via significant liver architecture changes, significantly elevated activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), α-fetoprotein (AFP), total- and direct-bilirubin (Bil), and a decline in albumin (ALB) level in serum. HCC group demonstrated elevated levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), HIF-1α, IL-8, NF-κB, PGE2, TGF-β1, VEGF, and CD8, but significant decline of GSH, and IL-10 level, with suppression of the antioxidant enzymes' activities. In addition, the gene expression of the hepatic inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and LAG-3 were up-regulated. Moreover, the protein expression of p-PKC was up-regulated, while that of PD-1 and PD-L1 were down-regulated in the liver tissues of the HCC group. However, propranolol ameliorated the investigated parameters in the HCC/Prop group.
Conclusion
Propranolol exhibited an anticancer effect and thus can be considered as a promising treatment for HCC. Blocking of PD-1/PD-L1 and LAG-3 signals participated in the anti-tumor effect of propranolol on HCC.
{"title":"Anticancer effect of propranolol on diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocellular carcinoma rat model","authors":"Yomna M. Tamim, Ahmed A. Nagy, Ahmed M. Abdellah, Ahmed H. Osman, Amel F. M. Ismail","doi":"10.1111/fcp.12990","DOIUrl":"10.1111/fcp.12990","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most widespread type of primary liver cancer. Diethylnitrosamine (DEN), a hepatotoxic hepatocarcinogenic compound, is used to induce HCC in animal models. The non-selective β-blocker propranolol demonstrated antiproliferative activity in many cancer types.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This investigation aimed to evaluate the anticancer effect of propranolol against DEN-induced HCC in rats.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Thirty adult male rats were divided into the following groups: Group I (C, control), Group II (HCC); received DEN, 70 mg/kg body weight (b.wt.) once a week for 10 weeks, to induce HCC, and Group III (HCC/Prop); received DEN for 10 weeks for HCC induction, then received 20 mg/kg b.wt. propranolol, intraperitoneally for four successive weeks.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>HCC was developed in rats' livers and confirmed via significant liver architecture changes, significantly elevated activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), α-fetoprotein (AFP), total- and direct-bilirubin (Bil), and a decline in albumin (ALB) level in serum. HCC group demonstrated elevated levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), HIF-1α, IL-8, NF-κB, PGE2, TGF-β1, VEGF, and CD8, but significant decline of GSH, and IL-10 level, with suppression of the antioxidant enzymes' activities. In addition, the gene expression of the hepatic inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and LAG-3 were up-regulated. Moreover, the protein expression of p-PKC was up-regulated, while that of PD-1 and PD-L1 were down-regulated in the liver tissues of the HCC group. However, propranolol ameliorated the investigated parameters in the HCC/Prop group.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Propranolol exhibited an anticancer effect and thus can be considered as a promising treatment for HCC. Blocking of PD-1/PD-L1 and LAG-3 signals participated in the anti-tumor effect of propranolol on HCC.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12657,"journal":{"name":"Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology","volume":"38 4","pages":"742-757"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139702251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ivan A. Derkachev, Sergey V. Popov, Leonid N. Maslov, Alexandr V. Mukhomedzyanov, Natalia V. Naryzhnaya, Alexander S. Gorbunov, Artur Kan, Andrey V. Krylatov, Yuri K. Podoksenov, Ivan V. Stepanov, Svetlana V. Gusakova, Feng Fu, Jian-Ming Pei
Background
The high mortality rate of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) remains the most pressing issue of modern cardiology. Over the past 10 years, there has been no significant reduction in mortality among patients with AMI. It is quite obvious that there is an urgent need to develop fundamentally new drugs for the treatment of AMI. Angiotensin 1–7 has some promise in this regard.
Objective
The objective of this article is analysis of published data on the cardioprotective properties of angiotensin 1–7.
Methods
PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were used to search articles for this study.
Results
Angiotensin 1–7 increases cardiac tolerance to ischemia/reperfusion and mitigates adverse remodeling of the heart. Angiotensin 1–7 can prevent not only ischemic but also reperfusion cardiac injury. The activation of the Mas receptor plays a key role in these effects of angiotensin 1–7. Angiotensin 1–7 alleviates Ca2+ overload of cardiomyocytes and reactive oxygen species production in ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) of the myocardium. It is possible that both effects are involved in angiotensin 1–7-triggered cardiac tolerance to I/R. Furthermore, angiotensin 1–7 inhibits apoptosis of cardiomyocytes and stimulates autophagy of cells. There is also indirect evidence suggesting that angiotensin 1–7 inhibits ferroptosis in cardiomyocytes. Moreover, angiotensin 1–7 possesses anti-inflammatory properties, possibly achieved through NF-kB activity inhibition. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase, Akt, and NO synthase are involved in the infarct-reducing effect of angiotensin 1–7. However, the specific end-effector of the cardioprotective impact of angiotensin 1–7 remains unknown.
Conclusion
The molecular nature of the end-effector of the infarct-limiting effect of angiotensin 1–7 has not been elucidated. Perhaps, this end-effector is the sarcolemmal KATP channel or the mitochondrial KATP channel.
{"title":"Angiotensin 1–7 increases cardiac tolerance to ischemia/reperfusion and mitigates adverse remodeling of the heart—The signaling mechanism","authors":"Ivan A. Derkachev, Sergey V. Popov, Leonid N. Maslov, Alexandr V. Mukhomedzyanov, Natalia V. Naryzhnaya, Alexander S. Gorbunov, Artur Kan, Andrey V. Krylatov, Yuri K. Podoksenov, Ivan V. Stepanov, Svetlana V. Gusakova, Feng Fu, Jian-Ming Pei","doi":"10.1111/fcp.12983","DOIUrl":"10.1111/fcp.12983","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The high mortality rate of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) remains the most pressing issue of modern cardiology. Over the past 10 years, there has been no significant reduction in mortality among patients with AMI. It is quite obvious that there is an urgent need to develop fundamentally new drugs for the treatment of AMI. Angiotensin 1–7 has some promise in this regard.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The objective of this article is analysis of published data on the cardioprotective properties of angiotensin 1–7.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were used to search articles for this study.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Angiotensin 1–7 increases cardiac tolerance to ischemia/reperfusion and mitigates adverse remodeling of the heart. Angiotensin 1–7 can prevent not only ischemic but also reperfusion cardiac injury. The activation of the Mas receptor plays a key role in these effects of angiotensin 1–7. Angiotensin 1–7 alleviates Ca<sup>2+</sup> overload of cardiomyocytes and reactive oxygen species production in ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) of the myocardium. It is possible that both effects are involved in angiotensin 1–7-triggered cardiac tolerance to I/R. Furthermore, angiotensin 1–7 inhibits apoptosis of cardiomyocytes and stimulates autophagy of cells. There is also indirect evidence suggesting that angiotensin 1–7 inhibits ferroptosis in cardiomyocytes. Moreover, angiotensin 1–7 possesses anti-inflammatory properties, possibly achieved through NF-kB activity inhibition. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase, Akt, and NO synthase are involved in the infarct-reducing effect of angiotensin 1–7. However, the specific end-effector of the cardioprotective impact of angiotensin 1–7 remains unknown.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The molecular nature of the end-effector of the infarct-limiting effect of angiotensin 1–7 has not been elucidated. Perhaps, this end-effector is the sarcolemmal K<sub>ATP</sub> channel or the mitochondrial K<sub>ATP</sub> channel.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12657,"journal":{"name":"Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology","volume":"38 3","pages":"489-501"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139690072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Noha Mohamed Badae, Doaa A. Abdelmonsif, Rania Gaber Aly, Amira M. Omar, Mai S. Shoela, Eman M. Omar
Background
Spermidine is a natural biologically active substance that has widespread influences on the body.
Objective
This study aims to enhance our understanding of the potential effect of spermidine on long non-coding RNA MALAT1 and explore the underlying mechanism in the rotenone-induced rat model of Parkinson's disease.
Methods
Rats were sacrificed after locomotor behavioral testing. Striatal tissues were used to assess the expression of MALAT1, oxidative stress markers, and autophagy markers.
Results
Our study found that treatment with spermidine for 2 weeks during the induction of the model significantly improved behavioral assessment, dopamine levels, and attenuated the histopathological changes that occurred in PD in comparison to the non-treated group.
Conclusion
Our preliminary study supports the protective effect of spermidine on the activation of autophagy and its antioxidant properties. Part of the antioxidant activity is due to the inhibition of MALAT1. However, MALAT1 does not correlate with the spermidine-induced autophagy pathway.
{"title":"Effect of spermidine on long non-coding RNAs MALAT1 in a rotenone induced-rat model of Parkinson's disease","authors":"Noha Mohamed Badae, Doaa A. Abdelmonsif, Rania Gaber Aly, Amira M. Omar, Mai S. Shoela, Eman M. Omar","doi":"10.1111/fcp.12986","DOIUrl":"10.1111/fcp.12986","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Spermidine is a natural biologically active substance that has widespread influences on the body.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study aims to enhance our understanding of the potential effect of spermidine on long non-coding RNA MALAT1 and explore the underlying mechanism in the rotenone-induced rat model of Parkinson's disease.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Rats were sacrificed after locomotor behavioral testing. Striatal tissues were used to assess the expression of MALAT1, oxidative stress markers, and autophagy markers.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our study found that treatment with spermidine for 2 weeks during the induction of the model significantly improved behavioral assessment, dopamine levels, and attenuated the histopathological changes that occurred in PD in comparison to the non-treated group.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our preliminary study supports the protective effect of spermidine on the activation of autophagy and its antioxidant properties. Part of the antioxidant activity is due to the inhibition of MALAT1. However, MALAT1 does not correlate with the spermidine-induced autophagy pathway.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12657,"journal":{"name":"Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology","volume":"38 4","pages":"718-729"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139566971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Acute lung injury (ALI) is caused by bacterial, fungal, and viral infections. When pathogens invade the lungs, the immune system responds by producing cytokines, chemokines, and interferons to promote the infiltration of phagocytic cells, which are essential for pathogen clearance. Their excess production causes an overactive immune response and a pathological hyper-inflammatory state, which leads to ALI. Until now, there is no particular pharmaceutical treatment available for ALI despite known inflammatory mediators like neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and reactive oxygen species (ROS).
Objectives
Therefore, the primary objective of this review is to provide the clear overview on the mechanisms controlling NETs, ROS formation, and other relevant processes during the pathogenesis of ALI. In addition, we have discussed the significance of epithelial and endothelial damage indicators and several molecular signaling pathways associated with ALI.
Methods
The literature review was done from Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar for ALI, NETs, ROS, inflammation, biomarkers, Toll- and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors, alveolar damage, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and epithelial/endothelial damage alone or in combination.
Results
This review summarized the main clinical signs of ALI, including the regulation and distinct function of epithelial and endothelial biomarkers, NETs, ROS, and pattern recognition receptors (PRRs).
Conclusion
However, no particular drugs including vaccine for ALI has been established. Furthermore, there is a lack of validated diagnostic tools and a poor predictive rationality of current therapeutic biomarkers. Hence, extensive and precise research is required to speed up the process of drug testing and development by the application of artificial intelligence technologies, structure-based drug design, in-silico approaches, and drug repurposing.
背景：急性肺损伤（ALI）是由细菌、真菌和病毒感染引起的。当病原体侵入肺部时，免疫系统会产生细胞因子、趋化因子和干扰素，以促进吞噬细胞的浸润。细胞因子、趋化因子和干扰素的过量产生会导致过度活跃的免疫反应和病理性高炎症状态，从而引发 ALI。迄今为止，尽管已知有中性粒细胞胞外捕获物（NETs）和活性氧（ROS）等炎症介质，但仍没有治疗 ALI 的特效药物：因此，本综述的主要目的是提供关于控制中性粒细胞胞外捕获物（NETs）、活性氧（ROS）形成的机制以及 ALI 发病过程中其他相关过程的清晰概述。此外，我们还讨论了上皮和内皮损伤指标的重要性以及与 ALI 相关的几种分子信号通路：方法：我们从 Web of Science、Scopus、PubMed 和 Google Scholar 上查阅了有关 ALI、NETs、ROS、炎症、生物标志物、Toll 和核苷酸结合寡聚域（NOD）样受体、肺泡损伤、促炎细胞因子以及上皮/内皮损伤的单独或组合的文献：本综述总结了 ALI 的主要临床表现，包括上皮和内皮生物标志物、NETs、ROS 和模式识别受体（PRRs）的调节和不同功能：然而，目前还没有针对 ALI 的特定药物（包括疫苗）。此外，目前还缺乏有效的诊断工具，现有治疗生物标志物的预测合理性也很差。因此，需要开展广泛而精确的研究，通过应用人工智能技术、基于结构的药物设计、硅内方法和药物再利用，加快药物测试和开发进程。
{"title":"Role of biomarkers and molecular signaling pathways in acute lung injury","authors":"Pakter Niri, Achintya Saha, Subramanyam Polopalli, Mohit Kumar, Sanghita Das, Pronobesh Chattopadhyay","doi":"10.1111/fcp.12987","DOIUrl":"10.1111/fcp.12987","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Acute lung injury (ALI) is caused by bacterial, fungal, and viral infections. When pathogens invade the lungs, the immune system responds by producing cytokines, chemokines, and interferons to promote the infiltration of phagocytic cells, which are essential for pathogen clearance. Their excess production causes an overactive immune response and a pathological hyper-inflammatory state, which leads to ALI. Until now, there is no particular pharmaceutical treatment available for ALI despite known inflammatory mediators like neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and reactive oxygen species (ROS).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Therefore, the primary objective of this review is to provide the clear overview on the mechanisms controlling NETs, ROS formation, and other relevant processes during the pathogenesis of ALI. In addition, we have discussed the significance of epithelial and endothelial damage indicators and several molecular signaling pathways associated with ALI.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The literature review was done from Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar for ALI, NETs, ROS, inflammation, biomarkers, Toll- and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors, alveolar damage, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and epithelial/endothelial damage alone or in combination.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This review summarized the main clinical signs of ALI, including the regulation and distinct function of epithelial and endothelial biomarkers, NETs, ROS, and pattern recognition receptors (PRRs).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>However, no particular drugs including vaccine for ALI has been established. Furthermore, there is a lack of validated diagnostic tools and a poor predictive rationality of current therapeutic biomarkers. Hence, extensive and precise research is required to speed up the process of drug testing and development by the application of artificial intelligence technologies, structure-based drug design, <i>in-silico</i> approaches, and drug repurposing.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12657,"journal":{"name":"Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology","volume":"38 4","pages":"640-657"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139566975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Clémence Blaize, Ellina Surtouque, Jonaz Font, Charles Dolladille, Sophie Postel-Vinay, Angélique Da Silva, Joachim Alexandre, Pierre-Marie Morice
Background
Arterial hypertension has been recently reported from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor (PARPi).
Objective
In a context of increasing use of PARPi, it is crucial to properly assess risk and incidence of this adverse event for clinical practice.
Methods
We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis in MEDLINE, Cochrane CENTRAL and ClinicalTrials.gov up to January 4, 2023 with an ongoing surveillance up to June 7, 2023. RCTs comparing PARPi to placebo in adult patients with solid tumors were included if hypertension was reported. The primary outcome was the summary risk ratio (RR, with 95% CIs) of any hypertension of PARPi class in placebo RCTs. Secondary outcomes were the summary risk and incidence of hypertension of each individual PARPi. To provide clinical features of PARPi-associated hypertension, we independently queried the WHO's pharmacovigilance database, up to September 1, 2022.
Results
In total, 41 placebo RCTs (n = 15 264 adult patients) were included. PARPi class was not associated with an increased risk of hypertension compared with placebo. In individual analyses, the risk of hypertension was lower with olaparib than placebo (RR 0.77 [95% CI: 0.68–0.86], P < 0.01; I2 = 19%, χ2P = 0.26). Niraparib monotherapy increased the risk of any (RR 2.84 [95% CI: 1.76–4.57], P < 0.01; I2 = 66%, χ2P = 0.01) hypertension with a summary incidence of 19.87% (95% CI: 15.23–25.50). In real-life setting, niraparib-associated hypertension occurs within 20 days and was serious in 66%. Co-prescription of at least one antihypertensive or therapy-induced hypertension was reported in 20.5% or 14.4% of cases, respectively.
Conclusions
In a context of extensive assessment of niraparib in combination, these data reinforce the need of a close monitoring of this adverse event to preserve its clinical benefit on patients' survival.
{"title":"Arterial hypertension associated with PARPi: A meta-analysis of 41 placebo randomized controlled trials combined with a World Health Organization's pharmacovigilance study","authors":"Clémence Blaize, Ellina Surtouque, Jonaz Font, Charles Dolladille, Sophie Postel-Vinay, Angélique Da Silva, Joachim Alexandre, Pierre-Marie Morice","doi":"10.1111/fcp.12984","DOIUrl":"10.1111/fcp.12984","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Arterial hypertension has been recently reported from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor (PARPi).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In a context of increasing use of PARPi, it is crucial to properly assess risk and incidence of this adverse event for clinical practice.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis in MEDLINE, Cochrane CENTRAL and ClinicalTrials.gov up to January 4, 2023 with an ongoing surveillance up to June 7, 2023. RCTs comparing PARPi to placebo in adult patients with solid tumors were included if hypertension was reported. The primary outcome was the summary risk ratio (RR, with 95% CIs) of any hypertension of PARPi class in placebo RCTs. Secondary outcomes were the summary risk and incidence of hypertension of each individual PARPi. To provide clinical features of PARPi-associated hypertension, we independently queried the WHO's pharmacovigilance database, up to September 1, 2022.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In total, 41 placebo RCTs (<i>n</i> = 15 264 adult patients) were included. PARPi class was not associated with an increased risk of hypertension compared with placebo. In individual analyses, the risk of hypertension was lower with olaparib than placebo (RR 0.77 [95% CI: 0.68–0.86], <i>P</i> < 0.01; <i>I</i><sup>2</sup> = 19%, χ<sup>2</sup> <i>P</i> = 0.26). Niraparib monotherapy increased the risk of any (RR 2.84 [95% CI: 1.76–4.57], <i>P</i> < 0.01; <i>I</i><sup>2</sup> = 66%, χ<sup>2</sup> <i>P</i> = 0.01) hypertension with a summary incidence of 19.87% (95% CI: 15.23–25.50). In real-life setting, niraparib-associated hypertension occurs within 20 days and was serious in 66%. Co-prescription of at least one antihypertensive or therapy-induced hypertension was reported in 20.5% or 14.4% of cases, respectively.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In a context of extensive assessment of niraparib in combination, these data reinforce the need of a close monitoring of this adverse event to preserve its clinical benefit on patients' survival.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12657,"journal":{"name":"Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology","volume":"38 4","pages":"610-629"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139545322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is considered as the reference irrigation solution in endodontics. However, NaOCl-related accidents may occur, and non-dentist health professionals might under-recognize this rare adverse effect although it is potentially severe, with possible medical and aesthetic sequelae. We performed a literature review to provide to non-dentist healthcare professionals a large picture of symptoms, management and potential consequences of NaOCl accidents.
Methods
We queried PubMed and the French Pharmacovigilance database and retrieved 76 cases for analysis (70 from 57 published articles, and six from the database).
Results
The analysis showed that patients were mostly women (79%), aged around of 42 years, undergoing upper jawbone (74%) endodontic procedure. NaOCl concentration ranged from 1% to 10%, with 0.5 to 30 mL injected. Most cases (86%) corresponded to an accidental extrusion beyond the root apex to the periapical tissues, followed by tissular injection by error (8%) and extrusion into the maxillary sinus (3%). Local symptoms always occurred within 24 h, mostly pain (99%), edema (89%) and/or ecchymosis (61%). Complications were mainly neurological (29%), necrotic (22%) and cutaneous (9%). Most of patients (76%) fully recovered after medical management but 18 (24%) required surgical management.
Conclusion
Any healthcare professional should be aware of the classical symptomatic triad of NaOCl accident with sudden pain, haemorrhage/ecchymosis and swelling, to start or recommend adequate management. Patients should be reassured, but a close follow-up is necessary to avoid delayed complication.
{"title":"Sodium hypochlorite accident diagnosis and management: Analysis from the literature and the French pharmacovigilance database","authors":"Zahoua Kartit, Céline Delacroix, Céline Clement, Mathilde Beurrier, Claudie Mouton-Faivre, Nadine Petitpain","doi":"10.1111/fcp.12985","DOIUrl":"10.1111/fcp.12985","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Purpose</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is considered as the reference irrigation solution in endodontics. However, NaOCl-related accidents may occur, and non-dentist health professionals might under-recognize this rare adverse effect although it is potentially severe, with possible medical and aesthetic sequelae. We performed a literature review to provide to non-dentist healthcare professionals a large picture of symptoms, management and potential consequences of NaOCl accidents.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We queried PubMed and the French Pharmacovigilance database and retrieved 76 cases for analysis (70 from 57 published articles, and six from the database).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The analysis showed that patients were mostly women (79%), aged around of 42 years, undergoing upper jawbone (74%) endodontic procedure. NaOCl concentration ranged from 1% to 10%, with 0.5 to 30 mL injected. Most cases (86%) corresponded to an accidental extrusion beyond the root apex to the periapical tissues, followed by tissular injection by error (8%) and extrusion into the maxillary sinus (3%). Local symptoms always occurred within 24 h, mostly pain (99%), edema (89%) and/or ecchymosis (61%). Complications were mainly neurological (29%), necrotic (22%) and cutaneous (9%). Most of patients (76%) fully recovered after medical management but 18 (24%) required surgical management.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Any healthcare professional should be aware of the classical symptomatic triad of NaOCl accident with sudden pain, haemorrhage/ecchymosis and swelling, to start or recommend adequate management. Patients should be reassured, but a close follow-up is necessary to avoid delayed complication.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12657,"journal":{"name":"Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology","volume":"38 4","pages":"630-639"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139545343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elsayed I. Salim, Safaa Elsebakhy, Mohamed Hessien
Background
Due to the limited success in the treatment of lung adenocarcinomas, new treatment protocols are urgently needed to increase the curability rate and the survival of lung cancer patients.
Objectives
Although statins, like atorvastatin (Ator), and metformin (Met) are widely accepted as hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic drugs, respectively, there are many predictions about their enhancing antitumor effect when they are combined with traditional chemotherapeutics.
Methods
The individual and combined antiproliferative potential of Ator and Met was tested by MTT-assay in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) A549 cell line, compared to the corresponding effect of Gemcitabine (Gem) with implication on the mechanisms of action.
Results
Initially, both drugs demonstrated concentration-dependent cytotoxicity in A549 cells. Also, their combination index (CI) indicated their synergistic effect at equi-IC50 concentration (CI = 0.00984). Moreover, Ator and/or Met-treated cells revealed disrupted patterns of SOD, CAT, GSH, MDA, and TAC, developed apoptosis, and larger fractions of the cell population were arrested in G0/G1 phase, particularly in cells dually-treated both Ator and Met. These observations were accompanied by downregulation in the expression of iNOS, HO-1, and the angiogenic marker VEGF, meanwhile, an altered expression of MAPK and AMPK was observed.
Conclusion
Conclusively, these data suggest that repurposing of Ator and Met demonstrates their individual and combined antiproliferative effect in non-small cell lung cancer and they may adopt a similar mechanism of action.
背景：由于肺腺癌的治疗效果有限，迫切需要新的治疗方案来提高肺腺癌患者的治愈率和生存率：由于肺腺癌的治疗效果有限，因此迫切需要新的治疗方案来提高肺腺癌患者的治愈率和生存率：尽管他汀类药物（如阿托伐他汀（Atorvastatin，Ator））和二甲双胍（Met）分别作为降脂药和降糖药被广泛接受，但有很多人预测它们与传统化疗药联合使用会增强抗肿瘤效果：方法：在非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）A549 细胞系中用 MTT 分析法检测了 Ator 和 Met 的单独和联合抗增殖潜力，并与吉西他滨（Gem）的相应作用进行了比较，同时对其作用机制进行了探讨：结果：最初，这两种药物在A549细胞中都表现出浓度依赖性细胞毒性。此外，它们的联合指数（CI）表明，在等效 IC50 浓度下，它们具有协同效应（CI = 0.00984）。此外，Ator 和/或 Met 处理过的细胞显示出 SOD、CAT、GSH、MDA 和 TAC 的紊乱模式，出现细胞凋亡，更多的细胞群停滞在 G0/G1 期，尤其是在同时使用 Ator 和 Met 的细胞中。这些观察结果伴随着 iNOS、HO-1 和血管生成标志物 VEGF 表达的下调，同时还观察到 MAPK 和 AMPK 表达的改变：总之，这些数据表明，Ator 和 Met 的再利用显示了它们在非小细胞肺癌中的单独和联合抗增殖作用，而且它们可能采用类似的作用机制。
{"title":"Repurposing of atorvastatin and metformin denotes their individual and combined antiproliferative effects in non-small cell lung cancer","authors":"Elsayed I. Salim, Safaa Elsebakhy, Mohamed Hessien","doi":"10.1111/fcp.12981","DOIUrl":"10.1111/fcp.12981","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Due to the limited success in the treatment of lung adenocarcinomas, new treatment protocols are urgently needed to increase the curability rate and the survival of lung cancer patients.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Although statins, like atorvastatin (Ator), and metformin (Met) are widely accepted as hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic drugs, respectively, there are many predictions about their enhancing antitumor effect when they are combined with traditional chemotherapeutics.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The individual and combined antiproliferative potential of Ator and Met was tested by MTT-assay in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) A549 cell line, compared to the corresponding effect of Gemcitabine (Gem) with implication on the mechanisms of action.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Initially, both drugs demonstrated concentration-dependent cytotoxicity in A549 cells. Also, their combination index (CI) indicated their synergistic effect at equi-IC50 concentration (CI = 0.00984). Moreover, Ator and/or Met-treated cells revealed disrupted patterns of SOD, CAT, GSH, MDA, and TAC, developed apoptosis, and larger fractions of the cell population were arrested in G0/G1 phase, particularly in cells dually-treated both Ator and Met. These observations were accompanied by downregulation in the expression of <i>iNOS</i>, <i>HO-1</i>, and the angiogenic marker <i>VEGF</i>, meanwhile, an altered expression of <i>MAPK</i> and <i>AMPK</i> was observed.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Conclusively, these data suggest that repurposing of Ator and Met demonstrates their individual and combined antiproliferative effect in non-small cell lung cancer and they may adopt a similar mechanism of action.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12657,"journal":{"name":"Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology","volume":"38 3","pages":"550-560"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139520490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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