Pub Date : 2019-10-21DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.85233
Archana Nigrawal
This chapter reports the DC conductivity behavior of activated carbon powder filled epoxy gradient composites. Gradient composites are the composite materials in which the there is gradually variation in some direction to achieve gradient in properties. Graded materials are generally defined as the materials, which exhibit variable functional performance with location and show continuous variations in morphology and composition. Functionally graded metal matrix composites have been of great practical importance. Graded metal matrix composite have gradual compositional variations from ceramic at one surface to metal at the other, leading to special advantages of smooth transition in thermal stresses across the thickness and minimized stress concentration at the interface of two dissimilar materials. Therefore graded metal matrix composites are finding applications in aggressive environments with steep temperature gradients such as turbine components and rocket nozzles. Since the properties of material in FGMs are variable across the entire material, and depends on the spatial position of the material. Functionally graded materials are designed with varying properties such as changing their chemical properties, changing mechanical, magnetic, thermal, and electrical properties. Now a days there are FGMs designed as stepwise-graded materials, while others are fabri-cated to have continuous-graded materials depending on their areas of application. e. These developed graded polymeric matrix composites having gradual variation of composition from carbonaceous filler at one surface to polymer dominated other end can be developed for desired electrical applications. Different type of sensors such as electrical resistance sensors, current sensors and temperature dependent sensors are required for various applications. Graded polymeric composites show variable resistivity behaviour, which can have potential applications in electromagnetic shielding, antistatic, corrosion-resistant coat-ings, conducting capabilities, light emitting devices, batteries and sensors. By virtue of the improved thermal stress relaxation and adhesive properties etc. Graded polymeric composites show variable resistivity behaviour, which can have potential applications in electromagnetic shielding, antistatic, corrosion-resistant coatings, conducting capabilities, light emitting devices, batteries and sensors.
{"title":"DC Conductivity of Activated Carbon Filled Epoxy Gradient Composites","authors":"Archana Nigrawal","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.85233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85233","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter reports the DC conductivity behavior of activated carbon powder filled epoxy gradient composites. Gradient composites are the composite materials in which the there is gradually variation in some direction to achieve gradient in properties. Graded materials are generally defined as the materials, which exhibit variable functional performance with location and show continuous variations in morphology and composition. Functionally graded metal matrix composites have been of great practical importance. Graded metal matrix composite have gradual compositional variations from ceramic at one surface to metal at the other, leading to special advantages of smooth transition in thermal stresses across the thickness and minimized stress concentration at the interface of two dissimilar materials. Therefore graded metal matrix composites are finding applications in aggressive environments with steep temperature gradients such as turbine components and rocket nozzles. Since the properties of material in FGMs are variable across the entire material, and depends on the spatial position of the material. Functionally graded materials are designed with varying properties such as changing their chemical properties, changing mechanical, magnetic, thermal, and electrical properties. Now a days there are FGMs designed as stepwise-graded materials, while others are fabri-cated to have continuous-graded materials depending on their areas of application. e. These developed graded polymeric matrix composites having gradual variation of composition from carbonaceous filler at one surface to polymer dominated other end can be developed for desired electrical applications. Different type of sensors such as electrical resistance sensors, current sensors and temperature dependent sensors are required for various applications. Graded polymeric composites show variable resistivity behaviour, which can have potential applications in electromagnetic shielding, antistatic, corrosion-resistant coat-ings, conducting capabilities, light emitting devices, batteries and sensors. By virtue of the improved thermal stress relaxation and adhesive properties etc. Graded polymeric composites show variable resistivity behaviour, which can have potential applications in electromagnetic shielding, antistatic, corrosion-resistant coatings, conducting capabilities, light emitting devices, batteries and sensors.","PeriodicalId":127147,"journal":{"name":"Mechanics of Functionally Graded Materials and Structures","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116516211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-30DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.89312
Tie-Jun Liu
In this chapter, the indentation response of the functionally graded material (FGM) coating is considered due to the contact between the coating and axisymmetric indenter. The mechanical properties of FGM coating is assumed to vary along the thickness direction. Three kinds of models are applied to simulate the variation of elastic parameter in the FGM coating based on the cylindrical coordinate system. The axisymmetric frictionless and partial slip contact problems are reduced to a set of Cauchy singular integral equations that can be numerically calculated by using the Hankel integral transform technique and the transfer matrix method. The effect of gradient of coating on the distribution of contact stress is presented. The present investigation will provide the guidance for the indentation experiment of coating.
{"title":"Axisymmetric Indentation Response of Functionally Graded Material Coating","authors":"Tie-Jun Liu","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.89312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89312","url":null,"abstract":"In this chapter, the indentation response of the functionally graded material (FGM) coating is considered due to the contact between the coating and axisymmetric indenter. The mechanical properties of FGM coating is assumed to vary along the thickness direction. Three kinds of models are applied to simulate the variation of elastic parameter in the FGM coating based on the cylindrical coordinate system. The axisymmetric frictionless and partial slip contact problems are reduced to a set of Cauchy singular integral equations that can be numerically calculated by using the Hankel integral transform technique and the transfer matrix method. The effect of gradient of coating on the distribution of contact stress is presented. The present investigation will provide the guidance for the indentation experiment of coating.","PeriodicalId":127147,"journal":{"name":"Mechanics of Functionally Graded Materials and Structures","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121589180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-15DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.86315
C. Paul, R. Sellamuthu
The impact of nickel content on surface hardness, microstructure and wear properties of surface alloyed Cu-10Sn bronze composite was examined in this chapter. Gas Tungsten Arc (GTA) was utilized as the heat source for the surface alloying/ modification process. The surface modification process was carried out on bronze samples coated with various Nickel coating thicknesses. Vickers hardness tester was used to measure the surface hardness as well as the hardness along the depth of the modified layer and wear rate was measured using a pin-on-disc tribometer. The Ni concentration profiling was carried out using EDAX. Surface modification process resulted in the formation of a layered functionally graded bronze alloy. The average grain size was found to reduce upon surface modification process. Ni addition was observed to increase the hardness and reduce wear rate for the modified samples.
{"title":"Development of Functionally Gradient Cu-Sn-Ni Alloy Using GTA Heat Source","authors":"C. Paul, R. Sellamuthu","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.86315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.86315","url":null,"abstract":"The impact of nickel content on surface hardness, microstructure and wear properties of surface alloyed Cu-10Sn bronze composite was examined in this chapter. Gas Tungsten Arc (GTA) was utilized as the heat source for the surface alloying/ modification process. The surface modification process was carried out on bronze samples coated with various Nickel coating thicknesses. Vickers hardness tester was used to measure the surface hardness as well as the hardness along the depth of the modified layer and wear rate was measured using a pin-on-disc tribometer. The Ni concentration profiling was carried out using EDAX. Surface modification process resulted in the formation of a layered functionally graded bronze alloy. The average grain size was found to reduce upon surface modification process. Ni addition was observed to increase the hardness and reduce wear rate for the modified samples.","PeriodicalId":127147,"journal":{"name":"Mechanics of Functionally Graded Materials and Structures","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122992447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-11DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.86013
N. Thuan, Noh Hyuk Chun
In this study, the stochastic finite element solution is given to obtain the variability in the natural frequency of functionally graded material (FGM) beam. The elastic modulus is assumed to vary in the thickness direction and the width of the beam to vary as well in the longitudinal direction following the exponential law. The random material properties of elastic modulus and mass density of the FGM beam are assumed to be one-dimensional homogeneous stochastic processes. The stochastic finite element analysis of FGM beam is performed in conjunction with Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) employing the spectral representation method for 16, the description of random processes of the random material properties under consideration. The response variability of the natural frequency due to random elastic modulus is evaluated for various states of randomness. Furthermore, the investigation on the effect of the correlation between random elastic modulus and random mass density on the response variability is addressed in detail as well.
本文采用随机有限元法求解功能梯度材料(FGM)梁的固有频率。假定弹性模量沿厚度方向变化，梁的宽度沿纵向变化，遵循指数规律。假定FGM梁的弹性模量和质量密度等随机材料性质为一维均匀随机过程。结合蒙特卡罗模拟(Monte Carlo simulation, MCS)对FGM梁进行了随机有限元分析，采用谱表示法对所考虑的随机材料特性的随机过程进行了描述。在不同的随机状态下，计算了随机弹性模量引起的固有频率的响应变异性。此外，还详细研究了随机弹性模量与随机质量密度的相关性对响应变异性的影响。
{"title":"The Stochastic Finite Element in the Natural Frequency of Functionally Graded Material Beams","authors":"N. Thuan, Noh Hyuk Chun","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.86013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.86013","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the stochastic finite element solution is given to obtain the variability in the natural frequency of functionally graded material (FGM) beam. The elastic modulus is assumed to vary in the thickness direction and the width of the beam to vary as well in the longitudinal direction following the exponential law. The random material properties of elastic modulus and mass density of the FGM beam are assumed to be one-dimensional homogeneous stochastic processes. The stochastic finite element analysis of FGM beam is performed in conjunction with Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) employing the spectral representation method for 16, the description of random processes of the random material properties under consideration. The response variability of the natural frequency due to random elastic modulus is evaluated for various states of randomness. Furthermore, the investigation on the effect of the correlation between random elastic modulus and random mass density on the response variability is addressed in detail as well.","PeriodicalId":127147,"journal":{"name":"Mechanics of Functionally Graded Materials and Structures","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115158681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-22DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85835
D. Cao, Bin Wang, Wenhua Hu, Yanhui Gao
Axially functionally graded (AFG) beam is a special kind of nonhomogeneous functionally gradient material structure, whose material properties vary continuously along the axial direction of the beam by a given distribution form. There are several numerical methods that have been used to analyze the vibration characteristics of AFG beams, but it is difficult to obtain precise solutions for AFG beams because of the variable coefficients of the governing equation. In this topic, the free vibration of AFG beam using analytical method based on the perturbation theory and Meijer G-Function are studied, respectively. First, a detailed review of the existing literatures is summarized. Then, based on the governing equation of the AFG Euler-Bernoulli beam, the detailed analytic equations are derived on basis of the perturbation theory and Meijer G-function, where the nature frequencies are demonstrated. Subsequently, the numerical results are calculated and compared, meanwhile, the analytical results are also confirmed by finite element method and the published references. The results show that the proposed two analytical methods are simple and efficient and can be used to conveniently analyze free vibration of AFG beam.
轴向功能梯度梁是一种特殊的非均匀功能梯度材料结构，其材料性能沿梁的轴向呈一定的分布形式连续变化。已有几种数值方法用于分析AFG梁的振动特性，但由于控制方程的变系数，很难得到精确的AFG梁解。本课题分别采用基于微扰理论和mejer g -函数的解析方法研究了AFG梁的自由振动问题。首先，对现有文献进行了详细的综述。然后，以AFG欧拉-伯努利梁的控制方程为基础，基于微扰理论和mejer g -函数推导了详细的解析方程，并给出了固有频率。随后，对数值计算结果进行了计算和比较，同时用有限元法和已发表的参考文献对分析结果进行了验证。结果表明，所提出的两种分析方法简单有效，可方便地用于分析AFG梁的自由振动。
{"title":"Free Vibration of Axially Functionally Graded Beam","authors":"D. Cao, Bin Wang, Wenhua Hu, Yanhui Gao","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85835","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85835","url":null,"abstract":"Axially functionally graded (AFG) beam is a special kind of nonhomogeneous functionally gradient material structure, whose material properties vary continuously along the axial direction of the beam by a given distribution form. There are several numerical methods that have been used to analyze the vibration characteristics of AFG beams, but it is difficult to obtain precise solutions for AFG beams because of the variable coefficients of the governing equation. In this topic, the free vibration of AFG beam using analytical method based on the perturbation theory and Meijer G-Function are studied, respectively. First, a detailed review of the existing literatures is summarized. Then, based on the governing equation of the AFG Euler-Bernoulli beam, the detailed analytic equations are derived on basis of the perturbation theory and Meijer G-function, where the nature frequencies are demonstrated. Subsequently, the numerical results are calculated and compared, meanwhile, the analytical results are also confirmed by finite element method and the published references. The results show that the proposed two analytical methods are simple and efficient and can be used to conveniently analyze free vibration of AFG beam.","PeriodicalId":127147,"journal":{"name":"Mechanics of Functionally Graded Materials and Structures","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125882133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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