Pub Date : 2024-04-10DOI: 10.1093/forestscience/37.2.593
Steen Magnussen
Simulated phenotypic selections for superior stem volume at age 34 were carried out in a red pine spacing trial between age 10 and age 34. The efficiency of selections increased exponentially with selection age and with diminishing initial spacing. Interactions between spacing, age, and the intensity of selection modified the overall efficiency of early selections. The probability that a tree would remain in a given relative size class during a 2-or 4-year-period increased with age when the initial spacing was less than 2.1 m. Wider spacings induced a decline in these probabilities. Realistic predictions of future size class distributions of trees selected for superior size at age 10 were generated from a maximum of 4 years growth information with the help of Markov chains (transition probability matrices). Age 34 standardized means of early selections could be estimated within 2% from a quadratic response surface with age, spacing, and selection intensity (%-select) as independent variables. For breeding purposes, selections at age 10 appeared more attractive than later selections. Predictions of age 10 to age 34 years correlations of stem volume based on these Markov chains produced realistic results for plantations planted at a 3.0 m square spacing and closer. For. Sci. 37(2):593-612.
{"title":"Efficiency of Early Selections for Stem Volume and Predictions of Size Distributions of Selections in a Red Pine Spacing Trial","authors":"Steen Magnussen","doi":"10.1093/forestscience/37.2.593","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/37.2.593","url":null,"abstract":"Simulated phenotypic selections for superior stem volume at age 34 were carried out in a red pine spacing trial between age 10 and age 34. The efficiency of selections increased exponentially with selection age and with diminishing initial spacing. Interactions between spacing, age, and the intensity of selection modified the overall efficiency of early selections. The probability that a tree would remain in a given relative size class during a 2-or 4-year-period increased with age when the initial spacing was less than 2.1 m. Wider spacings induced a decline in these probabilities. Realistic predictions of future size class distributions of trees selected for superior size at age 10 were generated from a maximum of 4 years growth information with the help of Markov chains (transition probability matrices). Age 34 standardized means of early selections could be estimated within 2% from a quadratic response surface with age, spacing, and selection intensity (%-select) as independent variables. For breeding purposes, selections at age 10 appeared more attractive than later selections. Predictions of age 10 to age 34 years correlations of stem volume based on these Markov chains produced realistic results for plantations planted at a 3.0 m square spacing and closer. For. Sci. 37(2):593-612.","PeriodicalId":12749,"journal":{"name":"Forest Science","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140566169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-10DOI: 10.1093/forestscience/36.4.1032
David M. Hix, Craig G. Lorimer
Crown-based competition measures were used to assess the relationships between growth and competition for trees in young mixed-hardwood stands on two ecosystems with contrasting site conditions. The two southwestern Wisconsin ecosystems compared were gently sloping summits with deep loessal soils and steeply sloping southwesterly backslopes with loam soils. Individual trees were sampled from variable-radius plots located in 15 stands of 4 to 42 years old. The two best predictors of height growth are the height of a tree relative to the average height of dominants and codominants, and the cross-sectional area of the exposed portion of the crown at its widest point. The data confirmed theoretical relationships between growth and light intensity for species of differing shade tolerance. However, growth rates as a function of relative height did not approach an asymptote for any species, while growth response to increasing exposed crown area was asymptotic for the tolerant species. Species' relationships differed between the two ecosystems, with maximum height growth rates being lower on the drier site. Acer saccharum was the most efficient species (highest basal area growth rate) at the higher values of exposed crown area, but larger total crown size for sugar maple was a contributing factor in such cases. For. Sci. 36(4):1032-1049.
{"title":"Growth-Competition Relationships in Young Hardwood Stands on Two Contrasting Sites in Southwestern Wisconsin","authors":"David M. Hix, Craig G. Lorimer","doi":"10.1093/forestscience/36.4.1032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/36.4.1032","url":null,"abstract":"Crown-based competition measures were used to assess the relationships between growth and competition for trees in young mixed-hardwood stands on two ecosystems with contrasting site conditions. The two southwestern Wisconsin ecosystems compared were gently sloping summits with deep loessal soils and steeply sloping southwesterly backslopes with loam soils. Individual trees were sampled from variable-radius plots located in 15 stands of 4 to 42 years old. The two best predictors of height growth are the height of a tree relative to the average height of dominants and codominants, and the cross-sectional area of the exposed portion of the crown at its widest point. The data confirmed theoretical relationships between growth and light intensity for species of differing shade tolerance. However, growth rates as a function of relative height did not approach an asymptote for any species, while growth response to increasing exposed crown area was asymptotic for the tolerant species. Species' relationships differed between the two ecosystems, with maximum height growth rates being lower on the drier site. Acer saccharum was the most efficient species (highest basal area growth rate) at the higher values of exposed crown area, but larger total crown size for sugar maple was a contributing factor in such cases. For. Sci. 36(4):1032-1049.","PeriodicalId":12749,"journal":{"name":"Forest Science","volume":"91 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140566170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-10DOI: 10.1093/forestscience/34.1.190
Kevin C. Ryan, David L. Peterson, Elizabeth D. Reinhardt
Mortality was determined in a stand of Douglas-fir 8 years after 20 plots were treated with light surface fires. Logistic regression was used to model long-term mortality as functions of morphological variables measured shortly after burning. Independent variables were diameter at breast height, height of needle scorch, percentage of the prefire crown volume scorched, season of burn, and the number of quadrants with dead cambium at 1.4 m bole height. Mortality increased with increasing scorch height, percent crown scorch, and dead cambium. It decreased with larger diameter. The best predictor of mortality was the number of quadrants with dead cambium. Percentage of crown volume scorched was a better predictor than lethal scorch height. For a given level of damage, mortality following fall season fires was slightly higher than following spring fires. Models may be used in planning prescribed fires and for salvaging fire-damaged Douglas-fir. For. Sci. 34(1):190-199.
{"title":"Modeling Long-Term Fire-Caused Mortality of Douglas-Fir","authors":"Kevin C. Ryan, David L. Peterson, Elizabeth D. Reinhardt","doi":"10.1093/forestscience/34.1.190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/34.1.190","url":null,"abstract":"Mortality was determined in a stand of Douglas-fir 8 years after 20 plots were treated with light surface fires. Logistic regression was used to model long-term mortality as functions of morphological variables measured shortly after burning. Independent variables were diameter at breast height, height of needle scorch, percentage of the prefire crown volume scorched, season of burn, and the number of quadrants with dead cambium at 1.4 m bole height. Mortality increased with increasing scorch height, percent crown scorch, and dead cambium. It decreased with larger diameter. The best predictor of mortality was the number of quadrants with dead cambium. Percentage of crown volume scorched was a better predictor than lethal scorch height. For a given level of damage, mortality following fall season fires was slightly higher than following spring fires. Models may be used in planning prescribed fires and for salvaging fire-damaged Douglas-fir. For. Sci. 34(1):190-199.","PeriodicalId":12749,"journal":{"name":"Forest Science","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140566221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Preventive maintenance through monitoring and early detection is important for trees that are structurally weak due to internal decay. Once internal decay has occurred, recovery of lost strength is irreversible. The decaying tree becomes vulnerable to external impacts, which may lead to breakage or windthrow. The Yoshino cherry (Cerasus×yedoensis (Matsum.) “Somei-yoshino”) accounts for a high proportion of landscape trees in Asia. Testing the reliability of noninvasive sonic tomography (SoT) to estimate internal defects could facilitate structural stability evaluation and proactive preventive management. We performed noninvasive SoT and invasive resistance microdrilling to detect and quantify internal defects in old and large Yoshino cherry trees. Generally, SoT reflected the areas and location of severe structural defects, showing a correlation with the resistance microdrilling results (R² = 0.542, p < .001). However, when cracks were present in disks, the SoT overestimated defects and errors mainly observed in the transition zone (green). Based on these findings, when evaluating the SoT, careful decisions are needed to distinguish between actual defects and broad sonic shadows. Furthermore, additional evidence from drilling resistance is required to differentiate between incipient decay and cracks. The results of this study provide valuable insights for enhancing the interpretation of sonic tomograms. Study Implications: We suggest defect boundaries in sonic tomograms should be redefined to improve the accuracy of interpretation for any new species being studied. Careful drilling resistance measurements should be taken, especially in transition zones (green areas in tomogram) and incipient decay zone (light brown areas). Noninvasive sonic tomograms only reflect acoustic properties of the tested cross-section of a tree and cannot be considered an actual representation of the internal conditions until the readings are calibrated to destructive sampling results.
对于因内部腐烂而结构脆弱的树木来说，通过监测和早期发现进行预防性维护非常重要。一旦发生内部腐烂，失去的强度的恢复是不可逆的。腐烂的树木很容易受到外部冲击，可能导致折断或被风吹倒。吉野樱（Cerasus×yyedoensis (Matsum.) "Somei-yoshino"）在亚洲的景观树中占很大比例。测试无创声波断层扫描（SoT）估测内部缺陷的可靠性有助于结构稳定性评估和积极的预防性管理。我们采用非侵入式声波断层扫描和侵入式电阻微钻孔技术来检测和量化大型吉野樱古树的内部缺陷。一般来说，SoT 反映了严重结构缺陷的区域和位置，与电阻微钻结果显示出相关性（R² = 0.542，p &pamp;lt;.001）。然而，当磁盘上出现裂纹时，SoT 高估了缺陷，误差主要出现在过渡区（绿色）。基于这些发现，在评估 SoT 时，需要谨慎决策，以区分实际缺陷和宽泛的声波阴影。此外，还需要从钻孔阻力中获得更多证据，以区分初期衰变和裂缝。本研究的结果为加强声波层析成像图的解释提供了宝贵的见解。研究意义：我们建议应重新定义声波层析成像图中的缺陷边界，以提高对任何正在研究的新物种进行解释的准确性。应仔细测量钻孔阻力，尤其是在过渡区（层析成像图中的绿色区域）和初生衰变区（浅棕色区域）。非侵入式声波层析成像图只能反映树木测试横截面的声学特性，在将读数与破坏性取样结果进行校准之前，不能将其视为内部状况的实际代表。
{"title":"Reliability of Noninvasive Sonic Tomography for Detection and Quantification of Internal Defects in Yoshino Cherry","authors":"Gwanggyu Lee, Jiwon Son","doi":"10.1093/forsci/fxae011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/forsci/fxae011","url":null,"abstract":"Preventive maintenance through monitoring and early detection is important for trees that are structurally weak due to internal decay. Once internal decay has occurred, recovery of lost strength is irreversible. The decaying tree becomes vulnerable to external impacts, which may lead to breakage or windthrow. The Yoshino cherry (Cerasus×yedoensis (Matsum.) “Somei-yoshino”) accounts for a high proportion of landscape trees in Asia. Testing the reliability of noninvasive sonic tomography (SoT) to estimate internal defects could facilitate structural stability evaluation and proactive preventive management. We performed noninvasive SoT and invasive resistance microdrilling to detect and quantify internal defects in old and large Yoshino cherry trees. Generally, SoT reflected the areas and location of severe structural defects, showing a correlation with the resistance microdrilling results (R² = 0.542, p &lt; .001). However, when cracks were present in disks, the SoT overestimated defects and errors mainly observed in the transition zone (green). Based on these findings, when evaluating the SoT, careful decisions are needed to distinguish between actual defects and broad sonic shadows. Furthermore, additional evidence from drilling resistance is required to differentiate between incipient decay and cracks. The results of this study provide valuable insights for enhancing the interpretation of sonic tomograms. Study Implications: We suggest defect boundaries in sonic tomograms should be redefined to improve the accuracy of interpretation for any new species being studied. Careful drilling resistance measurements should be taken, especially in transition zones (green areas in tomogram) and incipient decay zone (light brown areas). Noninvasive sonic tomograms only reflect acoustic properties of the tested cross-section of a tree and cannot be considered an actual representation of the internal conditions until the readings are calibrated to destructive sampling results.","PeriodicalId":12749,"journal":{"name":"Forest Science","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140316116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We incorporated climate adaptation into a forest management plan for Michigan Technological University’s Ford Forest, a 2,000-ha property in Michigan’s Upper Peninsula used for education, research, and timber revenues. Our process was an opportunity to test the existing climate adaptation literature, pulling from multiple sources to meet the diverse needs of the institution at the time the plan was created. We present outcomes as well as lessons learned summarized in a series of broad takeaway messages. (1) Climate adaptation is a means to an end. The end must be defined and is made up of critical values and an adapted state. (2) Given the instability inherent in climate change, achieving adaptation means adjusting forest attributes in response to change but also preparing for unforeseen outcomes via adaptive management. (3) Decisions surrounding goals affect the entire process. Considering climate change–driven constraints when setting goals will improve outcomes. (4) Flawed decision-making is a risk associated with certain organizational contexts and affects the identification of goals, vulnerabilities, and adaptation options. (5) Climate adaptation actions cannot be evaluated in the short term for efficacy because climate change is ongoing. However, the appropriateness of a plan in responding to anticipated change can be evaluated. Study Implications: This work informs strategic planning for climate change adaptation in forests. We created a climate-informed forest management plan using adaptation frameworks for a university-owned forest in Upper Michigan at the confluence of the northern hardwoods and boreal forest ecotypes. We offer assessment of our plan outcomes and insights into how our decision-making context affected them. This case study expands on the ongoing scientific conversation, incorporating concepts from management science, on how best to adapt natural systems to climate change to protect human values derived from ecosystem services.
{"title":"Incorporating Climate Adaptation into a Forest Management Plan: A Case Study on the Research and Teaching Forest of Michigan Technological University","authors":"Alex C Rice, Robert E Froese","doi":"10.1093/forsci/fxae012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/forsci/fxae012","url":null,"abstract":"We incorporated climate adaptation into a forest management plan for Michigan Technological University’s Ford Forest, a 2,000-ha property in Michigan’s Upper Peninsula used for education, research, and timber revenues. Our process was an opportunity to test the existing climate adaptation literature, pulling from multiple sources to meet the diverse needs of the institution at the time the plan was created. We present outcomes as well as lessons learned summarized in a series of broad takeaway messages. (1) Climate adaptation is a means to an end. The end must be defined and is made up of critical values and an adapted state. (2) Given the instability inherent in climate change, achieving adaptation means adjusting forest attributes in response to change but also preparing for unforeseen outcomes via adaptive management. (3) Decisions surrounding goals affect the entire process. Considering climate change–driven constraints when setting goals will improve outcomes. (4) Flawed decision-making is a risk associated with certain organizational contexts and affects the identification of goals, vulnerabilities, and adaptation options. (5) Climate adaptation actions cannot be evaluated in the short term for efficacy because climate change is ongoing. However, the appropriateness of a plan in responding to anticipated change can be evaluated. Study Implications: This work informs strategic planning for climate change adaptation in forests. We created a climate-informed forest management plan using adaptation frameworks for a university-owned forest in Upper Michigan at the confluence of the northern hardwoods and boreal forest ecotypes. We offer assessment of our plan outcomes and insights into how our decision-making context affected them. This case study expands on the ongoing scientific conversation, incorporating concepts from management science, on how best to adapt natural systems to climate change to protect human values derived from ecosystem services.","PeriodicalId":12749,"journal":{"name":"Forest Science","volume":"141 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140316002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aaron M Sparks, Alexander S Blanco, Lauren E Lad, Alistair M S Smith, Henry D Adams, Wade T Tinkham
Increasing frequency of droughts and wildfire are sparking concerns that these compounded disturbance events are pushing forested ecosystems beyond recovery. An improved understanding of how compounded events affect tree physiology and mortality is needed given the reliance of fire management planning on accurate estimates of postfire tree mortality. In this study, we use a toxicological dose-response approach to quantify the impact of variable-intensity drought and fire on the physiology and mortality of Pinus monticola and Pseudotsuga menziesii saplings. We show that the dose-response relationship between fire intensity and mortality shifts toward increased vulnerability under drought, indicating higher mortality with increasing drought at any fire intensity. The trajectory we observed in postfire chlorophyll fluorescence, an indicator of photosynthetic efficiency and stress, was an effective early warning sign of impending tree death. Postfire mortality modeling shows that accurate mortality classification can be achieved using prefire physiology and morphology metrics combined with fire intensity. Variable importance measures indicate that physiological condition and fire intensity have greater influence on the classification accuracy than morphological metrics. The wide range in drought and fire responses observed between this study and others highlights the need for more research on compound disturbance effects. Study Implications: An improved understanding of how drought and fire affect tree physiology and mortality is needed by natural resource managers looking to predict postfire tree mortality. This study advances our compound disturbance understanding by subjecting conifer saplings to variable drought and fire intensities and quantifying and modeling moderate-term recovery and mortality. The results show reduced physiological recovery and amplified mortality in saplings exposed to greater drought and fire intensity. Overall, this study highlights the importance of physiological condition when modeling tree mortality and could potentially be used to inform current postfire tree mortality models.
{"title":"Prefire Drought Intensity Drives Postfire Recovery and Mortality in Pinus monticola and Pseudotsuga menziesii Saplings","authors":"Aaron M Sparks, Alexander S Blanco, Lauren E Lad, Alistair M S Smith, Henry D Adams, Wade T Tinkham","doi":"10.1093/forsci/fxae013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/forsci/fxae013","url":null,"abstract":"Increasing frequency of droughts and wildfire are sparking concerns that these compounded disturbance events are pushing forested ecosystems beyond recovery. An improved understanding of how compounded events affect tree physiology and mortality is needed given the reliance of fire management planning on accurate estimates of postfire tree mortality. In this study, we use a toxicological dose-response approach to quantify the impact of variable-intensity drought and fire on the physiology and mortality of Pinus monticola and Pseudotsuga menziesii saplings. We show that the dose-response relationship between fire intensity and mortality shifts toward increased vulnerability under drought, indicating higher mortality with increasing drought at any fire intensity. The trajectory we observed in postfire chlorophyll fluorescence, an indicator of photosynthetic efficiency and stress, was an effective early warning sign of impending tree death. Postfire mortality modeling shows that accurate mortality classification can be achieved using prefire physiology and morphology metrics combined with fire intensity. Variable importance measures indicate that physiological condition and fire intensity have greater influence on the classification accuracy than morphological metrics. The wide range in drought and fire responses observed between this study and others highlights the need for more research on compound disturbance effects. Study Implications: An improved understanding of how drought and fire affect tree physiology and mortality is needed by natural resource managers looking to predict postfire tree mortality. This study advances our compound disturbance understanding by subjecting conifer saplings to variable drought and fire intensities and quantifying and modeling moderate-term recovery and mortality. The results show reduced physiological recovery and amplified mortality in saplings exposed to greater drought and fire intensity. Overall, this study highlights the importance of physiological condition when modeling tree mortality and could potentially be used to inform current postfire tree mortality models.","PeriodicalId":12749,"journal":{"name":"Forest Science","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140202760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Natane A Miranda, Aloisio Xavier, Luciana C de Moura, Wagner C Otoni
Micropropagation enables the efficient clonal propagation of plants, bringing advantages to the Eucalyptus plantlet process. Herein, the influence of gas exchange rates and sucrose concentrations on the development of microstumps of a Eucalyptus urophylla S. T. Blake clone for microcutting production was evaluated. The microstumps were cultured under three gas exchange systems using caps with membrane, caps without membrane or a combination of the above, and also supplemented with 0, 7, 15 and 30 g L-1 sucrose. Gas exchange and sucrose supplementation affected the development of microstumps in vitro and the survival of microcuttings ex vitro. Lower sucrose concentrations were necessary under higher gas exchange rate conditions to improve the development and production of microstumps. Higher survival rates of ex vitro microcuttings were also observed under higher gas exchange rate. Sucrose is important in the initial plant development, but it can be reduced after the culture is established, depending on the gas exchange rate used. Thus, our findings show that reducing sucrose and increasing the gas exchange rates are efficient strategies for establishing microstumps of the Eucalyptus urophylla clone maintained under an in vitro condition. Study Implications: Photoautotrophic micropropagation can promote significant growth of Eucalyptus, and in this system, environmental factors need to be adequately controlled. This study has revealed efficient combinations of sucrose concentrations and gas exchange systems that promote greater in vitro production and greater ex vitro survival of microcuttings. Plants grown under higher gas exchange conditions show better acclimatization with higher survival rate during the ex vitro stage and require lower sucrose concentration during in vitro cultivation. This approach is useful in enhancing micropropagation techniques and indicates its potential application for scaling up large culture vessels to aseptic culture rooms for closed microcutting production systems.
微繁殖可以实现植物的高效克隆繁殖，为桉树的小苗生产带来优势。在此，我们评估了气体交换率和蔗糖浓度对用于微切生产的桉树 S. T. Blake 克隆的微桩发育的影响。微桩在三种气体交换系统下进行培养，分别使用带膜盖帽、不带膜盖帽或上述几种盖帽的组合，同时还添加了 0、7、15 和 30 g L-1 的蔗糖。气体交换和蔗糖补充影响了微桩的离体发育和微切口的离体存活。在气体交换率较高的条件下，需要较低的蔗糖浓度来改善微桩的发育和产量。在气体交换率较高的条件下，离体微切片的存活率也较高。蔗糖对植物的初期发育很重要，但在培养基建立后，可以根据所使用的气体交换率降低蔗糖浓度。因此，我们的研究结果表明，减少蔗糖和提高气体交换率是在离体条件下培养桉树克隆微桩的有效策略。研究意义：光自养微繁殖可促进桉树的显著生长，在该系统中，需要适当控制环境因素。这项研究揭示了蔗糖浓度和气体交换系统的有效组合，可促进更高的体外产量和更高的微切片体外存活率。在较高的气体交换条件下生长的植株在离体阶段会表现出更好的适应性和更高的存活率，而在离体培养过程中则需要较低的蔗糖浓度。这种方法有助于提高微繁殖技术，并表明它有可能应用于将大型培养容器扩大到封闭式微切生产系统的无菌培养室。
{"title":"Gas Exchange Rates and Sucrose Concentrations Affect Development in Microstumps of Eucalyptus urophylla Grown In Vitro","authors":"Natane A Miranda, Aloisio Xavier, Luciana C de Moura, Wagner C Otoni","doi":"10.1093/forsci/fxae009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/forsci/fxae009","url":null,"abstract":"Micropropagation enables the efficient clonal propagation of plants, bringing advantages to the Eucalyptus plantlet process. Herein, the influence of gas exchange rates and sucrose concentrations on the development of microstumps of a Eucalyptus urophylla S. T. Blake clone for microcutting production was evaluated. The microstumps were cultured under three gas exchange systems using caps with membrane, caps without membrane or a combination of the above, and also supplemented with 0, 7, 15 and 30 g L-1 sucrose. Gas exchange and sucrose supplementation affected the development of microstumps in vitro and the survival of microcuttings ex vitro. Lower sucrose concentrations were necessary under higher gas exchange rate conditions to improve the development and production of microstumps. Higher survival rates of ex vitro microcuttings were also observed under higher gas exchange rate. Sucrose is important in the initial plant development, but it can be reduced after the culture is established, depending on the gas exchange rate used. Thus, our findings show that reducing sucrose and increasing the gas exchange rates are efficient strategies for establishing microstumps of the Eucalyptus urophylla clone maintained under an in vitro condition. Study Implications: Photoautotrophic micropropagation can promote significant growth of Eucalyptus, and in this system, environmental factors need to be adequately controlled. This study has revealed efficient combinations of sucrose concentrations and gas exchange systems that promote greater in vitro production and greater ex vitro survival of microcuttings. Plants grown under higher gas exchange conditions show better acclimatization with higher survival rate during the ex vitro stage and require lower sucrose concentration during in vitro cultivation. This approach is useful in enhancing micropropagation techniques and indicates its potential application for scaling up large culture vessels to aseptic culture rooms for closed microcutting production systems.","PeriodicalId":12749,"journal":{"name":"Forest Science","volume":"160 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140202866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A newly developed software, AgMate, was used to perform optimized mating for monoecious Pinus taeda L. breeding. Using a computational optimization procedure called differential evolution, AgMate was applied under different breeding population sizes scenarios (50, 100, 150, 200, and 250) and candidate contribution scenarios (maximum use of each candidate was set to 1 or 8), to assess its efficiency in maximizing the genetic gain while controlling inbreeding. A population of 962 Pinus taeda parents with a known pedigree from the North Carolina State University Tree Improvement Program was used to optimize objective functions accounting for the coancestry of parents and expected genetic gain and inbreeding of the future progeny. AgMate results were compared with those from another widely used mating software called MateSel. For the proposed mating list of 200 progenies, AgMate resulted in an 83.7% increase in genetic gain compared with the candidate population. There was evidence that AgMate performed similarly to MateSel in managing coancestry and expected genetic gain, but MateSel was superior in avoiding inbreeding in proposed mate pairs. The developed algorithm was computationally efficient in maximizing the objective functions and flexible for practical application in monoecious diploid conifer breeding. AgMate, with its open-source software, free-to-modify algorithm and front-end ShinyApp, is a necessary addition for the advancement of conifer breeding. Study Implications: A dataset from a breeding population of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) was analyzed using an optimal mating software, AgMate (developed by the authors), to optimize the selection, contribution, and mating of candidates simultaneously. The software helps breeders decide on trees to cross and the crossing frequency, such that the trees are unrelated and would result in the best-performing progenies. AgMate is effective in meeting the breeding objectives for monoecious diploid species. The open-source, easy-to-use, and flexible AgMate software, also accessible via a website, is invaluable in helping breeders create optimal matings for future generations, which balances the pursuit of maximizing genetic gain while maintaining genetic diversity.
{"title":"Optimal Mating of Pinus taeda L. Under Different Scenarios Using Differential Evolution Algorithm","authors":"Khushi Goda, Fikret Isik","doi":"10.1093/forsci/fxad052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/forsci/fxad052","url":null,"abstract":"A newly developed software, AgMate, was used to perform optimized mating for monoecious Pinus taeda L. breeding. Using a computational optimization procedure called differential evolution, AgMate was applied under different breeding population sizes scenarios (50, 100, 150, 200, and 250) and candidate contribution scenarios (maximum use of each candidate was set to 1 or 8), to assess its efficiency in maximizing the genetic gain while controlling inbreeding. A population of 962 Pinus taeda parents with a known pedigree from the North Carolina State University Tree Improvement Program was used to optimize objective functions accounting for the coancestry of parents and expected genetic gain and inbreeding of the future progeny. AgMate results were compared with those from another widely used mating software called MateSel. For the proposed mating list of 200 progenies, AgMate resulted in an 83.7% increase in genetic gain compared with the candidate population. There was evidence that AgMate performed similarly to MateSel in managing coancestry and expected genetic gain, but MateSel was superior in avoiding inbreeding in proposed mate pairs. The developed algorithm was computationally efficient in maximizing the objective functions and flexible for practical application in monoecious diploid conifer breeding. AgMate, with its open-source software, free-to-modify algorithm and front-end ShinyApp, is a necessary addition for the advancement of conifer breeding. Study Implications: A dataset from a breeding population of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) was analyzed using an optimal mating software, AgMate (developed by the authors), to optimize the selection, contribution, and mating of candidates simultaneously. The software helps breeders decide on trees to cross and the crossing frequency, such that the trees are unrelated and would result in the best-performing progenies. AgMate is effective in meeting the breeding objectives for monoecious diploid species. The open-source, easy-to-use, and flexible AgMate software, also accessible via a website, is invaluable in helping breeders create optimal matings for future generations, which balances the pursuit of maximizing genetic gain while maintaining genetic diversity.","PeriodicalId":12749,"journal":{"name":"Forest Science","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140156404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bernard N Isaacson, William E Zipse, Jason C Grabosky
Pitch pine (Pinus rigida Mill.) can be found across a broad range in eastern North America but assumes local dominance only on poor soils in the northeastern United States. Contemporary management goals in the Northeast for areas dominated by pitch pine are focused on noncommercial benefits of forests, such as carbon density, reduced wildfire risk, habitat for rare species, and water provisioning. We present a density management diagram that empirically articulates the size-density limits of even-aged pitch pine stands. Included in the diagram are wildfire risk and carbon density, which are inversely related for most stand sizes. Maximum possible aboveground live tree carbon begins to decline at a quadratic mean diameter greater than 9 in., while crown fire risk remains high along the size-density limit until a quadratic mean diameter above 12 in. is achieved. Study Implications: Modern silvicultural tools that illustrate forest stand conditions have not been developed for pitch pine, but this species occurs in a region with much public attention on forests. We develop and present a density management diagram to show the interplay of different social goals for the forest and how they relate to the maximum size-density relationship. Pitch pine stands with high levels of aboveground live carbon are at high risk of crown fire, particularly in the smaller size classes.
{"title":"A Density Management Diagram for Pitch Pine to Illustrate Tradeoffs between Carbon and Wildfire Risk","authors":"Bernard N Isaacson, William E Zipse, Jason C Grabosky","doi":"10.1093/forsci/fxad051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/forsci/fxad051","url":null,"abstract":"Pitch pine (Pinus rigida Mill.) can be found across a broad range in eastern North America but assumes local dominance only on poor soils in the northeastern United States. Contemporary management goals in the Northeast for areas dominated by pitch pine are focused on noncommercial benefits of forests, such as carbon density, reduced wildfire risk, habitat for rare species, and water provisioning. We present a density management diagram that empirically articulates the size-density limits of even-aged pitch pine stands. Included in the diagram are wildfire risk and carbon density, which are inversely related for most stand sizes. Maximum possible aboveground live tree carbon begins to decline at a quadratic mean diameter greater than 9 in., while crown fire risk remains high along the size-density limit until a quadratic mean diameter above 12 in. is achieved. Study Implications: Modern silvicultural tools that illustrate forest stand conditions have not been developed for pitch pine, but this species occurs in a region with much public attention on forests. We develop and present a density management diagram to show the interplay of different social goals for the forest and how they relate to the maximum size-density relationship. Pitch pine stands with high levels of aboveground live carbon are at high risk of crown fire, particularly in the smaller size classes.","PeriodicalId":12749,"journal":{"name":"Forest Science","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139951854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Claudia Eugenio da Silva, Cristiano Souza do Nascimento, Jorge Alves de Freitas, Roberto Daniel de Araújo, Claudete Catanhede do Nascimento, Niro Higuchi
The infrared spectrum carries the so-called fingerprint of a plant, a characteristic that can help the identification of wood from an integrative perspective. Fourier-transform near-infrared spectroscopy (FT-NIRS) was evaluated for its potential use in the taxonomic identification of natural fallen trees from the Amazon rainforest (Myristicaceae). Trees found on the forest floor (Amazonas, Brazil) were surveyed, and eight individuals were selected for the study. The material was removed from the trunk for anatomical identification based on xylem structure and obtaining NIR spectra (10,000 to 4,000 cm-1). A total of 1,080 spectra were collected and used in the multivariate analysis. Absorption bands in the NIR region and chemometrics (calibration models) were used to interpret the spectra, which indicated similarity trends at the genus and species levels. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was able to differentiate Iryanthera ulei and Virola (five species), which were misclassified in the field as a single species (Virola sp.). The accuracy of the results obtained by chemometric models (LDA 7 and 14) indicates the robustness of NIR spectroscopy, which can be used as a new tool in the integrative taxonomy of plant material from tropical forests that are difficult to identify and can analyzing many tests quickly and securely. Study Implications: The taxonomic identification of natural fallen trees found on the floor of tropical forests is quite complex given the lack of flowers, fruits, and leaves in field collection. Fourier-transform near-infrared spectroscopy demonstrated its capability to distinguish between wood samples from fallen trees belonging to the Myristicaceae family. The chemometric model successfully discriminated the samples, which had been erroneously lumped together in the field under the single species designation of Virola sp. This technique has been previously overlooked for providing differentiation. Our study highlights its efficacy to address misclassifications and allow taxonomic identification.
{"title":"Application of Infrared Spectroscopy in the Identification of Fallen Trees from the Amazon Rainforest (Myristicaceae)","authors":"Claudia Eugenio da Silva, Cristiano Souza do Nascimento, Jorge Alves de Freitas, Roberto Daniel de Araújo, Claudete Catanhede do Nascimento, Niro Higuchi","doi":"10.1093/forsci/fxae001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/forsci/fxae001","url":null,"abstract":"The infrared spectrum carries the so-called fingerprint of a plant, a characteristic that can help the identification of wood from an integrative perspective. Fourier-transform near-infrared spectroscopy (FT-NIRS) was evaluated for its potential use in the taxonomic identification of natural fallen trees from the Amazon rainforest (Myristicaceae). Trees found on the forest floor (Amazonas, Brazil) were surveyed, and eight individuals were selected for the study. The material was removed from the trunk for anatomical identification based on xylem structure and obtaining NIR spectra (10,000 to 4,000 cm-1). A total of 1,080 spectra were collected and used in the multivariate analysis. Absorption bands in the NIR region and chemometrics (calibration models) were used to interpret the spectra, which indicated similarity trends at the genus and species levels. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was able to differentiate Iryanthera ulei and Virola (five species), which were misclassified in the field as a single species (Virola sp.). The accuracy of the results obtained by chemometric models (LDA 7 and 14) indicates the robustness of NIR spectroscopy, which can be used as a new tool in the integrative taxonomy of plant material from tropical forests that are difficult to identify and can analyzing many tests quickly and securely. Study Implications: The taxonomic identification of natural fallen trees found on the floor of tropical forests is quite complex given the lack of flowers, fruits, and leaves in field collection. Fourier-transform near-infrared spectroscopy demonstrated its capability to distinguish between wood samples from fallen trees belonging to the Myristicaceae family. The chemometric model successfully discriminated the samples, which had been erroneously lumped together in the field under the single species designation of Virola sp. This technique has been previously overlooked for providing differentiation. Our study highlights its efficacy to address misclassifications and allow taxonomic identification.","PeriodicalId":12749,"journal":{"name":"Forest Science","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139903848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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