A. Duchowski, Nathan Cournia, Brian Cumming, Daniel McCallum, A. Gramopadhye, J. Greenstein, Sajay Sadasivan, R. Tyrrell
This paper evaluates the use of Visual Deictic Reference (VDR) in Collaborative Virtual Environments (CVEs). A simple CVE capable of hosting two (or more) participants simultaneously immersed in the same virtual environment is used as the testbed. One participant's VDR, obtained by tracking the participant's gaze, is projected to co-participants' environments in real-time as a colored lightspot. We compare the VDR lightspot when it is eye-slaved to when it is head-slaved and show that an eye-slaved VDR helps disambiguate the deictic point of reference, especially during conditions when the user's line of sight is decoupled from their head direction.
{"title":"Visual deictic reference in a collaborative virtual environment","authors":"A. Duchowski, Nathan Cournia, Brian Cumming, Daniel McCallum, A. Gramopadhye, J. Greenstein, Sajay Sadasivan, R. Tyrrell","doi":"10.1145/968363.968369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/968363.968369","url":null,"abstract":"This paper evaluates the use of Visual Deictic Reference (VDR) in Collaborative Virtual Environments (CVEs). A simple CVE capable of hosting two (or more) participants simultaneously immersed in the same virtual environment is used as the testbed. One participant's VDR, obtained by tracking the participant's gaze, is projected to co-participants' environments in real-time as a colored lightspot. We compare the VDR lightspot when it is eye-slaved to when it is head-slaved and show that an eye-slaved VDR helps disambiguate the deictic point of reference, especially during conditions when the user's line of sight is decoupled from their head direction.","PeriodicalId":127538,"journal":{"name":"Eye Tracking Research & Application","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127252926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the study of eye movements in natural tasks, where subjects are able to freely move in their environment, it is desirable to capture a video of the surroundings of the subject not limited to a small field of view as obtained by the scene camera of an eye tracker. Moreover, recovering the head movements could give additional information about the type of eye movement that was carried out, the overall gaze change in world coordinates, and insight into high-order perceptual strategies. Algorithms for the classification of eye movements in such natural tasks could also benefit form the additional head movement data.We propose to use an omnidirectional vision sensor consisting of a small CCD video camera and a hyperbolic mirror. The camera is mounted on an ASL eye tracker and records an image sequence at 60 Hz. Several algorithms for the extraction of rotational motion from this image sequence were implemented and compared in their performance against the measurements of a Fasttrack magnetic tracking system. Using data from the eye tracker together with the data obtained by the omnidirectional image sensor, a new algorithm for the classification of different types of eye movements based on a Hidden-Markov-Model was developed.
{"title":"Head movement estimation for wearable eye tracker","authors":"C. Rothkopf, J. Pelz","doi":"10.1145/968363.968388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/968363.968388","url":null,"abstract":"In the study of eye movements in natural tasks, where subjects are able to freely move in their environment, it is desirable to capture a video of the surroundings of the subject not limited to a small field of view as obtained by the scene camera of an eye tracker. Moreover, recovering the head movements could give additional information about the type of eye movement that was carried out, the overall gaze change in world coordinates, and insight into high-order perceptual strategies. Algorithms for the classification of eye movements in such natural tasks could also benefit form the additional head movement data.We propose to use an omnidirectional vision sensor consisting of a small CCD video camera and a hyperbolic mirror. The camera is mounted on an ASL eye tracker and records an image sequence at 60 Hz. Several algorithms for the extraction of rotational motion from this image sequence were implemented and compared in their performance against the measurements of a Fasttrack magnetic tracking system. Using data from the eye tracker together with the data obtained by the omnidirectional image sensor, a new algorithm for the classification of different types of eye movements based on a Hidden-Markov-Model was developed.","PeriodicalId":127538,"journal":{"name":"Eye Tracking Research & Application","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133754634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jeffrey S. Shell, Roel Vertegaal, D. Cheng, Alexander W. Skaburskis, Changuk Sohn, A. James Stewart, Omar Aoudeh, C. Dickie
We present ECSGlasses: wearable eye contact sensing glasses that detect human eye contact. ECSGlasses report eye contact to digital devices, appliances and EyePliances in the user's attention space. Devices use this attentional cue to engage in a more sociable process of turn taking with users. This has the potential to reduce inappropriate intrusions, and limit their disruptiveness. We describe new prototype systems, including the Attentive Messaging Service (AMS), the Attentive Hit Counter, the first person attentive camcorder eyeBlog, and an updated Attentive Cell Phone. We also discuss the potential of these devices to open new windows of interaction using attention as a communication modality. Further, we present a novel signal-encoding scheme to uniquely identify EyePliances and users wearing ECSGlasses in multiparty scenarios.
{"title":"ECSGlasses and EyePliances: using attention to open sociable windows of interaction","authors":"Jeffrey S. Shell, Roel Vertegaal, D. Cheng, Alexander W. Skaburskis, Changuk Sohn, A. James Stewart, Omar Aoudeh, C. Dickie","doi":"10.1145/968363.968384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/968363.968384","url":null,"abstract":"We present ECSGlasses: wearable eye contact sensing glasses that detect human eye contact. ECSGlasses report eye contact to digital devices, appliances and EyePliances in the user's attention space. Devices use this attentional cue to engage in a more sociable process of turn taking with users. This has the potential to reduce inappropriate intrusions, and limit their disruptiveness. We describe new prototype systems, including the Attentive Messaging Service (AMS), the Attentive Hit Counter, the first person attentive camcorder eyeBlog, and an updated Attentive Cell Phone. We also discuss the potential of these devices to open new windows of interaction using attention as a communication modality. Further, we present a novel signal-encoding scheme to uniquely identify EyePliances and users wearing ECSGlasses in multiparty scenarios.","PeriodicalId":127538,"journal":{"name":"Eye Tracking Research & Application","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133217796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eye position, captured via an eye tracker, can uncover the focus of visual attention by classifying eye movements into fixations, pursuit or saccades [Duchowski 2003], with the former two indicating foci of visual attention. Such classification requires all other variability in eye tracking data, from sensor error to other eye movements (such as microsaccades, nystagmus and drifts) to accounted for effectively. The hidden Markov model provides a useful way of uncovering focus of visual attention from eye position when the user undertakes visually oriented tasks, allowing variability in eye tracking data to be modelled as a random variable.
{"title":"Poster abstract: evaluation of hidden Markov models robustness in uncovering focus of visual attention from noisy eye-tracker data","authors":"Neil Cooke, M. Russell, A. Meyer","doi":"10.1145/968363.968373","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/968363.968373","url":null,"abstract":"Eye position, captured via an eye tracker, can uncover the focus of visual attention by classifying eye movements into fixations, pursuit or saccades [Duchowski 2003], with the former two indicating foci of visual attention. Such classification requires all other variability in eye tracking data, from sensor error to other eye movements (such as microsaccades, nystagmus and drifts) to accounted for effectively. The hidden Markov model provides a useful way of uncovering focus of visual attention from eye position when the user undertakes visually oriented tasks, allowing variability in eye tracking data to be modelled as a random variable.","PeriodicalId":127538,"journal":{"name":"Eye Tracking Research & Application","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115375437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
What if eye trackers could be downloaded and used immediately with standard cameras connected to a computer, without the need for an expert to setup the system? This has already the case for head trackers, so why not for eye trackers?Using components off-the-shelf (COTS) for camera-based eye tracking tasks has many advantages, but it certainly introduces several new problems as less assumptions on the system can be made. As a consequence of using COTS the price for eye tracking devices can be reduced while increasing the accessibility of these systems. Eye tracking based on COTS holds potential for a large number of possible applications such as in the games industry and eye typing [Majaranta and Räihä 2002]. Different cameras may be purchased depending on the need and the amount of money the user is willing to spend on the camera. In this framework it is not possible to use IR light sources and other novel engineered devices as they cannot be bought in a common hardware store. Very little control over the cameras and the geometry of the setup can be expected. The methods employed for eye tracking should therefore be able to handle changes in light conditions and image defocusing and scale changes [Hansen and Pece 2003]. On the same token pan-and-tilt cameras cannot be used, thus forcing such systems to be passive. Figure 1 shows a possible setup of a COTS-based eye tracker. When designing systems for the general public, it is unrealistic to assume that people are able to do camera calibration and make accurate setups of camera, monitor and user. Since little is known about the setup, would this then require a vast amount of calibration points needed for gaze estimation? That is, how many calibration points are really needed? Obviously the more calibration points are used the better the chances are to be able to infer the mapping from the image to gaze direction. It would even be possible to sample the entire function space provided sufficiently many calibration points are given. From the point of view of the users, a low number of calibration points is preferred as calibration may be considered as a tedious procedure. Systems that require many calibration points for every session are therefore not likely to succeed. It is also important to know the accuracy in gaze determination when using COTS to determine their applicability for various tasks.
如果眼动仪可以下载并立即与连接到电脑上的标准摄像头一起使用，而不需要专家来设置系统，那会怎么样?这已经适用于头部追踪器，那么为什么不适用眼动追踪器呢?在基于摄像头的眼动追踪任务中使用现成组件(COTS)有很多优点，但由于对系统的假设较少，它肯定会引入一些新问题。由于使用COTS，眼动追踪设备的价格可以降低，同时增加了这些系统的可访问性。基于COTS的眼动追踪具有大量潜在应用的潜力，例如在游戏行业和眼睛输入[Majaranta and Räihä 2002]。根据需要和用户愿意在相机上花费的金额，可以购买不同的相机。在这个框架中，不可能使用红外光源和其他新颖的工程设备，因为它们不能在普通的五金店买到。对相机和几何设置的控制很少，可以预期。因此，眼动追踪所采用的方法应该能够处理光线条件的变化、图像散焦和比例变化[Hansen and Pece 2003]。出于同样的原因，平移和倾斜相机不能使用，从而迫使这种系统是被动的。图1显示了基于cots的眼动仪的可能设置。在为大众设计系统时，假设人们能够进行摄像机校准并准确设置摄像机，监视器和用户是不现实的。由于对设置知之甚少，这是否需要大量的凝视估计所需的校准点?也就是说，到底需要多少个校准点?显然，使用的校准点越多，就越有可能推断出从图像到凝视方向的映射。如果给出足够多的校准点，甚至可以对整个函数空间进行采样。从用户的角度来看，较少的校准点是最好的，因为校准可能被认为是一个繁琐的过程。因此，每次会话都需要许多校准点的系统不太可能成功。在使用COTS确定其对各种任务的适用性时，了解注视确定的准确性也很重要。
{"title":"Eye tracking off the shelf","authors":"D. Hansen, D. MacKay, J. P. Hansen, M. Nielsen","doi":"10.1145/968363.968375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/968363.968375","url":null,"abstract":"What if eye trackers could be downloaded and used immediately with standard cameras connected to a computer, without the need for an expert to setup the system? This has already the case for head trackers, so why not for eye trackers?Using components off-the-shelf (COTS) for camera-based eye tracking tasks has many advantages, but it certainly introduces several new problems as less assumptions on the system can be made. As a consequence of using COTS the price for eye tracking devices can be reduced while increasing the accessibility of these systems. Eye tracking based on COTS holds potential for a large number of possible applications such as in the games industry and eye typing [Majaranta and Räihä 2002]. Different cameras may be purchased depending on the need and the amount of money the user is willing to spend on the camera. In this framework it is not possible to use IR light sources and other novel engineered devices as they cannot be bought in a common hardware store. Very little control over the cameras and the geometry of the setup can be expected. The methods employed for eye tracking should therefore be able to handle changes in light conditions and image defocusing and scale changes [Hansen and Pece 2003]. On the same token pan-and-tilt cameras cannot be used, thus forcing such systems to be passive. Figure 1 shows a possible setup of a COTS-based eye tracker. When designing systems for the general public, it is unrealistic to assume that people are able to do camera calibration and make accurate setups of camera, monitor and user. Since little is known about the setup, would this then require a vast amount of calibration points needed for gaze estimation? That is, how many calibration points are really needed? Obviously the more calibration points are used the better the chances are to be able to infer the mapping from the image to gaze direction. It would even be possible to sample the entire function space provided sufficiently many calibration points are given. From the point of view of the users, a low number of calibration points is preferred as calibration may be considered as a tedious procedure. Systems that require many calibration points for every session are therefore not likely to succeed. It is also important to know the accuracy in gaze determination when using COTS to determine their applicability for various tasks.","PeriodicalId":127538,"journal":{"name":"Eye Tracking Research & Application","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124835873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Models of human performance typically focus on the mental components of task processing from discrete task trials. This approach neglects the advance planning of actions and overlapping of tasks characteristic of natural settings. The present research measures the joint timing of eye movements and manual responses in a typing-like task with the goal of extending models of discrete task performance to continuous domains. Following Pashler [1994] participants made separate choice responses to a series of five letters spread over a wide viewing area. Replicating Pashler's results, significant preview effects were found in both response time and eye movement data. Response to the first stimulus was delayed, with inter-response intervals for subsequent items rapid and flat across items. The eyes moved toward the next letter about 800 ms before the corresponding manual response (eye-hand span). Fixation dwell time was affected by stimulus luminance as well as difficulty of response mapping. The results suggest that fixation duration entails more than perceptual analyses. Implications of the results are discussed.
{"title":"Coordination of component mental operations in a multiple-response task","authors":"Shu-Chieh Wu, R. Remington","doi":"10.1145/968363.968380","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/968363.968380","url":null,"abstract":"Models of human performance typically focus on the mental components of task processing from discrete task trials. This approach neglects the advance planning of actions and overlapping of tasks characteristic of natural settings. The present research measures the joint timing of eye movements and manual responses in a typing-like task with the goal of extending models of discrete task performance to continuous domains. Following Pashler [1994] participants made separate choice responses to a series of five letters spread over a wide viewing area. Replicating Pashler's results, significant preview effects were found in both response time and eye movement data. Response to the first stimulus was delayed, with inter-response intervals for subsequent items rapid and flat across items. The eyes moved toward the next letter about 800 ms before the corresponding manual response (eye-hand span). Fixation dwell time was affected by stimulus luminance as well as difficulty of response mapping. The results suggest that fixation duration entails more than perceptual analyses. Implications of the results are discussed.","PeriodicalId":127538,"journal":{"name":"Eye Tracking Research & Application","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126529245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bing Pan, H. Hembrooke, Geri Gay, Laura A. Granka, Matthew K. Feusner, Jill K. Newman
The World Wide Web has become a ubiquitous information source and communication channel. With such an extensive user population, it is imperative to understand how web users view different web pages. Based on an eye tracking study of 30 subjects on 22 web pages from 11 popular web sites, this research intends to explore the determinants of ocular behavior on a single web page: whether it is determined by individual differences of the subjects, different types of web sites, the order of web pages being viewed, or the task at hand. The results indicate that gender of subjects, the viewing order of a web page, and the interaction between page order and site type influences online ocular behavior. Task instruction did not significantly affect web viewing behavior. Scanpath analysis revealed that the complexity of web page design influences the degree of scanpath variation among different subjects on the same web page. The contributions and limitations of this research, and future research directions are discussed.
{"title":"The determinants of web page viewing behavior: an eye-tracking study","authors":"Bing Pan, H. Hembrooke, Geri Gay, Laura A. Granka, Matthew K. Feusner, Jill K. Newman","doi":"10.1145/968363.968391","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/968363.968391","url":null,"abstract":"The World Wide Web has become a ubiquitous information source and communication channel. With such an extensive user population, it is imperative to understand how web users view different web pages. Based on an eye tracking study of 30 subjects on 22 web pages from 11 popular web sites, this research intends to explore the determinants of ocular behavior on a single web page: whether it is determined by individual differences of the subjects, different types of web sites, the order of web pages being viewed, or the task at hand. The results indicate that gender of subjects, the viewing order of a web page, and the interaction between page order and site type influences online ocular behavior. Task instruction did not significantly affect web viewing behavior. Scanpath analysis revealed that the complexity of web page design influences the degree of scanpath variation among different subjects on the same web page. The contributions and limitations of this research, and future research directions are discussed.","PeriodicalId":127538,"journal":{"name":"Eye Tracking Research & Application","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124572422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Ramloll, C. Trepagnier, M. Sebrechts, A. Finkelmeyer
This paper documents the engineering of a gaze contingent therapeutic environment for the exploration and validation of a proposed rehabilitative technique addressing attention deficits in 24 to 54 months old autistic subjects. It discusses the current state of progress and lessons learnt so far while highlighting the outstanding engineering challenges of this project. We focus on calibration issues for this target group of users, explain the architecture of the system and present our general workflow for the construction of the gaze contingent environment. While this work is being undertaken for therapeutic purposes, it is likely to be relevant to the construction of gaze contingent displays for entertainment.
{"title":"A gaze contingent environment for fostering social attention in autistic children","authors":"R. Ramloll, C. Trepagnier, M. Sebrechts, A. Finkelmeyer","doi":"10.1145/968363.968367","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/968363.968367","url":null,"abstract":"This paper documents the engineering of a gaze contingent therapeutic environment for the exploration and validation of a proposed rehabilitative technique addressing attention deficits in 24 to 54 months old autistic subjects. It discusses the current state of progress and lessons learnt so far while highlighting the outstanding engineering challenges of this project. We focus on calibration issues for this target group of users, explain the architecture of the system and present our general workflow for the construction of the gaze contingent environment. While this work is being undertaken for therapeutic purposes, it is likely to be relevant to the construction of gaze contingent displays for entertainment.","PeriodicalId":127538,"journal":{"name":"Eye Tracking Research & Application","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115306599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The evolution of cockpit automation is associated with an increased criticality of human error because missing, ignoring, or incorrectly processing even the smallest bit of relevant information can lead to an aircraft incident or accident occurrence. The most important factors associated with such occurrences are focus of attention and pilot error. Research performed at the National Aerospace Laboratory (NLR) has shown that changes in focus of attention can be measured via an eye tracking system (ASL 4000SU). The aim of this paper is to discuss how eye movements are used to indicate focus of attention, and how such information can be used to design new cockpit displays with decreased chances of pilot error.
{"title":"Focus of attention and pilot error","authors":"E. Hanson","doi":"10.1145/968363.968377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/968363.968377","url":null,"abstract":"The evolution of cockpit automation is associated with an increased criticality of human error because missing, ignoring, or incorrectly processing even the smallest bit of relevant information can lead to an aircraft incident or accident occurrence. The most important factors associated with such occurrences are focus of attention and pilot error. Research performed at the National Aerospace Laboratory (NLR) has shown that changes in focus of attention can be measured via an eye tracking system (ASL 4000SU). The aim of this paper is to discuss how eye movements are used to indicate focus of attention, and how such information can be used to design new cockpit displays with decreased chances of pilot error.","PeriodicalId":127538,"journal":{"name":"Eye Tracking Research & Application","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128295669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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