Pub Date : 2014-05-19DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2014.6875725
G. Harding, R. Penno
With the goal of developing a dynamic, time-domain, simulation tool, different techniques for predicting the complex scattered electromagnetic fields are examined. Emphasis is placed upon evaluating the ability of certain RCS prediction methods to produce a high fidelity model of the static phase relationships of scattering mechanisms of a complex scattering body. Future exploration will focus on the phase effects of dynamic movement of these mechanisms within a radar measurement.
{"title":"Simulation of the electromagnetic scattering from complex scattering targets","authors":"G. Harding, R. Penno","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2014.6875725","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2014.6875725","url":null,"abstract":"With the goal of developing a dynamic, time-domain, simulation tool, different techniques for predicting the complex scattered electromagnetic fields are examined. Emphasis is placed upon evaluating the ability of certain RCS prediction methods to produce a high fidelity model of the static phase relationships of scattering mechanisms of a complex scattering body. Future exploration will focus on the phase effects of dynamic movement of these mechanisms within a radar measurement.","PeriodicalId":127690,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Radar Conference","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117327473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-05-19DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2014.6875760
O. Coskun, Ç. Candan
We present an optimal sidelobe blanker (SLB) detector for Swerling-1 and Swerling-0 targets and compare the performances of the suggested detector with the classical Maisel SLB structure. The optimal SLB detector depends on the signal to noise ratio (SNR) and jammer to noise ratio (JNR) values and may not be practical for implementation in many applications. The goal of this work is to compare the Maisel structure with the optimal detector which utilizes additional information on target and jammer and assesses the performance gap between two systems. Numerical results show that the performance of Maisel SLB structure is close to the optimal detector under very practical conditions.
{"title":"On the optimality of Maisel sidelobe blanking structure","authors":"O. Coskun, Ç. Candan","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2014.6875760","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2014.6875760","url":null,"abstract":"We present an optimal sidelobe blanker (SLB) detector for Swerling-1 and Swerling-0 targets and compare the performances of the suggested detector with the classical Maisel SLB structure. The optimal SLB detector depends on the signal to noise ratio (SNR) and jammer to noise ratio (JNR) values and may not be practical for implementation in many applications. The goal of this work is to compare the Maisel structure with the optimal detector which utilizes additional information on target and jammer and assesses the performance gap between two systems. Numerical results show that the performance of Maisel SLB structure is close to the optimal detector under very practical conditions.","PeriodicalId":127690,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Radar Conference","volume":"592 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116317353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-05-19DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2014.6875628
V. Kilaru, M. Amin, F. Ahmad, P. Sévigny, D. DiFilippo
In this paper, we propose a Gaussian mixture model (GMM) based approach to discriminate stationary humans from their ghosts and clutter in indoor radar images. More specifically, we use a mixture of Gaussian distributions to model the image intensity histograms corresponding to target and ghost/clutter regions. The mixture parameters, namely, the means, standard deviations, and weights of the component distributions, are used as features and a K-Nearest Neighbor classifier is employed. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated using real-data measurements of multiple humans standing or sitting at different locations in a small room. Experimental results show that the nature of the targets and ghosts/clutter in the image allows successful application of the GMM feature based classifier to distinguish between target and ghost/clutter regions.
{"title":"Gaussian mixture model based features for stationary human identification in urban radar imagery","authors":"V. Kilaru, M. Amin, F. Ahmad, P. Sévigny, D. DiFilippo","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2014.6875628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2014.6875628","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we propose a Gaussian mixture model (GMM) based approach to discriminate stationary humans from their ghosts and clutter in indoor radar images. More specifically, we use a mixture of Gaussian distributions to model the image intensity histograms corresponding to target and ghost/clutter regions. The mixture parameters, namely, the means, standard deviations, and weights of the component distributions, are used as features and a K-Nearest Neighbor classifier is employed. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated using real-data measurements of multiple humans standing or sitting at different locations in a small room. Experimental results show that the nature of the targets and ghosts/clutter in the image allows successful application of the GMM feature based classifier to distinguish between target and ghost/clutter regions.","PeriodicalId":127690,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Radar Conference","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122098394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-05-19DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2014.6875629
L. Vertatschitsch, Weiwei Sun, J. Sahr
Passive radar receivers use transmitters of opportunity such as digital television (DTV) broadcast to detect targets. The next generation Manastash Ridge Radar (MRR) is designed without the use of an analog downconverter to observe transmitters up to 1.5 GHz. In addition to fast sampling, the receiver is built around a Xilinx Virtex-5 field programmable gate array (FPGA) for software-defined, flexible, and real-time, low latency processing. The FPGA channelizes data from up to four antennas and streams 8-bit IQ data through a 10 GbE link to a data recorder. Challenging the capacity of this link is extremely desirable, as it will allow the user to save a wide RF spectrum to disk for experimental processing. In the fastest use of this link, we observe up to 10 frequency-adjacent DTV stations simultaneously, however packet loss occurs. We present here characterization of this loss in real data, simulations of how this loss propagates through the processing chain and affects the final data product, suggestions for correcting this loss, and apply these strategies to real detections of aircraft on each of four antennas. The results of the simulations suggest that the radar system can absorb even 50% data loss while losing only 3 dB in detectability of targets and completely recover accurate range and Doppler velocity estimates. The detection of an aircraft with our system in the presence of 12% data loss follows the trends observed in simulation. This encouraging result shows that systems with high processing gain are incredibly robust to noise and the sacrifice of lost data in the face of observing more RF spectrum (more transmitters) is truly not a sacrifice at all.
{"title":"Characterization and correction of data loss in a high bandwidth passive radar system","authors":"L. Vertatschitsch, Weiwei Sun, J. Sahr","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2014.6875629","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2014.6875629","url":null,"abstract":"Passive radar receivers use transmitters of opportunity such as digital television (DTV) broadcast to detect targets. The next generation Manastash Ridge Radar (MRR) is designed without the use of an analog downconverter to observe transmitters up to 1.5 GHz. In addition to fast sampling, the receiver is built around a Xilinx Virtex-5 field programmable gate array (FPGA) for software-defined, flexible, and real-time, low latency processing. The FPGA channelizes data from up to four antennas and streams 8-bit IQ data through a 10 GbE link to a data recorder. Challenging the capacity of this link is extremely desirable, as it will allow the user to save a wide RF spectrum to disk for experimental processing. In the fastest use of this link, we observe up to 10 frequency-adjacent DTV stations simultaneously, however packet loss occurs. We present here characterization of this loss in real data, simulations of how this loss propagates through the processing chain and affects the final data product, suggestions for correcting this loss, and apply these strategies to real detections of aircraft on each of four antennas. The results of the simulations suggest that the radar system can absorb even 50% data loss while losing only 3 dB in detectability of targets and completely recover accurate range and Doppler velocity estimates. The detection of an aircraft with our system in the presence of 12% data loss follows the trends observed in simulation. This encouraging result shows that systems with high processing gain are incredibly robust to noise and the sacrifice of lost data in the face of observing more RF spectrum (more transmitters) is truly not a sacrifice at all.","PeriodicalId":127690,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Radar Conference","volume":"83 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122184542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-05-19DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2014.6875714
Y. Liu, Guan Yong Liang, D. Garmatyuk, Y. Morton
This paper discusses the implementation of open doorway detection in an indoor environment by utilizing the low cost narrow band radar system, i.e. USRP (Universal Software Radio Peripheral) based test bed. OFDM waveform is considered due to its flexibility of subcarrier occupation and ability of reusing the same waveforms as communication signals. We propose power comparison detection method and ranging detection method with the comparison between these two methods. The results show that our proposed method can work well under indoor fading environment. This scenario allows for the development of an autonomous detection robotics in an indoor unknown environment.
{"title":"USRP based OFDM radar systems for doorway detection","authors":"Y. Liu, Guan Yong Liang, D. Garmatyuk, Y. Morton","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2014.6875714","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2014.6875714","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses the implementation of open doorway detection in an indoor environment by utilizing the low cost narrow band radar system, i.e. USRP (Universal Software Radio Peripheral) based test bed. OFDM waveform is considered due to its flexibility of subcarrier occupation and ability of reusing the same waveforms as communication signals. We propose power comparison detection method and ranging detection method with the comparison between these two methods. The results show that our proposed method can work well under indoor fading environment. This scenario allows for the development of an autonomous detection robotics in an indoor unknown environment.","PeriodicalId":127690,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Radar Conference","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128310662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-05-19DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2014.6875685
Cheng Luo, Zishu He, Jun Li, Wei Zhang, W. Xia
Space-time adaptive processing (STAP) is an effective method for the clutter cancellation, but the computational complexity of the full degrees of freedom (DOF) is too large to achieve in practice. A modified dimension-reduced STAP method is proposed. By selecting auxiliary channels near the clutter ridge, this modified method is a suboptimum approach and it needs much less computational complexity than the optimum one. The simulation result shows that the SCNR output of this method is better than that of other typical dimension-reduced methods. As a result, this method is an appropriate and valid approach for the clutter cancellation in practice.
{"title":"A modified dimension-reduced space-time adaptive processing method","authors":"Cheng Luo, Zishu He, Jun Li, Wei Zhang, W. Xia","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2014.6875685","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2014.6875685","url":null,"abstract":"Space-time adaptive processing (STAP) is an effective method for the clutter cancellation, but the computational complexity of the full degrees of freedom (DOF) is too large to achieve in practice. A modified dimension-reduced STAP method is proposed. By selecting auxiliary channels near the clutter ridge, this modified method is a suboptimum approach and it needs much less computational complexity than the optimum one. The simulation result shows that the SCNR output of this method is better than that of other typical dimension-reduced methods. As a result, this method is an appropriate and valid approach for the clutter cancellation in practice.","PeriodicalId":127690,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Radar Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129946225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-05-19DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2014.6875799
Kyle O’Keefe, Yuhang Jiang, M. Petovello
A method for tightly-coupling carrier-phase differential GPS with ultra-wideband (UWB) ranging for vehicle-to-infrastructure relative navigation is proposed. Relative position, velocity, clock errors, GPS phase ambiguities and UWB systematic errors are estimated using an extended Kalman filter. The method is tested with real data and evaluated in terms of position accuracy, GPS float ambiguity convergence, time to fix ambiguities, and correctness of the ambiguity solution. Performance with geodetic and consumer grade GPS receivers is compared. The effect of UWB operational range and the number of available UWB ranging sources is also evaluated.
{"title":"An Investigation of tightly-coupled UWB/low-cost GPS for vehicle-to-infrastructure relative positioning","authors":"Kyle O’Keefe, Yuhang Jiang, M. Petovello","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2014.6875799","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2014.6875799","url":null,"abstract":"A method for tightly-coupling carrier-phase differential GPS with ultra-wideband (UWB) ranging for vehicle-to-infrastructure relative navigation is proposed. Relative position, velocity, clock errors, GPS phase ambiguities and UWB systematic errors are estimated using an extended Kalman filter. The method is tested with real data and evaluated in terms of position accuracy, GPS float ambiguity convergence, time to fix ambiguities, and correctness of the ambiguity solution. Performance with geodetic and consumer grade GPS receivers is compared. The effect of UWB operational range and the number of available UWB ranging sources is also evaluated.","PeriodicalId":127690,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Radar Conference","volume":"104 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130641710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-05-19DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2014.6875713
Thang M. Tran, A. Terzuoli, G. Scalzi, L. Monte
Radio frequency (RF) tomography is an imaging technique based upon a set of randomly distributed transmitters (TX) and receivers (RX) encircling the area under observation. This method requires prior knowledge of the TX's and RX's locations. In some circumstances the TXs may be uncooperative, while in other cases extrinsic emitters may be used as sources of opportunity. In these scenarios, RF tomography should operate in a passive modality. A previous work [1] postulated the principles and feasibility of passive RF tomography. This paper further develops the underlying theory through concise and ad-hoc signal processing. Experimental verification and validation corroborate the effectiveness of passive RF tomography for object localization.
{"title":"Toward passive RF tomography: Signal processing and experimental validation","authors":"Thang M. Tran, A. Terzuoli, G. Scalzi, L. Monte","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2014.6875713","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2014.6875713","url":null,"abstract":"Radio frequency (RF) tomography is an imaging technique based upon a set of randomly distributed transmitters (TX) and receivers (RX) encircling the area under observation. This method requires prior knowledge of the TX's and RX's locations. In some circumstances the TXs may be uncooperative, while in other cases extrinsic emitters may be used as sources of opportunity. In these scenarios, RF tomography should operate in a passive modality. A previous work [1] postulated the principles and feasibility of passive RF tomography. This paper further develops the underlying theory through concise and ad-hoc signal processing. Experimental verification and validation corroborate the effectiveness of passive RF tomography for object localization.","PeriodicalId":127690,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Radar Conference","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130971908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-05-19DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2014.6875539
I. Lahaie, B. Fischer
Summary form only given, as follows. True far-field (FF) radar cross-section (RCS) measurements of full-scale targets are often impractical to perform because of the large distances and/or large compact range reflector required to produce a plane wave illumination of the target. This fact has led to a requirement for techniques that can infer FF RCS from limited (specifically, monostatic-only) measurements in the near-field (NF) of the target. In this tutorial, we will present an in-depth derivation of a family of mature, self-consistent, and accurate near field RCS transformations that are based on models that are used in synthetic aperture, tomographic, and other forms of radar imaging. These image-based techniques have been successfully applied in practice to a wide range of targets and measurement configurations. The complete presentation was not made available for publication as part of the conference proceedings.
{"title":"T13 — Transformations for Radar Cross-Section (RCS) and imaging from monostatic near-field measurements","authors":"I. Lahaie, B. Fischer","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2014.6875539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2014.6875539","url":null,"abstract":"Summary form only given, as follows. True far-field (FF) radar cross-section (RCS) measurements of full-scale targets are often impractical to perform because of the large distances and/or large compact range reflector required to produce a plane wave illumination of the target. This fact has led to a requirement for techniques that can infer FF RCS from limited (specifically, monostatic-only) measurements in the near-field (NF) of the target. In this tutorial, we will present an in-depth derivation of a family of mature, self-consistent, and accurate near field RCS transformations that are based on models that are used in synthetic aperture, tomographic, and other forms of radar imaging. These image-based techniques have been successfully applied in practice to a wide range of targets and measurement configurations. The complete presentation was not made available for publication as part of the conference proceedings.","PeriodicalId":127690,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Radar Conference","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127952238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-05-19DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2014.6875808
Ashraf Seleym
Noncoherent pulse compression (NCPC) is of interest to direct-detection laser ranging, and to simple radars that utilize noncoherent microwave power sources. In this technique, a unipolar sequence of pulses using on-off keying (OOK) modulation can be used in transmission. Bipolar binary complementary sequence pairs offer the possibility of perfect sidelobe cancellation, but in case of using unipolar codes, there is a severe degradation in the reflected echoes peak sidelobe level in compression filter response. Many techniques are suggested for sidelobe suppression. A recent technique used Manchester coding with a periodic autocorrelation of binary complementary pairs. This technique yields two large negative sidelobes response in addition to a broad bandwidth. In this paper, a new technique is proposed for NCPC via using a hybrid of two identical matched filters for each sequence. The output response is the sum of the complementary pair responses. This approach achieves a perfect correlation response with a peak of 2N (N is the length of each sequence) and a sidelobe level of zero without expanding the bandwidth in addition to implementation simplicity.
{"title":"A new noncoherent radar pulse compression based on complementary sequences","authors":"Ashraf Seleym","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2014.6875808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2014.6875808","url":null,"abstract":"Noncoherent pulse compression (NCPC) is of interest to direct-detection laser ranging, and to simple radars that utilize noncoherent microwave power sources. In this technique, a unipolar sequence of pulses using on-off keying (OOK) modulation can be used in transmission. Bipolar binary complementary sequence pairs offer the possibility of perfect sidelobe cancellation, but in case of using unipolar codes, there is a severe degradation in the reflected echoes peak sidelobe level in compression filter response. Many techniques are suggested for sidelobe suppression. A recent technique used Manchester coding with a periodic autocorrelation of binary complementary pairs. This technique yields two large negative sidelobes response in addition to a broad bandwidth. In this paper, a new technique is proposed for NCPC via using a hybrid of two identical matched filters for each sequence. The output response is the sum of the complementary pair responses. This approach achieves a perfect correlation response with a peak of 2N (N is the length of each sequence) and a sidelobe level of zero without expanding the bandwidth in addition to implementation simplicity.","PeriodicalId":127690,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Radar Conference","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131585953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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