Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.31168/2782-473x.2023.2.06
Leontij Lannik
This article analyses the events and trends that determined the fate of attempts to form the Belarusian state in the conditions of the finale of World War One. The author has based his research on the study of the German occupation policy and the process of implementing the Brest-Litovsk peace treaties. It demonstrates that the foundations for the negative factors that blocked the appearance of a united Belarus were laid long before the beginning of the Soviet-Polish war. The BPR leaders’ interaction with the occupational authorities was determined not only by different subjective factors, but also by the fundamental refusal to place Belarus on the political map of 1918. This moment is not properly reflected in modern historiography of the issue, especially the Belarusian one. The role of neighbouring states and various national forces in the reconfiguration of post-imperial spaces under the pressure of the German Empire, within the framework of the Brest system of international relations created in 1918, is examined. Within its framework the RSFSR was to receive the place of the most important counteragent, who sought to obtain the maximum influence on the basis of mutually beneficial deals with the military-political leadership of the Kaiserreich. Although the projects of German hegemony in Eastern Europe were thwarted by the defeat of the Central Powers, the period of the First German Occupation and the partition of Belarusian territories between Soviet Russia and its western neighbours became the geopolitical basis for the fate of the nations of Belarus throughout the interwar period.
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Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.31168/2782-473x.2023.2.04
Maria Klopova
The article is devoted to the history of the Moscow magazine “Ukrainian Life” (1912-1917) and the role that it played in the discussion around the Ukrainian question on the eve of and during World War One. One of the tasks stated by the editorial board of the magazine was to inform the Russian public about the main tasks and problems of the Ukrainian national movement. From the first issues the magazine became a space for acute controversy: contributions of both prominent supporters and opponents of the Ukrainian movement were published on its pages: F. Korsh, M. Hrushevsky, D. Dontsov, as well as P. Struve, S. Shchegolev, E. Trubetskoy. The outbreak of World War One led to a change in the nature of the discussion around the prospects of the Ukrainian movement in Russia. The magazine, initially open to a broad discussion with the Russian liberal movement, gradually refused to publish articles by Russian authors, primarily by those critical of “Ukrainism”. As a result, the discussion on the Ukrainian issue turned out to be curtailed, and the events of 1917 put an end to the very existence of the magazine.
{"title":"Russian-Ukrainian dialogue on the pages of the magazine “Ukrainian Life” (1912-1917)","authors":"Maria Klopova","doi":"10.31168/2782-473x.2023.2.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31168/2782-473x.2023.2.04","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the history of the Moscow magazine “Ukrainian Life” (1912-1917) and the role that it played in the discussion around the Ukrainian question on the eve of and during World War One. One of the tasks stated by the editorial board of the magazine was to inform the Russian public about the main tasks and problems of the Ukrainian national movement. From the first issues the magazine became a space for acute controversy: contributions of both prominent supporters and opponents of the Ukrainian movement were published on its pages: F. Korsh, M. Hrushevsky, D. Dontsov, as well as P. Struve, S. Shchegolev, E. Trubetskoy. The outbreak of World War One led to a change in the nature of the discussion around the prospects of the Ukrainian movement in Russia. The magazine, initially open to a broad discussion with the Russian liberal movement, gradually refused to publish articles by Russian authors, primarily by those critical of “Ukrainism”. As a result, the discussion on the Ukrainian issue turned out to be curtailed, and the events of 1917 put an end to the very existence of the magazine.","PeriodicalId":127790,"journal":{"name":"East Slavic Studies","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135649905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.31168/2782-473x.2023.2.11
Valery Perkhavko
The author refers to the life, struggle and creativity of his grandfather Grigory I. Pirhavko, a figure of the Ukrainian national and political movement of the second and third plan, whose fate was typical of his like-minded people. The author has partially reconstructed his biography based on the identification of both published written sources (including Ukrainian emigrant periodicals) and available archival materials and oral memoirs of relatives.
作者提到了他的祖父Grigory I. Pirhavko的生活、斗争和创造力，Grigory I. Pirhavko是乌克兰第二和第三计划的民族和政治运动的人物，他的命运是与他志同道合的人的典型。作者根据已出版的书面资料(包括乌克兰移民期刊)和现有的档案材料和亲属的口述回忆录，部分地重建了他的传记。
{"title":"The life Zigzags of the Ukrainian revolutionary, lawyer and writer Grigory Pirhavko (1883—1937)","authors":"Valery Perkhavko","doi":"10.31168/2782-473x.2023.2.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31168/2782-473x.2023.2.11","url":null,"abstract":"The author refers to the life, struggle and creativity of his grandfather Grigory I. Pirhavko, a figure of the Ukrainian national and political movement of the second and third plan, whose fate was typical of his like-minded people. The author has partially reconstructed his biography based on the identification of both published written sources (including Ukrainian emigrant periodicals) and available archival materials and oral memoirs of relatives.","PeriodicalId":127790,"journal":{"name":"East Slavic Studies","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135649912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.31168/2782-473x.2023.2.07
Igor Barinov
This article examines the early period of the life and career of the Russian and Soviet military man Apollon Kruse, who became a general first in the White and then in the Red Army and escaped every kind of repression. During the Revolution of 1917, Kruse, like many other career officers of the Russian Imperial Army, faced the problem of further professional development. Contrary to popular belief, for a significant number of the officers, military service in one or another post-imperial army was primarily associated with the maintaining of the elite status and gaining new career opportunities. Traditionally, apolitical behaviour of the officers and their commitment to specific corporatism principally allowed them to switch from one army to another one without difficulty. The trajectory of their service was determined by their personal characteristics (first of all, their origin and worldview). These circumstances in particular gave rise to a whole range of identities that could change, depending on the situation. Kruse’s example highlights the evolution of a former tsarist officer and suggests a new approach towards the nature of conformity in his elite group. The article is based on previously unknown archival documents.
{"title":"Apollon Kruse (1891—1967): a sketch of the early period of his life","authors":"Igor Barinov","doi":"10.31168/2782-473x.2023.2.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31168/2782-473x.2023.2.07","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the early period of the life and career of the Russian and Soviet military man Apollon Kruse, who became a general first in the White and then in the Red Army and escaped every kind of repression. During the Revolution of 1917, Kruse, like many other career officers of the Russian Imperial Army, faced the problem of further professional development. Contrary to popular belief, for a significant number of the officers, military service in one or another post-imperial army was primarily associated with the maintaining of the elite status and gaining new career opportunities. Traditionally, apolitical behaviour of the officers and their commitment to specific corporatism principally allowed them to switch from one army to another one without difficulty. The trajectory of their service was determined by their personal characteristics (first of all, their origin and worldview). These circumstances in particular gave rise to a whole range of identities that could change, depending on the situation. Kruse’s example highlights the evolution of a former tsarist officer and suggests a new approach towards the nature of conformity in his elite group. The article is based on previously unknown archival documents.","PeriodicalId":127790,"journal":{"name":"East Slavic Studies","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135649914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.31168/2782-473x.2023.2.13
Mihail Dronov, Sergei Sloistov
{"title":"International scientific conference “Orthodoxy in the historical destinies of Slavic peoples. To the 1030th anniversary of Orthodoxy in the Belarusian lands”","authors":"Mihail Dronov, Sergei Sloistov","doi":"10.31168/2782-473x.2023.2.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31168/2782-473x.2023.2.13","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":127790,"journal":{"name":"East Slavic Studies","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135649915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.31168/2782-473x.2023.2.02
Larisa Shchavinskaja
D. P. Troshchinsky, a native of the heartland of Ukraine, a descendant of an ancient Cossack family, who became one of the most influential people in the empire, a confidant of Empress Catherine II and Emperor Paul I, never forgot about his native land. The young N. V. Gogol used to call him “the benefactor of Little Russia”. During the Patriotic War of 1812, Troshchinsky founded a local Cossack people’s militia of Little Russia and, in letters full of fervent patriotism and appeals to M. I. Kutuzov, encouraged him to fight the enemy, knowing that Russia had to win because “the strength of our people is great”. Troshchinsky’s Poltava estate in the village of Kibintsy was a significant cultural center of the region, called “Little-Russian Athens”. The senator constantly supported many writers and artists from his country, including N. V. Gogol, V. V. Kapnist, V. L. Borovikovsky and others. The scene from the prose of T. G. Shevchenko in which one of the heroes seeks to go to the Poltava region to “bow to the ashes of the glorious Cossack-nobleman Troshchinsky” can serve as an example of his great fame in his homeland.
d·p·特罗什钦斯基(D. P. Troshchinsky)出生在乌克兰的中心地带，是一个古老哥萨克家族的后裔，后来成为帝国最有影响力的人物之一，是凯瑟琳皇后二世(Empress Catherine II)和皇帝保罗一世(Emperor Paul I)的心腹，他从未忘记自己的祖国。年轻的n·v·果戈理曾称他为“小俄罗斯的恩人”。在1812年卫国战争期间，特罗什钦斯基在小俄罗斯建立了一个当地的哥萨克民兵组织，并在充满热情的爱国主义和对库图佐夫的呼吁的信件中鼓励他与敌人作战，因为他知道俄罗斯必须赢得胜利，因为“我们人民的力量是伟大的”。Troshchinsky位于Kibintsy村的Poltava庄园是该地区重要的文化中心，被称为“小俄罗斯雅典”。这位参议员不断地支持他的国家的许多作家和艺术家，包括n.v.果戈理、v.v.卡普尼斯特、v.l.博罗维科夫斯基等人。T. G.舍甫琴科散文中的一个场景，其中一个英雄试图去波尔塔瓦地区“向光荣的哥萨克贵族特罗什钦斯基的骨灰鞠躬”，可以作为他在祖国的伟大名声的一个例子。
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Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.31168/2782-473x.2023.2.10
Jamal Rakhaev
The article traces the influence of the outstanding Ukrainian poet and prose writer T. G. Shevchenko on the formation and development of the leaders of the Georgian national movement Tergdaleulebi (I. G. Chavchavadze, A. R. Tsereteli, N. I. Lomouri, etc.) in the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth century. Tergdaleulebi members (literally: those who drank the water of the river Terek, meaning those educated in Russia), this patriotic-democratic direction of the Georgian educational thought of the 1860s and 1870s, was under the influence of T. G. Shevchenko, V. G. Belinsky, N. G. Chernyshevsky, N. A. Dobrolyubov and European socialists.
文章追溯了乌克兰杰出诗人、散文作家t·g·舍甫琴科对19世纪下半叶和20世纪初格鲁吉亚民族运动“特格达列比”(Tergdaleulebi)领导人(I. G. Chavchavadze、A. R. Tsereteli、N. I. Lomouri等)的形成和发展的影响。Tergdaleulebi成员(字面意思:喝捷列克河水的人，意思是在俄罗斯受教育的人)，这种19世纪60年代和70年代格鲁吉亚教育思想的爱国民主方向，受到T. G.舍甫琴科、V. G.别林斯基、N. G.车尔尼雪夫斯基、N. A.多布罗柳波夫和欧洲社会主义者的影响。
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Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.31168/2782-473x.2023.2.08
Elena Borisenok
This article discusses the functionalities of courses on the study of the Ukrainian language in the Ukrainian SSR during the Ukrainization of the 1920s. There are many studies on the history of Soviet national policy in Ukraine. However, the daily practice of Ukrainization has not been studied enough. The purpose of the article is to analyse the peculiarities of the policy of Ukrainization in relation to Russian-speaking employees of state institutions and enterprises of the Republic, to analyse organisational forms and methods of teaching the Ukrainian language, and the format of knowledge in the field of Ukrainian Studies. Primary attention is paid to the characteristics of resolutions, instructions and methodological guidelines that regulated the form and activities of courses on the study of the Ukrainian language and Ukrainian Studies, as well as teaching methods and the procedures for conducting exams. The study shows that the courses were supposed to ensure the knowledge of the Ukrainian language by employees of various organisations. This was necessary for the translation of office work into Ukrainian. Ukrainian was the language “for official relations” in the Republic, since it was the language spoken by the majority of the population of the Ukrainian SSR. At the same time, the courses gave students an idea of the “Ukrainian question”, Ukrainian literature and history. The Republican authorities expected to force officials to switch to the language of the titular nation within a short time. They used harsh administrative pressure: in the resolutions and orders of the Kharkiv leadership, there was a clause on the dismissal of those who did not want to be Ukrainised.
{"title":"“Attending courses is mandatory for everyone...”: the experience of hardware Ukrainization of the 1920s","authors":"Elena Borisenok","doi":"10.31168/2782-473x.2023.2.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31168/2782-473x.2023.2.08","url":null,"abstract":"This article discusses the functionalities of courses on the study of the Ukrainian language in the Ukrainian SSR during the Ukrainization of the 1920s. There are many studies on the history of Soviet national policy in Ukraine. However, the daily practice of Ukrainization has not been studied enough. The purpose of the article is to analyse the peculiarities of the policy of Ukrainization in relation to Russian-speaking employees of state institutions and enterprises of the Republic, to analyse organisational forms and methods of teaching the Ukrainian language, and the format of knowledge in the field of Ukrainian Studies. Primary attention is paid to the characteristics of resolutions, instructions and methodological guidelines that regulated the form and activities of courses on the study of the Ukrainian language and Ukrainian Studies, as well as teaching methods and the procedures for conducting exams. The study shows that the courses were supposed to ensure the knowledge of the Ukrainian language by employees of various organisations. This was necessary for the translation of office work into Ukrainian. Ukrainian was the language “for official relations” in the Republic, since it was the language spoken by the majority of the population of the Ukrainian SSR. At the same time, the courses gave students an idea of the “Ukrainian question”, Ukrainian literature and history. The Republican authorities expected to force officials to switch to the language of the titular nation within a short time. They used harsh administrative pressure: in the resolutions and orders of the Kharkiv leadership, there was a clause on the dismissal of those who did not want to be Ukrainised.","PeriodicalId":127790,"journal":{"name":"East Slavic Studies","volume":"118 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135649594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.31168/2782-473x.2023.2.05
Elena Kosovan
This article considers the cooperation between the Ukrainian and Finnish national movement in the first quarter of the twentieth century. The political aspects of the cooperation are viewed through the lens of Herman Gregorius Gummerus’ biography (1877-1948). In contemporary historiography, Herman Gummerus is mostly known for his historical studies that focus on the economic history of ancient Rome. Whereas the majority of studies on Ukrainian-Finnish cooperation in the early twentieth century contain only fragmentary evidence of his political and diplomatic activities, the author of the article considers it necessary to present the biographical essay with a special focus on Herman Gummerus’ participation in the Finnish activists’ movement during two periods of “Russification of Finland” (1899-1905, 1908-1917) and after World War One. Herman Gummerus’ attitude towards the Ukrainian national state project (including the Ukrainian State or the Second Hetmanate, dated 1918) is reconstructed on the basis of his memoirs “Ukraine on the cusp. Six months at the head of the Finnish Embassy in Kyiv” (Ukrainan murrosajoilta - Kuusi kuukautta lähetystön päällikkönä Kievissä) (1931).
本文考察了二十世纪前二十五年乌克兰和芬兰民族运动之间的合作。通过Herman Gregorius Gummerus的传记(1877-1948)，我们可以看到合作的政治方面。在当代史学中，Herman Gummerus以其关注古罗马经济史的历史研究而闻名。鉴于大多数关于二十世纪初乌克兰-芬兰合作的研究只包含他的政治和外交活动的零碎证据，本文作者认为有必要在这篇传记文章中特别关注赫尔曼·古梅洛斯在“芬兰俄罗斯化”两个时期(1899-1905年，1908-1917年)和第一次世界大战后参与芬兰活动家运动的情况。Herman Gummerus对乌克兰民族国家计划(包括乌克兰国家或第二帝国，日期为1918年)的态度是在他的回忆录《处于尖端的乌克兰》的基础上重建的。在芬兰驻基辅大使馆担任六个月的负责人”(Ukrainan murrosajoilta - Kuusi kuukautta lähetystön päällikkönä Kievissä)(1931年)。
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