Since 1940s, bisphenol A (BPA) has been used in plastic industry reaching production of 10 million tons in 2022. More than 30 % of the produced BPA is used in the production of epoxy resins. Decades of research has now provided enough evidence that (BPA) has endocrine disrupting activity. Hence, it is an urgent matter to replace the use of BPA in production of epoxy resins. In the past years, considerable effort have been put into finding alternatives to the toxic BPA. However, the diglycidylether bisphenol A (DGEBA) does not only exhibits high polymerization reactivity, but the presence of aromatic rings confers interesting thermos-mechanical resistance to epoxy networks therefrom. Hence, this properties are also expected from potential alternatives to BPA. In this review, first the elements leading to toxicity of BPA is explained and then a thorough account of possible bio-sourced aromatic alternatives to BPA are gathered. The reported synthetic routes to each of these alternatives and their toxicity are described. Also, their use in synthesis of epoxy resins and how the new alternatives influence the mechanical properties are discussed. This is a concise summary of the structure-property and structure-toxicity relationship for possible bio-sourced substitutes of BPA in synthesis of epoxy resins.
{"title":"Biosourced alternatives to diglycidylether of bisphenol A in epoxy-amine thermosets: a focus on materials properties and endocrine activity","authors":"R. Tavernier, M. Semsarilar, S. Caillol","doi":"10.1680/jgrma.23.00027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jgrma.23.00027","url":null,"abstract":"Since 1940s, bisphenol A (BPA) has been used in plastic industry reaching production of 10 million tons in 2022. More than 30 % of the produced BPA is used in the production of epoxy resins. Decades of research has now provided enough evidence that (BPA) has endocrine disrupting activity. Hence, it is an urgent matter to replace the use of BPA in production of epoxy resins. In the past years, considerable effort have been put into finding alternatives to the toxic BPA. However, the diglycidylether bisphenol A (DGEBA) does not only exhibits high polymerization reactivity, but the presence of aromatic rings confers interesting thermos-mechanical resistance to epoxy networks therefrom. Hence, this properties are also expected from potential alternatives to BPA. In this review, first the elements leading to toxicity of BPA is explained and then a thorough account of possible bio-sourced aromatic alternatives to BPA are gathered. The reported synthetic routes to each of these alternatives and their toxicity are described. Also, their use in synthesis of epoxy resins and how the new alternatives influence the mechanical properties are discussed. This is a concise summary of the structure-property and structure-toxicity relationship for possible bio-sourced substitutes of BPA in synthesis of epoxy resins.","PeriodicalId":12929,"journal":{"name":"Green Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48803921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jian-Feng Xu, Chengfei Yan, Guangjie Lu, Caili Yu, F. Zhang
Fluorescent polyurethanes (FPU) have been widely used in coatings, temperature recognition, fluorescent probes, and other fields because of their diverse structures and properties. Unfortunately, most FPUs are currently produced from petroleum-based products. Herein, a thermoplastic rosin-based naphthalene FPU was prepared by using the biobased ester of acrylic rosin and glycidyl methacrylate, polycaprolactone, 1, 5-dihydroxy naphthalene (1, 5-DN) and isophorone diisocyanate as the raw materials. The structure of FPU was confirmed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). In addition, thermal performance analysis (TGA, DSC) and water contact angle analysis (WCA) showed that the addition of 1, 5-DN improved the thermal stability and hydrophobicity of FPU. More importantly, FPU exhibited good fluorescence performance in both liquid and solid states, and the fluorescence intensity increased with increasing temperature. Both aniline and trichloromethane showed effective fluorescence quenching for FPU. Therefore, FPU is a promising material for applications in temperature recognition and fluorescence probes.
{"title":"Preparation and properties of rosin-based naphthalene fluorescent polyurethane","authors":"Jian-Feng Xu, Chengfei Yan, Guangjie Lu, Caili Yu, F. Zhang","doi":"10.1680/jgrma.23.00031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jgrma.23.00031","url":null,"abstract":"Fluorescent polyurethanes (FPU) have been widely used in coatings, temperature recognition, fluorescent probes, and other fields because of their diverse structures and properties. Unfortunately, most FPUs are currently produced from petroleum-based products. Herein, a thermoplastic rosin-based naphthalene FPU was prepared by using the biobased ester of acrylic rosin and glycidyl methacrylate, polycaprolactone, 1, 5-dihydroxy naphthalene (1, 5-DN) and isophorone diisocyanate as the raw materials. The structure of FPU was confirmed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). In addition, thermal performance analysis (TGA, DSC) and water contact angle analysis (WCA) showed that the addition of 1, 5-DN improved the thermal stability and hydrophobicity of FPU. More importantly, FPU exhibited good fluorescence performance in both liquid and solid states, and the fluorescence intensity increased with increasing temperature. Both aniline and trichloromethane showed effective fluorescence quenching for FPU. Therefore, FPU is a promising material for applications in temperature recognition and fluorescence probes.","PeriodicalId":12929,"journal":{"name":"Green Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42791212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of the study was to enhance the flame-retardant properties of chicken feather (CF) reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) composites by incorporating three different phosphorus-based flame retardants, namely aluminum hypophosphite (AHP), ammonium polyphosphate (APP), and aluminum diethyl phosphinate (AlPi), at concentrations of 5, 10, and 20 wt%. The effectiveness of the additives was evaluated through various tests, including limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test (UL 94 V), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and mass loss calorimeter test (MLC). The results indicated that all three additives exhibited flame retardant properties in both the condensed and gas phases, but APP and AHP performed better than AlPi due to their enhanced char formation capabilities. The flame retardant effectiveness of the additives decreased in the order of APP > AHP > AlPi.
{"title":"The effect of phosphorus based flame retardants on the thermal and fire retardant properties of chicken feather/thermoplastic polyurethane composites","authors":"Aysenur Mutlu, M. Doğan","doi":"10.1680/jgrma.23.00008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jgrma.23.00008","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the study was to enhance the flame-retardant properties of chicken feather (CF) reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) composites by incorporating three different phosphorus-based flame retardants, namely aluminum hypophosphite (AHP), ammonium polyphosphate (APP), and aluminum diethyl phosphinate (AlPi), at concentrations of 5, 10, and 20 wt%. The effectiveness of the additives was evaluated through various tests, including limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test (UL 94 V), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and mass loss calorimeter test (MLC). The results indicated that all three additives exhibited flame retardant properties in both the condensed and gas phases, but APP and AHP performed better than AlPi due to their enhanced char formation capabilities. The flame retardant effectiveness of the additives decreased in the order of APP > AHP > AlPi.","PeriodicalId":12929,"journal":{"name":"Green Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41778294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fatemeh Farhood Hassani Khorshidi, S. Najafi, F. Najafi, A. Pizzi, D. Sandberg, R. Behrooz
The aim of this research was to replace petroleum-based polyols with polyols made from lignin and nano-lignin in the production of polyurethane coatings. Lignin and nano-lignin were first reacted with either diethylenetriamine (DETA) or ethylenediamine (EDA). Subsequently, they were modified with propylene carbonate. The lignin and nano-lignin derived polyols replaced the conventional polyol-acrylic in the production of polyurethane coatings. The results of FTIR analysis showed that urethane, isothiocyanate, and strong C-N bonds were formed in nano-lignin-based polyurethanes. Moreover, the surface-adhesion test of the lignin-based polyurethane coating showed that by increasing the lignin content, the adhesion strength of the coating decreased. Mixing lignin nanoparticles in the polyurethane substrate caused the adhesion strength to rise from 1.67 MPa to 4.52 MPa. An increase of amino nano-lignin content up to 7% of oil based polyol improved the curing of the coating and increased the scratch resistance to more than 5 Kg. The results showed that lignin from a mechanical pulping process has a direct effect on reducing the smoothness and the glossiness in polyurethane coatings.
{"title":"The effect of lignin-based polyols on the properties of polyurethane coatings","authors":"Fatemeh Farhood Hassani Khorshidi, S. Najafi, F. Najafi, A. Pizzi, D. Sandberg, R. Behrooz","doi":"10.1680/jgrma.23.00040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jgrma.23.00040","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this research was to replace petroleum-based polyols with polyols made from lignin and nano-lignin in the production of polyurethane coatings. Lignin and nano-lignin were first reacted with either diethylenetriamine (DETA) or ethylenediamine (EDA). Subsequently, they were modified with propylene carbonate. The lignin and nano-lignin derived polyols replaced the conventional polyol-acrylic in the production of polyurethane coatings. The results of FTIR analysis showed that urethane, isothiocyanate, and strong C-N bonds were formed in nano-lignin-based polyurethanes. Moreover, the surface-adhesion test of the lignin-based polyurethane coating showed that by increasing the lignin content, the adhesion strength of the coating decreased. Mixing lignin nanoparticles in the polyurethane substrate caused the adhesion strength to rise from 1.67 MPa to 4.52 MPa. An increase of amino nano-lignin content up to 7% of oil based polyol improved the curing of the coating and increased the scratch resistance to more than 5 Kg. The results showed that lignin from a mechanical pulping process has a direct effect on reducing the smoothness and the glossiness in polyurethane coatings.","PeriodicalId":12929,"journal":{"name":"Green Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48617655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dave Jao, Abigail Heinz, J. Stanzione, V. Beachley
At present, most carbon fibers are made from non-renewable polyacrylonitrile (PAN). Substantial efforts have been made to replace the need for petroleum-based precursors for carbon fiber production. Interestingly, lignin is a carbon fiber precursor material that is cheap, highly available, and sustainable. Sub-micron scale lignin-based carbon nanofibers could find use in numerous areas, such as electronic devices, batteries, supercapacitors, and low-cost, high performance structural composite materials. Trackspinning (TS) technology offers a way scale the versatile, but inefficient mechanical pulling technique to produce small diameter lignin fibers from environmentally friendly aqueous solutions. In this study, the effects of track spinning based on probe drawing of low concentration lignin nanofibers blended with polyethylene oxide (PEO) and glycerol in sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution were investigated. TS lignin fibers were well aligned and reached diameters as low as 500-1000 nm as the drawing length was increased. Lignin fiber macromolecular alignment was isotropic at low levels of draw and dichroic ratio was increased from 1 to 2.25 by doubling the drawing length. The most highly drawn track-spun lignin fibers had a mechanical strength of 3.92 MPa and a Young’s Modulus of 2.15 GPa, which were similar to reported values for solvent electrospun lignin nanofibers. These findings support the potential to utilize TS to produce small diameter lignin fibers using a simple aqueous solvent approach.
{"title":"Automated trackspinning of highly oriented, ultrafine lignin fibers as precursors for green carbon nanofibers","authors":"Dave Jao, Abigail Heinz, J. Stanzione, V. Beachley","doi":"10.1680/jgrma.23.00037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jgrma.23.00037","url":null,"abstract":"At present, most carbon fibers are made from non-renewable polyacrylonitrile (PAN). Substantial efforts have been made to replace the need for petroleum-based precursors for carbon fiber production. Interestingly, lignin is a carbon fiber precursor material that is cheap, highly available, and sustainable. Sub-micron scale lignin-based carbon nanofibers could find use in numerous areas, such as electronic devices, batteries, supercapacitors, and low-cost, high performance structural composite materials. Trackspinning (TS) technology offers a way scale the versatile, but inefficient mechanical pulling technique to produce small diameter lignin fibers from environmentally friendly aqueous solutions. In this study, the effects of track spinning based on probe drawing of low concentration lignin nanofibers blended with polyethylene oxide (PEO) and glycerol in sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution were investigated. TS lignin fibers were well aligned and reached diameters as low as 500-1000 nm as the drawing length was increased. Lignin fiber macromolecular alignment was isotropic at low levels of draw and dichroic ratio was increased from 1 to 2.25 by doubling the drawing length. The most highly drawn track-spun lignin fibers had a mechanical strength of 3.92 MPa and a Young’s Modulus of 2.15 GPa, which were similar to reported values for solvent electrospun lignin nanofibers. These findings support the potential to utilize TS to produce small diameter lignin fibers using a simple aqueous solvent approach.","PeriodicalId":12929,"journal":{"name":"Green Materials","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41513295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mild steel is one of the most widely used materials in different engineering applications due to its mechanical properties, high availability, and low cost. However, the exposure of the steel to acids such as hydrochloric acid (HCl) accelerates its corrosion rate. Green organic corrosion inhibitors are among the most effective materials to reduce the mild steel corrosion rate in an acidic medium. These inhibitors are environmentally accepted, easy to extract, and non-toxic. This study investigates the feasibility of using different green Jordanian natural agro-wastes as green organic corrosion inhibitors and determines the efficiency of these inhibitors at different concentrations at room temperature. The potentiodynamic polarization test was used in two sets of runs; the first set of runs was used to screen ten extracted green inhibitors and choose three based on their highest efficiency. In the second set of runs, the test was performed only for the highest efficiency inhibitors selected from the first run. A weight-loss and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy test was also performed for the selected inhibitors. The results of the tests indicate that the green Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo) leaf extract (CPLE), Oak (Quercus) leaf extracts (QLE), and Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) leaf extracts (AELE) were the selected inhibitors.
{"title":"A study on Jordanian green natural agro wastes as potential inhibitors of mild steel corrosion in hydrochloric acid solution","authors":"M. Hayajneh, M. Almomani, Wala’ M AlSharman","doi":"10.1680/jgrma.21.00040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jgrma.21.00040","url":null,"abstract":"Mild steel is one of the most widely used materials in different engineering applications due to its mechanical properties, high availability, and low cost. However, the exposure of the steel to acids such as hydrochloric acid (HCl) accelerates its corrosion rate. Green organic corrosion inhibitors are among the most effective materials to reduce the mild steel corrosion rate in an acidic medium. These inhibitors are environmentally accepted, easy to extract, and non-toxic. This study investigates the feasibility of using different green Jordanian natural agro-wastes as green organic corrosion inhibitors and determines the efficiency of these inhibitors at different concentrations at room temperature. The potentiodynamic polarization test was used in two sets of runs; the first set of runs was used to screen ten extracted green inhibitors and choose three based on their highest efficiency. In the second set of runs, the test was performed only for the highest efficiency inhibitors selected from the first run. A weight-loss and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy test was also performed for the selected inhibitors. The results of the tests indicate that the green Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo) leaf extract (CPLE), Oak (Quercus) leaf extracts (QLE), and Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) leaf extracts (AELE) were the selected inhibitors.","PeriodicalId":12929,"journal":{"name":"Green Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48955054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.1680/jgrma.2023.11.1.47
{"title":"Award-winning paper in 2021","authors":"","doi":"10.1680/jgrma.2023.11.1.47","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jgrma.2023.11.1.47","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12929,"journal":{"name":"Green Materials","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135026404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.1680/jgrma.2023.11.1.1
S. Caillol
{"title":"Editorial: 2023 is a remarkable year for green chemistry and Green Materials","authors":"S. Caillol","doi":"10.1680/jgrma.2023.11.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jgrma.2023.11.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12929,"journal":{"name":"Green Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42773304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cement is an essential construction ingredient and its demand has increased multifold during the last couple of years due to various construction activities. For the manufacture of cement, limestone is the key component that is the major source of carbon dioxide (CO2) emission. Moreover, local municipalities all over the world have long been concerned about the disposal of sewage sludge. Larger quantity of sewage sludge generation is becoming an urgent alternative solution for sludge disposal and waste recycling in construction materials. In accordance with the concept of sustainability, low carbon cement is produced in the current study by blending sewage sludge ash (SSA) and carbide lime sludge (CLS) (industrial waste) with Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). In terms of physical properties, the influence of low carbon cement containing different percentages of SSA with 10% CLS is compared with composite cement containing fly ash (FA) in different percentages addition with 10% CLS. The outcome from the study shows that the utilization of SSA with CLS up to 45% would be possible with OPC as it indicates an acceptable level of compressive strength, conservation of depleting limestone reserves, saving in thermal and electrical energy besides emissions reduction of CO2.
{"title":"Production of low carbon cement containing sewage sludge ash as mineral admixture","authors":"Shubham Goswami, D. Shukla, P. Singh","doi":"10.1680/jgrma.21.00004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jgrma.21.00004","url":null,"abstract":"Cement is an essential construction ingredient and its demand has increased multifold during the last couple of years due to various construction activities. For the manufacture of cement, limestone is the key component that is the major source of carbon dioxide (CO2) emission. Moreover, local municipalities all over the world have long been concerned about the disposal of sewage sludge. Larger quantity of sewage sludge generation is becoming an urgent alternative solution for sludge disposal and waste recycling in construction materials. In accordance with the concept of sustainability, low carbon cement is produced in the current study by blending sewage sludge ash (SSA) and carbide lime sludge (CLS) (industrial waste) with Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). In terms of physical properties, the influence of low carbon cement containing different percentages of SSA with 10% CLS is compared with composite cement containing fly ash (FA) in different percentages addition with 10% CLS. The outcome from the study shows that the utilization of SSA with CLS up to 45% would be possible with OPC as it indicates an acceptable level of compressive strength, conservation of depleting limestone reserves, saving in thermal and electrical energy besides emissions reduction of CO2.","PeriodicalId":12929,"journal":{"name":"Green Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42791394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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