{"title":"Environnement et échange commercial international : la nouvelle posture européenne","authors":"Pascal Lamy, Geneviève Pons","doi":"10.3917/green.003.0095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3917/green.003.0095","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12929,"journal":{"name":"Green Materials","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135998878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Agricultural waste is promising to be used for lightweight building materials. The combination of geopolymer and wheat straw (WS) is adopted to produce a kind of eco-friendly lightweight composite. Using the pretreated WS by NaOH and Na2SiO3 solutions, the influence of WS on the properties of geopolymer-wheat straw composite (GWSC) is investigated. The pretreated WS avoids the retarding effect of the untreated WS on the hydration of geopolymer and even presents an accelerating effect. Increasing the content of pretreated WS generally results in the reduction in apparent density and strength, the GWSC with the apparent density of 1000-1500 kg/m3 can be prepared, corresponding to the 28d compressive strength between 5 MPa and 25 MPa. The water absorption linearly increases with the increases of the pretreated WS content, while an appropriate amount of the pretreated WS can enhance the water resistance of GWSC. A WS/FA ratio lower than 8% can produce the GWSC with qualified thermal insulation performance. The alkaline treatment, especially NaOH treatment, significantly improves the bonding strength between fiber and geopolymer matrix. In addition, the pretreated WS saturated by NaOH and Na2SiO3 solutions is beneficial to the fluidity of geopolymer-WS mixture and could act as the internal curing agents to enhance the hydration of geopolymer.
{"title":"Eco-friendly lightweight composite prepared with geopolymer and wheat straw","authors":"Jiwei Cai, Zixian Liu, Ningwei Lv, Gelong Xu, Qing Tian, Weiguo Shen, Hao Wu","doi":"10.1680/jgrma.23.00025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jgrma.23.00025","url":null,"abstract":"Agricultural waste is promising to be used for lightweight building materials. The combination of geopolymer and wheat straw (WS) is adopted to produce a kind of eco-friendly lightweight composite. Using the pretreated WS by NaOH and Na2SiO3 solutions, the influence of WS on the properties of geopolymer-wheat straw composite (GWSC) is investigated. The pretreated WS avoids the retarding effect of the untreated WS on the hydration of geopolymer and even presents an accelerating effect. Increasing the content of pretreated WS generally results in the reduction in apparent density and strength, the GWSC with the apparent density of 1000-1500 kg/m3 can be prepared, corresponding to the 28d compressive strength between 5 MPa and 25 MPa. The water absorption linearly increases with the increases of the pretreated WS content, while an appropriate amount of the pretreated WS can enhance the water resistance of GWSC. A WS/FA ratio lower than 8% can produce the GWSC with qualified thermal insulation performance. The alkaline treatment, especially NaOH treatment, significantly improves the bonding strength between fiber and geopolymer matrix. In addition, the pretreated WS saturated by NaOH and Na2SiO3 solutions is beneficial to the fluidity of geopolymer-WS mixture and could act as the internal curing agents to enhance the hydration of geopolymer.","PeriodicalId":12929,"journal":{"name":"Green Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45681834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Foamed plastics do not readily degrade, but degradable starch foam has uneven pores and poor mechanical properties. To improve the cushioning performance of starch foams, a sustainable starch-based packaging cushioning material is prepared via microwave foaming using waste corrugated paper fibers as the reinforcement material. The effects of different fiber contents on the structure and cushioning properties of starch-based foams are studied, and the possibility of replacing petroleum-based foams is discussed through comparisons with conventional cushioning materials. The results indicate that the pore structure of starch-based foaming materials can be controlled by changing the fiber dosage, and a small or excessive amount of fiber is not conducive to the uniform foaming of starch-based composite foams. When 3 g of waste-paper fiber (17.6% by weight of the starch) is added, the average diameter of the starch-based foam pores is small, the pore size distribution is relatively uniform, the minimum buffer coefficient is 4.38, and the mechanical properties are closer to those of expanded polystyrene (EPS). A peak acceleration of 942.89 m/s2 is obtained from the packaging parts with starch-based foaming materials after drop testing, which reduced the impact load by nearly 50% compared to packaging without the cushioning liner. This has the potential to become a sustainable alternative to petroleum-based packaging foams.
{"title":"Pore structure and cushioning properties of waste paper pulp-reinforced starch-based foams","authors":"Jinbao Zheng, Shan Gao, Chen Li","doi":"10.1680/jgrma.22.00110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jgrma.22.00110","url":null,"abstract":"Foamed plastics do not readily degrade, but degradable starch foam has uneven pores and poor mechanical properties. To improve the cushioning performance of starch foams, a sustainable starch-based packaging cushioning material is prepared via microwave foaming using waste corrugated paper fibers as the reinforcement material. The effects of different fiber contents on the structure and cushioning properties of starch-based foams are studied, and the possibility of replacing petroleum-based foams is discussed through comparisons with conventional cushioning materials. The results indicate that the pore structure of starch-based foaming materials can be controlled by changing the fiber dosage, and a small or excessive amount of fiber is not conducive to the uniform foaming of starch-based composite foams. When 3 g of waste-paper fiber (17.6% by weight of the starch) is added, the average diameter of the starch-based foam pores is small, the pore size distribution is relatively uniform, the minimum buffer coefficient is 4.38, and the mechanical properties are closer to those of expanded polystyrene (EPS). A peak acceleration of 942.89 m/s2 is obtained from the packaging parts with starch-based foaming materials after drop testing, which reduced the impact load by nearly 50% compared to packaging without the cushioning liner. This has the potential to become a sustainable alternative to petroleum-based packaging foams.","PeriodicalId":12929,"journal":{"name":"Green Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41972333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maxinne Denis, Damien Le Borgne, R. Sonnier, S. Caillol, C. Negrell
Over the past decade, with the emergence of environmental and human health concerns, research has focused on developing new solutions to replace fossil resources with more sustainable biobased resources. Furan derivatives can be obtained from plants, and their structures provide high resistance to high temperatures. Furan derivatives have been functionalized with phosphorus (P) to increase their fire-resistance properties. Thus, a new biobased bisfuran containing nitrogen and phosphorus (diethyl (((3-((((diethoxyphosphoryl)(hydroxy)(4-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopenta-1,3-dien-1-yl)methyl)amino)methyl)benzyl)amino)(hydroxy)(4-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopenta-1,3-dien-1-yl)methyl)phosphonate (HMF-MXDA-DEP)) was synthesized and used for the first time in polymerization to develop alkyd resins. The flame-retardant (FR) properties of these resins were studied. Alkyd resins are generally used as a binder in paint or varnish formulations. The use of a reactive FR during the polycondensation reaction of alkyd resins makes it possible to form covalent bonds and offer better durability over time. The impact of HMF-MXDA-DEP on film properties such as drying time, flexibility, adhesion and color was studied, and the thermal and FR properties were evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis and pyrolysis–combustion flow calorimetry. Increased thermal stability and good FR properties of alkyd resins were demonstrated. In the cone calorimeter test, the lowest peak heat release rate (pHRR) was obtained with a coating of 2 wt% phosphorus HMF-MXDA-DEP on wood, and a 49% decrease in pHRR compared with that of FR-free alkyd resins was demonstrated.
{"title":"Flame-retardant performance of phosphorylated furan-containing alkyd resins","authors":"Maxinne Denis, Damien Le Borgne, R. Sonnier, S. Caillol, C. Negrell","doi":"10.1680/jgrma.22.00093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jgrma.22.00093","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past decade, with the emergence of environmental and human health concerns, research has focused on developing new solutions to replace fossil resources with more sustainable biobased resources. Furan derivatives can be obtained from plants, and their structures provide high resistance to high temperatures. Furan derivatives have been functionalized with phosphorus (P) to increase their fire-resistance properties. Thus, a new biobased bisfuran containing nitrogen and phosphorus (diethyl (((3-((((diethoxyphosphoryl)(hydroxy)(4-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopenta-1,3-dien-1-yl)methyl)amino)methyl)benzyl)amino)(hydroxy)(4-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopenta-1,3-dien-1-yl)methyl)phosphonate (HMF-MXDA-DEP)) was synthesized and used for the first time in polymerization to develop alkyd resins. The flame-retardant (FR) properties of these resins were studied. Alkyd resins are generally used as a binder in paint or varnish formulations. The use of a reactive FR during the polycondensation reaction of alkyd resins makes it possible to form covalent bonds and offer better durability over time. The impact of HMF-MXDA-DEP on film properties such as drying time, flexibility, adhesion and color was studied, and the thermal and FR properties were evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis and pyrolysis–combustion flow calorimetry. Increased thermal stability and good FR properties of alkyd resins were demonstrated. In the cone calorimeter test, the lowest peak heat release rate (pHRR) was obtained with a coating of 2 wt% phosphorus HMF-MXDA-DEP on wood, and a 49% decrease in pHRR compared with that of FR-free alkyd resins was demonstrated.","PeriodicalId":12929,"journal":{"name":"Green Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48519249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Narmatha Muthukumar, H. Arumugam, Balaji Krishnasamy, A. Muthusamy, Alagar Muthukaruppan
A new monomer of bi-functional benzoxazine was synthesized using cardanol (C) and p-phenylenediamine (ppda) under suitable experimental conditions. The curing behaviour of C-ppda benzoxazine monomer was studied by DSC analysis and Tp of C-ppda benzoxazine was found to be 237°C. Further, benzoxazine monomer was reinforced with varying weight percentages (5, 10 and 15 wt%) of bio-ash derived from Aerva lanata (AL-ash) to obtain hybrid composites. TGA data infer that AL-ash reinforced benzoxazine composites possess an excellent thermal stability and flame retardant behaviour. The morphology of AL-ash and cardanol based benzoxazine composites was analysed using FESEM. The FESEM results infer the homogeneous distribution of AL-ash in composites. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy analysis was used to determine the elemental composition of AL-ash used for preparation of composites. The value of water contact angle of poly(C-ppda) was found to be 148°. Data obtained from corrosion studies indicated that mild steel specimen coated with benzoxazine matrix and specimen coated with bio-ash reinforced benzoxazine composites exhibit an excellent resistance towards corrosion. The bio-ash reinforced composites of cardanol based benzoxazine can be used in the form of sealants, encapsulants, adhesives, coatings and matrices in microelectronics and automobile applications under high thermal and moist environmental conditions.
{"title":"Flame retardant and anti-corrosion behaviour of sustainable composites from Aerva lanata ash and cardanol-based benzoxazine","authors":"Narmatha Muthukumar, H. Arumugam, Balaji Krishnasamy, A. Muthusamy, Alagar Muthukaruppan","doi":"10.1680/jgrma.22.00020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jgrma.22.00020","url":null,"abstract":"A new monomer of bi-functional benzoxazine was synthesized using cardanol (C) and p-phenylenediamine (ppda) under suitable experimental conditions. The curing behaviour of C-ppda benzoxazine monomer was studied by DSC analysis and Tp of C-ppda benzoxazine was found to be 237°C. Further, benzoxazine monomer was reinforced with varying weight percentages (5, 10 and 15 wt%) of bio-ash derived from Aerva lanata (AL-ash) to obtain hybrid composites. TGA data infer that AL-ash reinforced benzoxazine composites possess an excellent thermal stability and flame retardant behaviour. The morphology of AL-ash and cardanol based benzoxazine composites was analysed using FESEM. The FESEM results infer the homogeneous distribution of AL-ash in composites. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy analysis was used to determine the elemental composition of AL-ash used for preparation of composites. The value of water contact angle of poly(C-ppda) was found to be 148°. Data obtained from corrosion studies indicated that mild steel specimen coated with benzoxazine matrix and specimen coated with bio-ash reinforced benzoxazine composites exhibit an excellent resistance towards corrosion. The bio-ash reinforced composites of cardanol based benzoxazine can be used in the form of sealants, encapsulants, adhesives, coatings and matrices in microelectronics and automobile applications under high thermal and moist environmental conditions.","PeriodicalId":12929,"journal":{"name":"Green Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47629757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The insulating ingredient of the traditional transformer is a mineral oil with low combustibility and biodegradability. As a result, it is unsuitable for current and future transformer applications. Furthermore, finding fossil fuels is becoming increasingly difficult. As a result of the aforementioned limitations, there is a need to look for a replacement shielding oil. This study analysed the crucial characteristics of two biodegradable oils – namely, olive and palm oils – against worldwide standards. In addition, a 1 kVA transformer was subjected to a load test using olive and palm oils in place of traditional insulating solutions to assess their practical feasibility. The authors also looked into the technical feasibility of making a percentage-based blend. According to study results, vegetable oil is a choice superior to mineral oil for electrical and fire protection. However, the density of vegetable oil is substantially higher than that of mineral oil. As a result, the cooling tube of a transformer must be carefully considered throughout its construction. Vegetable oils also have a higher concentration of lipids with a higher molecular weight. The load test revealed that palm oil performs better than mineral oil and olive oil as a liquid dielectric. Furthermore, palm oil with a higher concentration of mineral oil provides properties superior to those of others.
{"title":"Feasibility analysis of new green liquid dielectrics for transformers","authors":"T Mariprasath, Putha Kishore, M Padmavathi","doi":"10.1680/jgrma.23.00038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jgrma.23.00038","url":null,"abstract":"The insulating ingredient of the traditional transformer is a mineral oil with low combustibility and biodegradability. As a result, it is unsuitable for current and future transformer applications. Furthermore, finding fossil fuels is becoming increasingly difficult. As a result of the aforementioned limitations, there is a need to look for a replacement shielding oil. This study analysed the crucial characteristics of two biodegradable oils – namely, olive and palm oils – against worldwide standards. In addition, a 1 kVA transformer was subjected to a load test using olive and palm oils in place of traditional insulating solutions to assess their practical feasibility. The authors also looked into the technical feasibility of making a percentage-based blend. According to study results, vegetable oil is a choice superior to mineral oil for electrical and fire protection. However, the density of vegetable oil is substantially higher than that of mineral oil. As a result, the cooling tube of a transformer must be carefully considered throughout its construction. Vegetable oils also have a higher concentration of lipids with a higher molecular weight. The load test revealed that palm oil performs better than mineral oil and olive oil as a liquid dielectric. Furthermore, palm oil with a higher concentration of mineral oil provides properties superior to those of others.","PeriodicalId":12929,"journal":{"name":"Green Materials","volume":"101 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136355217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Agar/cassava starch bioplastic film preparation using the extrusion technique was carried out to obtain a continuous production method that is more applicable to industrial production practices. Various ratios (w/w) of agar-and-cassava-starch blends were used in the bioplastic film formulations with glycerol as the plasticizer. All the ingredients were compounded using a single-screw extruder at 110°C. The extrudates were dried and chopped into bioplastic resin pellets, followed by hot compression into a film sheet. The bioplastic film samples were tested for their mechanical properties, water sensitivity, biodegradability and chemical structures. In general, the amount of agar in film formulations was prominently associated with superior mechanical properties, such as the tensile strength, elongation at break and water resistance of the samples. On the other hand, cassava starch contributed to faster film degradation in soil and water. These results, in general, could be explained by the inherent properties of each biopolymer constituent and the number of hydroxyl groups (OH) in the chemical structure of each film sample, which was observed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. This investigation showed that agar/cassava starch bioplastic production using the hot-melt extrusion method was promising for further implementation on a commercial production scale.
{"title":"Properties of agar/cassava starch films manufactured by hot-melt extrusion method","authors":"Shelly Faradina, Bakti Berlyanto Sedayu, Mokhamad Nur, Dina Fransiska, Firda Aulya Syamani","doi":"10.1680/jgrma.23.00049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jgrma.23.00049","url":null,"abstract":"Agar/cassava starch bioplastic film preparation using the extrusion technique was carried out to obtain a continuous production method that is more applicable to industrial production practices. Various ratios (w/w) of agar-and-cassava-starch blends were used in the bioplastic film formulations with glycerol as the plasticizer. All the ingredients were compounded using a single-screw extruder at 110°C. The extrudates were dried and chopped into bioplastic resin pellets, followed by hot compression into a film sheet. The bioplastic film samples were tested for their mechanical properties, water sensitivity, biodegradability and chemical structures. In general, the amount of agar in film formulations was prominently associated with superior mechanical properties, such as the tensile strength, elongation at break and water resistance of the samples. On the other hand, cassava starch contributed to faster film degradation in soil and water. These results, in general, could be explained by the inherent properties of each biopolymer constituent and the number of hydroxyl groups (OH) in the chemical structure of each film sample, which was observed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. This investigation showed that agar/cassava starch bioplastic production using the hot-melt extrusion method was promising for further implementation on a commercial production scale.","PeriodicalId":12929,"journal":{"name":"Green Materials","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135621091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Miarintsoa Michaele Ranarijaona, Sandratriniaina Hermann Rafanoela, Lydia Clarisse Herinirina, M. Duclos, Alban Léon Lavaud, Catherine Goux-Henry, E. Métay, Voahangy Ramanandraibe Vestalys, M. Lemaire
The global coatings industry produces tens of millions of metric tons of paints each year and this quantity continues to grow. Most of them are obtained totally or partially from fossil resources and many of them still use VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds) and/or other harmful chemicals. We describe in this article, the cashew nut shell liquid as a raw material for paint binder synthesis (sustainable materials). These binders are obtained in a single chemical step without tedious separation. This new bio-based material (renewable resources) formed stable films (green coatings) in a short drying time. Paints formulated are 100% aqueous have low toxicity and ecotoxicity and require no additional drying agents or VOCs. Oxidative coupling of the alkylidene chain and the addition of carboxylic acid to the carbon-carbon double bonds are implemented. The products obtained could be applied on different kind of surfaces such as glass slide, metal, wood or concrete and exhibit good stability against various solvents and tropical conditions.
{"title":"CNSL oxyacetic derivatives, new bio-based binder for paint preparation","authors":"Miarintsoa Michaele Ranarijaona, Sandratriniaina Hermann Rafanoela, Lydia Clarisse Herinirina, M. Duclos, Alban Léon Lavaud, Catherine Goux-Henry, E. Métay, Voahangy Ramanandraibe Vestalys, M. Lemaire","doi":"10.1680/jgrma.23.00046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jgrma.23.00046","url":null,"abstract":"The global coatings industry produces tens of millions of metric tons of paints each year and this quantity continues to grow. Most of them are obtained totally or partially from fossil resources and many of them still use VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds) and/or other harmful chemicals. We describe in this article, the cashew nut shell liquid as a raw material for paint binder synthesis (sustainable materials). These binders are obtained in a single chemical step without tedious separation. This new bio-based material (renewable resources) formed stable films (green coatings) in a short drying time. Paints formulated are 100% aqueous have low toxicity and ecotoxicity and require no additional drying agents or VOCs. Oxidative coupling of the alkylidene chain and the addition of carboxylic acid to the carbon-carbon double bonds are implemented. The products obtained could be applied on different kind of surfaces such as glass slide, metal, wood or concrete and exhibit good stability against various solvents and tropical conditions.","PeriodicalId":12929,"journal":{"name":"Green Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45017182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Additive manufacturing (AM), alternatively known as 3D printing is an emerging technology supported by Industry 4.0. When combined with a stimulus-responsive behavior, decorated with the fourth dimension of time, it results in a manufacturing technique known as 4D printing. Although 4D printing technique is currently in its infancy stage, it has attracted exponential rise in attention in last 5 years. 4D printed entities have a distinctive characteristic of property transformation, under the influence of a drafted stimulus, which can be cleverly engineered for the desired application. Currently, 4D printed constructs have been implemented in renewables, textiles, electronics, biomedicals, agriculture, aerospace, purification, etc. and is aggressively growing. The conventional stimuli-driven smart printing inks deployed in 4D printing are non-biodegradable polymers that pose a defiance to sustainability. Hence, it is imperative to appraise the utilization of sustainable raw-materials, comprising of natural and synthetic biodegradable polymers, such as polylactic acid, polyvinyl alcohol, polycaprolactone, etc. as feedstocks for 4D printing. Natural resources, such as carbon, starch, cellulose, alginate, chitosan, collagen, etc. have fluctuating properties, that fortunately make them receptive toward intelligent engineering. This review is an effort towards the implementation of sustainable feedstocks as printing inks for 4D printing, for eventual environmental benignity. It incorporates several sustainable raw materials used for 4D printing and the strategies to use them in conjunction with conventional inks, in order to bring down the volume of non-biodegradables. This article would serve as a reference for designers and engineers wishing to practice sustainable inks for 4D printing, thereby boosting the momentum needed to consolidate this next-generation technology in-line with the sustainable development goals.
{"title":"Sustainable feedstocks for 4D printing: a review of biodegradable polymers and natural resources for stimuli-responsive manufacturing","authors":"Leena V. Bora, Kevin S. Vadaliya, N. Bora","doi":"10.1680/jgrma.23.00039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jgrma.23.00039","url":null,"abstract":"Additive manufacturing (AM), alternatively known as 3D printing is an emerging technology supported by Industry 4.0. When combined with a stimulus-responsive behavior, decorated with the fourth dimension of time, it results in a manufacturing technique known as 4D printing. Although 4D printing technique is currently in its infancy stage, it has attracted exponential rise in attention in last 5 years. 4D printed entities have a distinctive characteristic of property transformation, under the influence of a drafted stimulus, which can be cleverly engineered for the desired application. Currently, 4D printed constructs have been implemented in renewables, textiles, electronics, biomedicals, agriculture, aerospace, purification, etc. and is aggressively growing. The conventional stimuli-driven smart printing inks deployed in 4D printing are non-biodegradable polymers that pose a defiance to sustainability. Hence, it is imperative to appraise the utilization of sustainable raw-materials, comprising of natural and synthetic biodegradable polymers, such as polylactic acid, polyvinyl alcohol, polycaprolactone, etc. as feedstocks for 4D printing. Natural resources, such as carbon, starch, cellulose, alginate, chitosan, collagen, etc. have fluctuating properties, that fortunately make them receptive toward intelligent engineering. This review is an effort towards the implementation of sustainable feedstocks as printing inks for 4D printing, for eventual environmental benignity. It incorporates several sustainable raw materials used for 4D printing and the strategies to use them in conjunction with conventional inks, in order to bring down the volume of non-biodegradables. This article would serve as a reference for designers and engineers wishing to practice sustainable inks for 4D printing, thereby boosting the momentum needed to consolidate this next-generation technology in-line with the sustainable development goals.","PeriodicalId":12929,"journal":{"name":"Green Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45089485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Enrique Terroba-Delicado, J. Ivorra‐Martinez, J. Gómez-Caturla, L. Sánchez-Nácher, N. Montanes
BioHDPE loaded composites with different amounts of spent coffee powder (up to 30 wt.%), were succesfully produced. The use of coffee residues coming from the alcoholic beverage industry into a bioHDPE matrix resulted in a remarkable improvement on the antioxidant properties of composites. Waste spent coffee powder gave reduced the elastic modulus, hardness and storage modulus, which was proportional to the amount of by-product considered. To improve the interaction between the highly hydrophobic BioHDPE matrix and the highy hydrophilic spent coffee powder, a copolymer, namely poly(ethylene-grafted-maleic anhydride) (PE-g-MA) was used. PE-g-MA addition resulted in an improved interaction between the particles and PLA as confirmed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). On the other hand, the presence of the lignocellulosic filler resulted in a low load transfer between the two components, which led to a decrease in tensile strength. The introduction of coffee powder provided an improvement in the thermal stability as confirmed by thermogravimetry (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Finally, antioxidant activity was also observed in the composites, reporting a 27% of DPPH reduction for the highest coffee content composite. The presence of antioxidant substances (coffee oil) was confirmed by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).
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