Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.3126/njst.v20i1.43357
Bimal Subedi, Sameer Nepal, Ocean Shrestha
We present the photometric analysis of Procyon in FITS format using Aladin 9.0 by studying the luminous flux collected by a 16 inch Meade LX200GPS Schmidt-Cassegrain telescope placed at B.P. Koirala National Observa¬tory, Nagarkot, Nepal on April 18, 2017. The maximum and minimum diameters along the maximum and minimum flux regions are constructed. A graph is plotted using a Python custom program for the relative flux density along the two diameters. The flux density varies from the region of extremities of the diameters constructed from 0.25 to a peak of 248.50 in the relative unit. A significant bulging towards the north-eastern portion of Procyon is observed. While moving from the region of maximum flux towards the edge of the north-eastern section, we noticed the bulge prominently. The south-western portion and the other two directions do not show much variation. A possible explanation of the result is discussed.
{"title":"Comparison of Relative Flux Density of Procyon in Visible Band","authors":"Bimal Subedi, Sameer Nepal, Ocean Shrestha","doi":"10.3126/njst.v20i1.43357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/njst.v20i1.43357","url":null,"abstract":"We present the photometric analysis of Procyon in FITS format using Aladin 9.0 by studying the luminous flux collected by a 16 inch Meade LX200GPS Schmidt-Cassegrain telescope placed at B.P. Koirala National Observa¬tory, Nagarkot, Nepal on April 18, 2017. The maximum and minimum diameters along the maximum and minimum flux regions are constructed. A graph is plotted using a Python custom program for the relative flux density along the two diameters. The flux density varies from the region of extremities of the diameters constructed from 0.25 to a peak of 248.50 in the relative unit. A significant bulging towards the north-eastern portion of Procyon is observed. While moving from the region of maximum flux towards the edge of the north-eastern section, we noticed the bulge prominently. The south-western portion and the other two directions do not show much variation. A possible explanation of the result is discussed.","PeriodicalId":129302,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Science and Technology","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114922031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-10DOI: 10.3126/njst.v20i1.39433
Sushmita Dulal, R. Singh
Sal (Shorea robusta) forest leaf litter strongly influences seed germination and seedling survivorship. Therefore, it is crucial to open up the litter layer in such a forest with abundant leaf litter. Briquetting of Sal forest leaf litter can be an option for its management and meet the increasing energy demand. This research work is performed to quantify the amount of Sal forest litter and study the briquette’s combustion properties. The study was carried out in the Namuna Community Forest of Jhapa district. The average weight of leaf litter in the field was observed to be 851 g/m2 . Five varieties of briquettes were produced using different briquetting technologies. Proximate analysis results, calorific value and water boiling tests show these briquettes have good fuel characteristics and can be used as alternative cooking fuel.
{"title":"Fuel Briquettes from Sal (Shorea robusta) Forest Litter as an Alternative Cooking Fuel","authors":"Sushmita Dulal, R. Singh","doi":"10.3126/njst.v20i1.39433","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/njst.v20i1.39433","url":null,"abstract":"Sal (Shorea robusta) forest leaf litter strongly influences seed germination and seedling survivorship. Therefore, it is crucial to open up the litter layer in such a forest with abundant leaf litter. Briquetting of Sal forest leaf litter can be an option for its management and meet the increasing energy demand. This research work is performed to quantify the amount of Sal forest litter and study the briquette’s combustion properties. The study was carried out in the Namuna Community Forest of Jhapa district. The average weight of leaf litter in the field was observed to be 851 g/m2 . Five varieties of briquettes were produced using different briquetting technologies. Proximate analysis results, calorific value and water boiling tests show these briquettes have good fuel characteristics and can be used as alternative cooking fuel.","PeriodicalId":129302,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Science and Technology","volume":"186 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116593198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-10DOI: 10.3126/njst.v20i1.39431
S. Shrestha, Bijan Shrestha, M. V. Shrestha
Urbanization is growing in Nepal at a rapid pace with an increasing number of municipalities. Due to rapid urbanization, agricultural lands have been converting into buildings and infrastructures. This has negatively impacted the urban environment with decreased greeneries, open space, local food production, and groundwater recharge. In this context, this study aimed to explore the opportunity of roof-top hydroponics for urban agriculture in Godawari Municipality. A questionnaire survey was done in ward-14 of Godawari Municipality from November 2018 to December 2018 with a sample size of 64 households. A stratified random sampling method was applied for the household selection. Out of 64 respondents, 45 (71.31%) achieved high opportunity scores based on eight factors: Space, Willingness, Affordability, Manpower, Time, Knowledge, Technology, and Acceptance with incentives. Thus, roof-top hydroponics has a high opportunity for practicing urban agriculture to provide greeneries, fresh vegetables and fruits to the city dwellers locally in Godawari Municipality for realizing the concept of Food Green City.
{"title":"Rooftop Hydroponics: Opportunity for Urban Agriculture in Godawari Municipality of Nepal","authors":"S. Shrestha, Bijan Shrestha, M. V. Shrestha","doi":"10.3126/njst.v20i1.39431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/njst.v20i1.39431","url":null,"abstract":"Urbanization is growing in Nepal at a rapid pace with an increasing number of municipalities. Due to rapid urbanization, agricultural lands have been converting into buildings and infrastructures. This has negatively impacted the urban environment with decreased greeneries, open space, local food production, and groundwater recharge. In this context, this study aimed to explore the opportunity of roof-top hydroponics for urban agriculture in Godawari Municipality. A questionnaire survey was done in ward-14 of Godawari Municipality from November 2018 to December 2018 with a sample size of 64 households. A stratified random sampling method was applied for the household selection. Out of 64 respondents, 45 (71.31%) achieved high opportunity scores based on eight factors: Space, Willingness, Affordability, Manpower, Time, Knowledge, Technology, and Acceptance with incentives. Thus, roof-top hydroponics has a high opportunity for practicing urban agriculture to provide greeneries, fresh vegetables and fruits to the city dwellers locally in Godawari Municipality for realizing the concept of Food Green City.","PeriodicalId":129302,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Science and Technology","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128661721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-10DOI: 10.3126/njst.v20i1.39429
Ranjan Paudel, R. Sharma, Shreeya Bhandari, Manan Koirala, G. Bhandari, N. L. Bhandari
Mahonia napaulensis also known as “Jamanemandro” in Nepali is a medium-sized stiff evergreen shrub widely distributed in South East Asia at an altitude of 1000-2000m, is traditionally used to treat dysentery and eye inflammation. This research focuses on screening of the phytochemicals, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties of this plant. The methanolic extract was prepared using a Soxhlet apparatus. The antioxidant properties of extract were carried out by 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) values from 2-2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging. The phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of terpenoids, reducing sugars, tannins, alkaloids, glycosides including cardiac glycosides and steroids. The antimicrobial activity was studied using the disc diffusion method in five different human pathogens named Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, and Shigella spps. The methanol extract was compared with standard chloramphenicol and showed that methanolic extract of is M.napaulensis exhibit maximum effect against S. aureus with higher growth inhibition zones (27.3 mm), followed by P. aeruginosa, Shigella spps., E. coli and S. typhi. These antimicrobial properties showed similar effect to that of positive control, chloramphenicol. The IC50 values from DPPH radical scavenging were 230.89 µg/mL and 182.73 µg/mL of methanol extract and ascorbic acid, respectively. Due to this antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of M. napaulensis it was widely applicable in biomedical field.
{"title":"Phytochemical Screening and Evaluation of Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of Mahonia napaulensis (Jamanemandro) Bark Extract","authors":"Ranjan Paudel, R. Sharma, Shreeya Bhandari, Manan Koirala, G. Bhandari, N. L. Bhandari","doi":"10.3126/njst.v20i1.39429","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/njst.v20i1.39429","url":null,"abstract":"Mahonia napaulensis also known as “Jamanemandro” in Nepali is a medium-sized stiff evergreen shrub widely distributed in South East Asia at an altitude of 1000-2000m, is traditionally used to treat dysentery and eye inflammation. This research focuses on screening of the phytochemicals, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties of this plant. The methanolic extract was prepared using a Soxhlet apparatus. The antioxidant properties of extract were carried out by 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) values from 2-2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging. The phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of terpenoids, reducing sugars, tannins, alkaloids, glycosides including cardiac glycosides and steroids. The antimicrobial activity was studied using the disc diffusion method in five different human pathogens named Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, and Shigella spps. The methanol extract was compared with standard chloramphenicol and showed that methanolic extract of is M.napaulensis exhibit maximum effect against S. aureus with higher growth inhibition zones (27.3 mm), followed by P. aeruginosa, Shigella spps., E. coli and S. typhi. These antimicrobial properties showed similar effect to that of positive control, chloramphenicol. The IC50 values from DPPH radical scavenging were 230.89 µg/mL and 182.73 µg/mL of methanol extract and ascorbic acid, respectively. Due to this antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of M. napaulensis it was widely applicable in biomedical field.","PeriodicalId":129302,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Science and Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131186218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-10DOI: 10.3126/njst.v20i1.39440
N. Gorkhali, C. Sherpa, A. Dhakal, S. Dhungana, S. Sapkota, Prashanna Koirala, Bhoj Raj Pokhrel, M. Kolachhapati, N. Bhattarai
Nepalese cattle are known for their genetic potentiality concerning inhabitant in extreme climatic conditions, surviving in the scarce food supply, and resistant to several diseases. We aimed to assess Nepal’s ancestral origin and genetic diversity of indigenous cattle breeds based on hyper-variable D loop mtDNA sequences. Three cattle breeds (Siri, Achammi, & Lulu) comprising the total sample population (n= 75) were employed in the study where the mt DNA information of two breeds (Achammi & Lulu) were retrieved from the published source. Hyper-variable D loop (910bp) of Siri cattle was PCR amplified and sequenced. This study claims that the possible ancestral origin of Bos taurus and Bos indicus mtDNA lineage in the Nepalese cattle population is majorly influenced by China and India, respectively. This study suggests that Nepalese cattle can be divided into two major groups: Bos taurus and Bos indicus, where most of the cattle population was of Bos indicus origin. The sampled population can be classified into three significant haplogroups: T3 (25%), I1 (48%), and I2 (27%) revealing a higher genetic diversity among the Nepalese cattle population. Only T3 taurine haplogroup was found in the sampled population. It was consistent with the fact that the absence of T1 haplogroup in North-East Asian cattle. In terms of Bos indicus, the I1 haplogroup was dominant over I2. Higher genetic diversity can be appropriate reasoning for Nepalese cattle’s survival in a harsh environment and low food conditions.
{"title":"Genetic Diversity of Nepalese Indigenous Cattle Breeds Based on D-Loop Mitochondrial DNA","authors":"N. Gorkhali, C. Sherpa, A. Dhakal, S. Dhungana, S. Sapkota, Prashanna Koirala, Bhoj Raj Pokhrel, M. Kolachhapati, N. Bhattarai","doi":"10.3126/njst.v20i1.39440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/njst.v20i1.39440","url":null,"abstract":"Nepalese cattle are known for their genetic potentiality concerning inhabitant in extreme climatic conditions, surviving in the scarce food supply, and resistant to several diseases. We aimed to assess Nepal’s ancestral origin and genetic diversity of indigenous cattle breeds based on hyper-variable D loop mtDNA sequences. Three cattle breeds (Siri, Achammi, & Lulu) comprising the total sample population (n= 75) were employed in the study where the mt DNA information of two breeds (Achammi & Lulu) were retrieved from the published source. Hyper-variable D loop (910bp) of Siri cattle was PCR amplified and sequenced. This study claims that the possible ancestral origin of Bos taurus and Bos indicus mtDNA lineage in the Nepalese cattle population is majorly influenced by China and India, respectively. This study suggests that Nepalese cattle can be divided into two major groups: Bos taurus and Bos indicus, where most of the cattle population was of Bos indicus origin. The sampled population can be classified into three significant haplogroups: T3 (25%), I1 (48%), and I2 (27%) revealing a higher genetic diversity among the Nepalese cattle population. Only T3 taurine haplogroup was found in the sampled population. It was consistent with the fact that the absence of T1 haplogroup in North-East Asian cattle. In terms of Bos indicus, the I1 haplogroup was dominant over I2. Higher genetic diversity can be appropriate reasoning for Nepalese cattle’s survival in a harsh environment and low food conditions.","PeriodicalId":129302,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Science and Technology","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133651496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-10DOI: 10.3126/njst.v20i1.39435
A. Pathak, Pratima Khadka, P. Karki
Detergents commercially available in the Nepalese market were studied and several parameters such as surface tension, pH, critical micelle concentration, foaming stability test, hard water test, emulsions stability test were performed. Different medium such as ground water (G.W.), tap water (T.W.), distilled water (D.W.) and 5% ethanol in distilled water were selected for this study. The decrease in surface tension and critical micelle concentration (CMC) in ground water, tap water, distilled water and 5% ethanol in distilled water, ease of cleansing action of the detergents in this medium have been found of the following order: 5% ethanol in distilled water > distilled water (D.W.) > tap water (T.W.) > ground water (G.W.). Among the four detergents, the D1 have shown the least surface tension, CMC value, foam collapsing time, the weight of scum formed when treated with hard water. And maximum emulsion stability of the detergent D1 determines good quality detergent.
{"title":"Comparative Study of Cleansing Action of Some Detergents Available in Nepalese Market","authors":"A. Pathak, Pratima Khadka, P. Karki","doi":"10.3126/njst.v20i1.39435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/njst.v20i1.39435","url":null,"abstract":"Detergents commercially available in the Nepalese market were studied and several parameters such as surface tension, pH, critical micelle concentration, foaming stability test, hard water test, emulsions stability test were performed. Different medium such as ground water (G.W.), tap water (T.W.), distilled water (D.W.) and 5% ethanol in distilled water were selected for this study. The decrease in surface tension and critical micelle concentration (CMC) in ground water, tap water, distilled water and 5% ethanol in distilled water, ease of cleansing action of the detergents in this medium have been found of the following order: 5% ethanol in distilled water > distilled water (D.W.) > tap water (T.W.) > ground water (G.W.). Among the four detergents, the D1 have shown the least surface tension, CMC value, foam collapsing time, the weight of scum formed when treated with hard water. And maximum emulsion stability of the detergent D1 determines good quality detergent.","PeriodicalId":129302,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Science and Technology","volume":"2014 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114771406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Parthenium hysterophorus Linn. is one of the most aggressive, invasive weeds threatening natural and agricultural ecosystems in the world including Nepal. Augmentative release of host-specific, leaf feeding beetle, Zygogramma bicolorata Pallister (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is one of the sustainable management approaches of parthenium weed. Successful mass rearing program requires knowledge on biology of Z. bicolorata for augmentative release. Thus, life cycle and biology of Z. bicolorata were studied in lab at 26±2 °C temperature and 70±10% relative humidity at NARC, Lalitpur, Nepal during March to September, 2016. The average incubation, larval and pupal periods of the insect were 4.33, 12.20, and 11.00 days, respectively. A single female could lay 1,837 eggs in 58.80 days oviposition period with 73.01% egg hatchability. The insect completed its life cycle in 108.40 and 105.50 days with adult longevity of 91.90 and 75.00 days for females and males, respectively. The average length of egg, pupa, adult female and male was 1.19 mm, 5.90 mm, 6.58 mm and 5.32 mm and breadth 0.51 mm, 3.74 mm, 3.94 mm and 3.20 mm, respectively. The average lengths of the first, second, third and fourth instar larvae were found 1.30 mm, 3.02 mm, 4.96 mm and 8.08 mm and breadth of 0.44 mm, 1.13 mm, 2.02 mm and 3.16 mm, respectively. These findings will help in mass multiplication of Z. bicolorata for biological control of parthenium weed.
{"title":"Biology of Zygogramma Bicolorata Pallister on Parthenium hysterophorus Linn. under Laboratory Conditions","authors":"Ajaya Shree Ratna Bajracharya, Resham Bahadur Thapa, Gopal Bahadur K.C., Shree Baba Pradhan, Jagat Devi Ranjit","doi":"10.3126/njst.v20i1.39375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/njst.v20i1.39375","url":null,"abstract":"Parthenium hysterophorus Linn. is one of the most aggressive, invasive weeds threatening natural and agricultural ecosystems in the world including Nepal. Augmentative release of host-specific, leaf feeding beetle, Zygogramma bicolorata Pallister (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is one of the sustainable management approaches of parthenium weed. Successful mass rearing program requires knowledge on biology of Z. bicolorata for augmentative release. Thus, life cycle and biology of Z. bicolorata were studied in lab at 26±2 °C temperature and 70±10% relative humidity at NARC, Lalitpur, Nepal during March to September, 2016. The average incubation, larval and pupal periods of the insect were 4.33, 12.20, and 11.00 days, respectively. A single female could lay 1,837 eggs in 58.80 days oviposition period with 73.01% egg hatchability. The insect completed its life cycle in 108.40 and 105.50 days with adult longevity of 91.90 and 75.00 days for females and males, respectively. The average length of egg, pupa, adult female and male was 1.19 mm, 5.90 mm, 6.58 mm and 5.32 mm and breadth 0.51 mm, 3.74 mm, 3.94 mm and 3.20 mm, respectively. The average lengths of the first, second, third and fourth instar larvae were found 1.30 mm, 3.02 mm, 4.96 mm and 8.08 mm and breadth of 0.44 mm, 1.13 mm, 2.02 mm and 3.16 mm, respectively. These findings will help in mass multiplication of Z. bicolorata for biological control of parthenium weed.","PeriodicalId":129302,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Science and Technology","volume":"193 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127560922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-10DOI: 10.3126/njst.v20i1.39438
B. Koirala, Radha Bhattarai, R. Maharjan, Sanjeet Maharjan, S. Shrestha
Meat is highly nutritious and mostly consumed food. Usually, meat gets contaminated because of improper handling, open transportation practice, unhygienic cutting tools, and can cause various food–borne illnesses. This study was focused to determine bacterial load and occurrences of potential pathogenic bacteria in the raw buffalo meat sold in Kathmandu valley. Altogether 40 raw buffalo meat samples were collected and assessed. In addition, antibiotic susceptibility of gram-negative bacterial isolates was tested. The total plate count (TPC), and coliform count (CC) in the samples were found comparatively highest from the Asan area of Kathmandu with 9.6±0.02 log CFU/gm and 8.9±0.00 log CFU/gm respectively. Altogether 10 genera of gram-negative bacteria were identified based on the various biochemical tests. The isolated gram-negative bacteria included Proteus spp (39%, 21/54), Pseudomonas (19%, 10/54) Citrobacter spp. (9%, 5/54), E. coli (7%, 4/54), Serratia marcescens (5%, 3/54), Salmonella spp. (9%, 5/54), Enterobacter spp. (2%,1/54), Morganella morganeii (2%,1/54), Klebsiella (2%, 1/54), Yersinia enterocolitica (6%,3/54). The antibiotic susceptibility tests for the isolates was carried against six different antibiotics including-Ofloxacin (OF), Ciprofloxacin (CIP), Nalidixic Acid (NA), Nitrofurantoin (NIT 300), Amoxycillin (AMX) and Chloramphenicol (C). Out of total 54 isolates, 36 were found to be multidrug- resistant. The results of this study clearly revealed buffalo meat sold in Kathmandu valley was contaminated with potential bacterial pathogens which may cause various food- borne illnesses. The occurrence of multi - drug resistant bacteria in the meat samples is alarming threat to public health. Adequate measures to protect bacterial contamination in buffalo meat is highly recommended.
{"title":"Bacterial Assessment of Buffalo Meat in Kathmandu Valley","authors":"B. Koirala, Radha Bhattarai, R. Maharjan, Sanjeet Maharjan, S. Shrestha","doi":"10.3126/njst.v20i1.39438","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/njst.v20i1.39438","url":null,"abstract":"Meat is highly nutritious and mostly consumed food. Usually, meat gets contaminated because of improper handling, open transportation practice, unhygienic cutting tools, and can cause various food–borne illnesses. This study was focused to determine bacterial load and occurrences of potential pathogenic bacteria in the raw buffalo meat sold in Kathmandu valley. Altogether 40 raw buffalo meat samples were collected and assessed. In addition, antibiotic susceptibility of gram-negative bacterial isolates was tested. The total plate count (TPC), and coliform count (CC) in the samples were found comparatively highest from the Asan area of Kathmandu with 9.6±0.02 log CFU/gm and 8.9±0.00 log CFU/gm respectively. Altogether 10 genera of gram-negative bacteria were identified based on the various biochemical tests. The isolated gram-negative bacteria included Proteus spp (39%, 21/54), Pseudomonas (19%, 10/54) Citrobacter spp. (9%, 5/54), E. coli (7%, 4/54), Serratia marcescens (5%, 3/54), Salmonella spp. (9%, 5/54), Enterobacter spp. (2%,1/54), Morganella morganeii (2%,1/54), Klebsiella (2%, 1/54), Yersinia enterocolitica (6%,3/54). The antibiotic susceptibility tests for the isolates was carried against six different antibiotics including-Ofloxacin (OF), Ciprofloxacin (CIP), Nalidixic Acid (NA), Nitrofurantoin (NIT 300), Amoxycillin (AMX) and Chloramphenicol (C). Out of total 54 isolates, 36 were found to be multidrug- resistant. The results of this study clearly revealed buffalo meat sold in Kathmandu valley was contaminated with potential bacterial pathogens which may cause various food- borne illnesses. The occurrence of multi - drug resistant bacteria in the meat samples is alarming threat to public health. Adequate measures to protect bacterial contamination in buffalo meat is highly recommended.","PeriodicalId":129302,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Science and Technology","volume":"129 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134095010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-10DOI: 10.3126/njst.v20i1.39385
Hari Ram Parajuli, Arjun Ghimire
5) Though a traditional material used for construction for ages, masonry is a complex composite material, and its mechanical behavior is influenced by a large number of factors, is not generally well understood. This research aims to study the methodology available in the literature to evaluate the increase in performance of masonry by applying different reinforcement options under in-plane lateral loading. Nonlinear static analysis has been carried out as part of this research to achieve the above objectives. Different unreinforced masonry wall panels were analyzed at various load conditions. Material properties for the masonry wall were taken from the experimental test results of previous literature. The walls were first checked for two failure mechanisms. The stress distributions of walls were checked in each step of analysis and shear failure, and rocking failure was found. Each wall was then analyzed for six different reinforcement options. The comparison of results obtained from the reinforced wall analysis with that of the unreinforced wall indicated significant increase in lateral load-bearing capacity and decreased wall displacement with reinforcement. The maximum increase in load-bearing capacity was achieved by adding chicken wire mesh or CFRP bands throughout the wall while the maximum decrease in displacement was achieved by adding 12 mm diameter bars at the spacing of one meter.
{"title":"Investigation on Lateral Loading on Masonry Walls","authors":"Hari Ram Parajuli, Arjun Ghimire","doi":"10.3126/njst.v20i1.39385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/njst.v20i1.39385","url":null,"abstract":"5)\u0000Though a traditional material used for construction for ages, masonry is a complex composite material, and its mechanical behavior is influenced by a large number of factors, is not generally well understood. This research aims to study the methodology available in the literature to evaluate the increase in performance of masonry by applying different reinforcement options under in-plane lateral loading. Nonlinear static analysis has been carried out as part of this research to achieve the above objectives. Different unreinforced masonry wall panels were analyzed at various load conditions. Material properties for the masonry wall were taken from the experimental test results of previous literature. The walls were first checked for two failure mechanisms. The stress distributions of walls were checked in each step of analysis and shear failure, and rocking failure was found. Each wall was then analyzed for six different reinforcement options. The comparison of results obtained from the reinforced wall analysis with that of the unreinforced wall indicated significant increase in lateral load-bearing capacity and decreased wall displacement with reinforcement. The maximum increase in load-bearing capacity was achieved by adding chicken wire mesh or CFRP bands throughout the wall while the maximum decrease in displacement was achieved by adding 12 mm diameter bars at the spacing of one meter.","PeriodicalId":129302,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Science and Technology","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121141961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-10DOI: 10.3126/njst.v20i1.39449
S. T. H. Shah, N. G. Khan, Muhammad Imran Hafeez Abbasi, Kamran Tabassum, Syed Khaizer Wahab Shah
The purpose of this review is to shed light on copper deposits found in different regions of Pakistan. The geological attributes of copper deposits have been considered with their tectonic context. The porphyry copper deposits can be traced in Pakistan from the north through Kohistan Island Arc (KIA) up to the south to Chaghi Magmatic Arc (CMA). These deposits are mainly found in and around the Late Tertiary–Early Tertiary Himalayan Belt, Kohistan magmatic arc, Karakorum Block Foreland fold and thrust belt, Ophiolite Thrust belt, Suture zone and Chaghi Magmatic Arc. These deposits in Pakistan are chiefly established in different episodes of tectonic regimes, including subduction processes, oceanic island arc, continental arc, along with Chaman- OrnachNal Fault system and post-collisional settings.
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