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Acenaphthene Nitro Derivatives Plasma-Chemical Synthesis in the High-Frequency Currents Field at Reduced Pressure 高压高频电流场中苊硝基衍生物的等离子体化学合成
Q3 Mathematics Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.18698/1812-3368-2023-4-123-140
A.A. Lubin, R.V. Yakushin, M.S. Oshchepkov, Yu.V. Ulyanova, D.O. Botev, A.V. Chistolinov, N.Ya. Podhaluzina, I.N. Solovieva, V.S. Boldyrev
Plasma-chemical processing devices are widely used in practice and are an integral part in microelectronics, medicine, light industry and nanotechnology. In addition, they are used as methods for modifying the modern materials surfaces and in liquids processing. The paper considers preparation of the aromatic compound nitro derivatives under the action of capacitive high-frequency electrodeless discharge at the gas--liquid interface with the reduced pressure. During the plasma-chemical treatment of the reaction mixture containing the 1,2-dihydroacenaphthylene (acenaphthene), its complete conversion was observed, which was confirmed by detection of the acenaphthene mono- and dinitro-derivatives, as well as of the side chain oxidation products, in the reaction products. The proposed method of implementing nitration reaction of the aromatic substances, which belongs to the new instrumental methods of organic synthesis along with photochemistry and electrochemical synthesis, allows direct binding of the molecular nitrogen and oxygen into the valuable nitrogen-containing organic compounds. Study results demonstrate effective introduction of the plasma chemistry methods in chemical technology not only for the purposes of oxidative destruction of the organic substances, but also as the physicochemical tools for the fine organic synthesis allowing selective functionalization of the polynuclear aromatic compounds
等离子体化学处理装置在实践中得到了广泛的应用,是微电子、医药、轻工业和纳米技术等领域不可或缺的组成部分。此外,它们还被用作修饰现代材料表面和液体加工的方法。研究了在减压的气液界面电容性高频无极放电作用下制备芳香化合物硝基衍生物的方法。在等离子体化学处理含有1,2-二氢苊(苊)的反应混合物时,观察到其完全转化,并通过检测反应产物中的苊单、二硝基衍生物以及侧链氧化产物证实了这一点。本文提出的芳香族物质硝化反应的实现方法,是一种与光化学、电化学合成齐名的新型有机合成仪器方法,可以将分子氮和氧直接结合成有价的含氮有机化合物。研究结果表明,等离子体化学方法不仅可以有效地用于有机物质的氧化破坏,而且可以作为精细有机合成的物理化学工具,允许多核芳香族化合物的选择性官能化
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引用次数: 0
Energy Level Quantization in the 1D Quantum Well in Case of Instantaneous Stationary State with the Non-Relativistic Wall and Particle Motion 具有非相对论壁和粒子运动的瞬时定态的一维量子阱中的能级量子化
Q3 Mathematics Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.18698/1812-3368-2023-4-108-122
N.I. Yurasov
The paper considers the problem of finding energy levels in the 1D quantum well in case of its width alteration at the nonrelativistic rate. According to the reviewed literature, the exact solution is known only in the case of nonrelativistic motion of the 1D quantum well wall at the constant rate. It is shown that motion with the constant rate is physically unrealizable. Therefore, it is necessary to find at least small areas of the Schrodinger equation solution for a wider range of nonrelativistic alterations in the 1D quantum well width. Analysis results presented in the study show existence of such areas. The found areas correspond to the instantaneous stationary states satisfying the Bohr quantization condition. In this case, the Dirichlet condition is also satisfied on the moving wall. It means that in this case energy of the level with the n number also becomes a function of the k second quantum number, which takes into account dynamic alteration in the 1D quantum well width. Variants were found of the k second quantum number spectrum and of the quantum level spectrum in various cases of the wall continuous motion with zero initial speed and finite acceleration. Within the framework of the analysis used, formulas were obtained to change the difference between energies of the two arbitrary levels. An analysis was made for the boundaries of the wall speed and the 1D quantum well width in considering the nonrelativistic problem. The obtained results and their possible applications are under discussion, including analysis of the problems related to nanotechnology
研究一维量子阱宽度以非相对论速率变化时的能级求解问题。根据文献综述,只有在一维量子阱壁以恒定速率进行非相对论性运动的情况下,才知道精确解。结果表明,匀速运动在物理上是不可实现的。因此,对于一维量子阱宽度的更大范围的非相对论性变化,有必要找到薛定谔方程解的至少小区域。本研究的分析结果表明,此类区域是存在的。发现的区域对应于满足玻尔量化条件的瞬时稳态。在这种情况下,移动壁面也满足狄利克雷条件。这意味着在这种情况下,n数能级的能量也成为k秒量子数的函数,它考虑了一维量子阱宽度的动态变化。在零初始速度和有限加速度的壁面连续运动的各种情况下,发现了k秒量子数谱和量子能级谱的变体。在所使用的分析框架内,得到了改变任意两个能级之间能量差的公式。在考虑非相对论性问题时,分析了壁速度和一维量子阱宽度的边界。讨论了所获得的结果及其可能的应用,包括分析了与纳米技术有关的问题
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引用次数: 1
Generalization of Ackermann Formula for a Certain Class of Multidimensional Dynamic Systems with Vector Input 一类具有向量输入的多维动态系统的Ackermann公式的推广
Q3 Mathematics Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.18698/1812-3368-2023-4-18-38
A.V. Lapin, N.E. Zubov, A.V. Proletarskii
A compact analytical formula is obtained that determines the entire set of solutions of the modal control problem for a wide class of multidimensional dynamical systems with vector input, where the number of states is divisible by the number of control inputs, and the controllability index is equal to the quotient of this division. This formula generalizes to systems with the vector input the Ackermann formula applied to multidimensional systems with scalar input. The basis to obtaining the generalized Ackermann formula lies in the original concepts of the Luenberger generalized canonical form and operations of the matrices block transposition. For the most convenient calculation of controller, the original system with vector input is reduced to the generalized Luenberger canonical form using the two successive similarity transformations. A lemma is proved that demonstrates the compact analytical form of the inverse transformation matrix. Transition equivalence makes it possible to obtain a complete countably infinite parametrized set of solutions to the modal control problem under consideration. Its parametrization is provided by selecting block coefficients of the matrix polynomial, which determinant corresponds to the given scalar characteristic polynomial. In cases, where the matrix polynomial involved in parametrization is not reduced to the multipliers, the generalized Ackermann formula contains solutions to the modal control problem that could not be obtained using the existing decomposition method. Examples are presented demonstrating both suitability of the proposed formula for analytical synthesis of modal controllers by state in systems with vector input and its advantages in comparison with the decomposition method
得到了一类具有矢量输入的多维动力系统的模态控制问题的全部解的紧凑解析公式,其中状态数可被控制输入数整除,可控性指标等于该整除的商。该公式推广到具有矢量输入的系统,将Ackermann公式应用于具有标量输入的多维系统。得到广义Ackermann公式的基础在于Luenberger广义正则形式的原始概念和矩阵块转置的运算。为了方便控制器的计算,利用两次连续相似变换将具有矢量输入的原始系统简化为广义Luenberger标准形式。证明了一个引理,证明了逆变换矩阵的紧致解析形式。过渡等价使得所考虑的模态控制问题有可能得到完整的可数无穷参数化解集。它的参数化是通过选取矩阵多项式的块系数来实现的,其行列式对应于给定的标量特征多项式。当参数化所涉及的矩阵多项式没有被约化为乘数时,广义Ackermann公式包含了用现有分解方法无法得到的模态控制问题的解。通过实例证明了所提出的公式对矢量输入系统的状态解析综合模态控制器的适用性,以及与分解方法相比的优越性
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引用次数: 0
Preparation and Сharacterization of Biocomposite Films of Sodium Alginate/Kappa-Carrageenan/Iota-Carrageenan Loaded with Aminoethoxyvinylglycine 氨基乙氧基乙烯基甘氨酸负载海藻酸钠/ kappa -卡拉胶/ iota -卡拉胶生物复合膜的制备及Сharacterization
Q3 Mathematics Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.18698/1812-3368-2023-4-175-193
N.A. Villacres, E.T.G. Cavalheiro, A.P.G. Ferreira, T. Venancio, H.A. Alarcon, A.C. Valderrama
This work focused on the development of a new biomaterial from polysaccharides. Thus composite films of sodium alginate, κ-carrageenan, and ι-carra-geenan plasticized with glycerol and poly(ethylene glycol) 400 (PEG 400) were prepared. The surface properties of the resulting films in terms of surface morphology were investigated. The best ratio between glycerol and PEG 400 used as plasticizers to prepare sodium alginate films was determined. Opacity, water content, SEM, TGA, and FTIR studies determined the optimal ratio between glycerol and PEG 400. The addition of carrageenans in the composite films showed differences in the TGA curves and on surface of the films. The composite film was loaded with an ethanolic solution of aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG). The AVG loaded in the composite film exhibited improved surface area, increased percent of crystallinity, and higher percent release at a lower temperature and its release kinetics were studied
本工作的重点是从多糖中开发一种新的生物材料。为此,制备了海藻酸钠、κ-卡拉胶和ι-卡拉胶经甘油和聚乙二醇400 (PEG 400)塑化的复合膜。从表面形貌的角度研究了所得薄膜的表面特性。确定了甘油与PEG 400作为增塑剂制备海藻酸钠薄膜的最佳配比。不透明度,含水量,SEM, TGA和FTIR研究确定了甘油和peg400之间的最佳比例。卡拉胶在复合膜中的添加量对复合膜的TGA曲线和表面形貌有不同的影响。用氨基乙氧基乙烯基甘氨酸(AVG)乙醇溶液负载复合膜。在低温下,AVG的表面积增大,结晶率提高,释放率提高,并对其释放动力学进行了研究
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引用次数: 0
EPR-Study the Decay Kinetics of Free Radicals in Irradiated Sucrose 辐照蔗糖中自由基衰变动力学的epr研究
Q3 Mathematics Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.18698/1812-3368-2023-4-141-158
I.M. Medzhidov, I.V. Polyakova, S.A. Gorbatov, D.I. Petrukhina, V.I. Shishko, O.V. Tkhorik, V.A. Kharlamov
Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrometry makes it possible to study the formation of free radicals during the transfer of energy to the object. The decay kinetics of free radicals is an integral part of the study since this phenomenon directly interferes with the goals of accurate identification of the irradiation fact and dosimetry using EPR spectrometry. In this work, we have studied the time dependence of the intensity and characteristics of the EPR signal of analytical sucrose irradiated with gamma rays at doses from 0.3 to 9 kGy. It has been shown that irradiated sucrose gives a stable EPR peak after 60 days. A change in the spectral characteristics of the signal was recorded in the first 23 hours after irradiation. The signal intensity tends to increase in the first 72 hours after irradiation for a sample with an irradiation dose of 300 Gy and 48 hours for 1000 Gy. The dependence of the signal intensity on the absorbed dose is linear in the range of studied doses. The g-factor value at the intersection point of the derivative contour with the zero line is 2.013. Based on the data obtained, it can be assumed that sucrose (sugar) is one of the best candidates among solid radiation-sensitive materials for identifying the fact of irradiation using EPR spectrometry
电子顺磁共振(EPR)光谱法使研究能量向物体转移过程中自由基的形成成为可能。自由基的衰变动力学是研究的一个组成部分,因为这种现象直接干扰了使用EPR光谱法准确识别辐照事实和剂量测定的目标。在这项工作中,我们研究了在0.3至9 kGy剂量的伽马射线照射下分析蔗糖的EPR信号强度和特征的时间依赖性。研究表明,辐照蔗糖在60天后达到稳定的EPR峰值。在辐照后的头23小时内,记录了信号的光谱特征的变化。辐照剂量为300 Gy和1000 Gy的样品,在辐照后72小时内信号强度有增加的趋势。在研究的剂量范围内,信号强度与吸收剂量的关系是线性的。导数轮廓与零线交点处的g因子值为2.013。根据获得的数据,可以假设蔗糖(糖)是固体辐射敏感材料中使用EPR光谱法识别辐照事实的最佳候选者之一
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引用次数: 0
Semi-Classical Quantum Generalization of the London Equations and the Monopole Hypothesis 伦敦方程的半经典量子推广和单极子假设
Q3 Mathematics Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.18698/1812-3368-2023-4-39-51
I.N. Aliev, Z.A. Samedova, R.E. Lyatifov
The paper considers the London equation semi-classical generalization leading to a connection between the Cooper pairs magnetic flux quantization and the electric charge discreteness. Using the Bohr --- Sommerfeld quantization rule, a derivation of the magnetic flux quantization was made on the basis of the fluxoid uniqueness. The resulting quantization was applied to the magnetic monopoles hypothesis proposed by Dirac, which remains relevant due to the asymmetry present in the modern physics in describing electrical and magnetic properties of matter. On a fairly simple model of the possible experiment, an option of registering a monopole by a jump in the magnetic induction flux and the associated alteration in the circuit current were studied. The paper analyzed the problems of the monopole different measurement units and the results similar to those obtained on the basis of the Schwinger series of works, where he proceeded from considering introduction of a hypothetical particle with the electric and magnetic charges, i.e., the dyon. Possible explanation of the Abrikosov vortex is presented, it is based on vortex representation in the form of a magnetized thin thread through the magnetic tubes, at the ends of which monopoles of different charges (dipole) are positioned. Unlike most the works devoted to this problem, calculations were performed in the SI system. The monopole quantization conditions were derived
本文考虑了伦敦方程的半经典推广,将库柏对磁通量量子化与电荷离散性联系起来。利用玻尔—索默菲尔德量子化规则,在流态唯一性的基础上推导了磁通量量子化。由此产生的量子化应用于狄拉克提出的磁单极子假设,由于现代物理学在描述物质的电和磁特性时存在不对称性,该假设仍然相关。在一个相当简单的可能实验模型上,研究了通过磁感应通量的跳跃和电路电流的相关变化来记录单极子的选择。本文分析了单极子不同测量单位的问题,并从考虑引入一种带电荷和磁荷的假想粒子即dyon出发,得出了与Schwinger系列著作相似的结果。提出了对阿布里科索夫涡旋的一种可能的解释,它是基于通过磁管的磁化细线形式的涡旋表示,在磁管的两端有不同电荷的单极子(偶极子)。与大多数致力于这个问题的作品不同,计算是在SI系统中进行的。推导了单极子量子化条件
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引用次数: 0
Gas-Dynamic Stabilization and Intensification of the Methane Oxidation Macrokinetic Processes in the High-Enthalpy Oxygen-Containing Flow 高焓含氧流中甲烷氧化宏观动力学过程的气动力稳定与强化
Q3 Mathematics Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.18698/1812-3368-2023-4-52-78
K.Yu. Arefyev, I.M. Grishin, V.S. Zakharov, A.V. Nikoporenko
The paper presents experimental results of studying the macrokinetic intensification and stabilization processes of methane oxidation (combustion) in the high-enthalpy oxygen-containing flow inside the constant cross section channel being finite along its length. Calculation and experimental data are presented on the methane oxidation gas-dynamic intensification and stabilization in the recirculation zone of the high-enthalpy oxygen-containing flow formed behind the wedge-shaped bluff body. Computational and experimental studies enabled to consider various configurations of the bluff bodies differing in their number and degree of the constant cross section channel obstruction. Dependence of the gas relative residence time in the recirculation zone behind the bluff bodies was determined for various configurations. Range of the initial enthalpy values of the high-enthalpy oxygen-containing flow of 350--700 kJ/kg was considered. Regularities were established for the influence of the flow obstruction degree on the physical and chemical processes completion in the channel under study. Methane oxidation intensity in the high-enthalpy oxygen-containing flow was compared with and without the gas-dynamic stabilization. The level of lower limit value of the fuel excess coefficient corresponding to the stable methane ignition and combustion was determined. The data obtained indicate intensification in the methane oxidation diffusion-kinetic regimes and make it possible to evaluate the factors that are limiting completion of the physical and chemical processes
本文介绍了高焓含氧流动在沿长度有限的等截面通道内的甲烷氧化(燃烧)宏观动力学强化与稳定过程的实验结果。给出了楔形钝体后形成的高焓含氧流在再循环区内甲烷氧化气的动态强化和稳定化的计算和实验数据。计算和实验研究能够考虑不同形状的钝体在其数量和程度上不同的等横截面通道障碍。确定了不同构型下钝体后再循环区内气体相对停留时间的依赖关系。考虑了350—700 kJ/kg高焓含氧流的初始焓值范围。建立了流动阻塞程度对研究通道内物理化学过程完成的影响规律。比较了加气动稳定化和不加气动稳定化后高焓含氧流动中甲烷氧化强度的变化。确定了甲烷稳定点火燃烧所对应的燃料过剩系数下限值水平。所获得的数据表明甲烷氧化扩散动力学机制的增强,并使评估限制物理和化学过程完成的因素成为可能
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引用次数: 0
Kaolinite and Illite Based Clay Supporting Nickel: its Synthesis, Characterization, and Catalytic Optimazion in a Lab-Scale Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Production 高岭石和伊利石基粘土负载镍:合成、表征及实验室规模脂肪酸甲酯催化优化
Q3 Mathematics Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.18698/1812-3368-2023-4-159-174
Febiola Fifi, None Rahmayeni, None Admi, None Syukri
The increasing world energy needs are not matched by the limited availability of fossil fuels thus the development of clean and sustainable fuels is the right solution. Biodiesel is one of these fuels and can be produced through transesterification reactions of vegetable oils in the presence of a catalyst. Acidic natural clay can be an option because of its large abundance, especially in the Indonesia and is heterogeneous in the solution it catalyzes. In this study, clay samples were obtained from an area in Bukittinggi City, West Sumatra Province, and then combined by wet impregnation with nickel as a catalyst in the transesterification reaction of used cooking oil to produce fatty acid methyl esters. Based on X-Ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, the presence of nickel ions does not affect the diffraction pattern of clay minerals contained in the soil consisting of kaolinite and illite. Measurements with X-Ray fluorescence (XRF) showed that the silicon-aluminum mole ratio also did not show a significant change where before mixing the value was 2.0 and after that it only decreased about 5 % to 1.9. The pore diameter of the catalyst was 3.03 nm known by Surface Area Analyzer (SAA). Several variations have been carried out to optimize the catalytic performance of the nickel supported clay and the best conditions were obtained when the catalyst concentration was 3 wt %, the methanol-oil mole ratio was 6:1, the reaction temperature was 70 °C and the reaction carried out for 3 hours. Under these conditions, the yield of methyl ester produced was 63 %
日益增长的世界能源需求与有限的化石燃料供应不相匹配,因此开发清洁和可持续的燃料是正确的解决方案。生物柴油就是其中一种燃料,可以在催化剂的作用下通过植物油的酯交换反应来生产。酸性天然粘土是一种选择,因为它的储量很大,特别是在印度尼西亚,而且在它催化的溶液中是异质的。在这项研究中,从西苏门答腊省Bukittinggi市的一个地区获得粘土样品,然后用镍作为催化剂湿浸渍在废食用油的酯交换反应中合成脂肪酸甲酯。基于x射线衍射(XRD)分析,镍离子的存在不影响高岭石和伊利石组成的土壤中所含粘土矿物的衍射模式。x射线荧光(XRF)测量表明,混合前硅铝摩尔比为2.0,混合后仅下降约5%至1.9,也没有明显变化。通过表面积分析仪(SAA)测得催化剂孔径为3.03 nm。对镍负载粘土的催化性能进行了优化,得到催化剂浓度为3wt %,甲醇-油摩尔比为6:1,反应温度为70℃,反应时间为3h的最佳条件。在此条件下,甲酯的收率为63%
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引用次数: 0
Investigation of the PAH and Carbon Nanoparticles Formation Processes in the Ethylene Pyrolysis with the Tetrahydrofuran Addition Behind the Shock Waves 激波后四氢呋喃加成乙烯热解过程中多环芳烃和碳纳米颗粒形成过程的研究
Q3 Mathematics Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.18698/1812-3368-2023-4-79-107
A.V. Drakon, A.V. Eremin, M.R. Korshunova, E.Yu. Mikheyeva
Currently, substances are being actively sought that could serve as the alternative fuel or fuel additive reducing formation and emission of the carbon nanoparticles. Here, processes of the polyaromatic hydrocarbons (precursors of the carbon condensed phase formation) and carbon black nanoparticles formation during the ethylene pyrolysis with addition of the tetrahydrofuran were studied by laser-induced fluorescence and laser extinction methods. Spectral dependences of laser-induced fluorescence of the polyaromatic hydrocarbons were obtained by laser-induced fluorescence at various temperatures and pyrolysis stages, and optical density of the reacting gas mixtures at wavelengths of 405 and 633 nm was obtained by laser extinction. Measurements were carried out on a shock tube behind the reflected shock waves in the temperature range of 1,695--2,500 K and pressure range of 2.7--4.1 atm. It is shown that during the ethylene pyrolysis with the tetrahydrofuran addition soot formation process is intensifying, and the temperature range of the carbon nanoparticles formation is expanding. Using the kinetic simulation, it was found that acceleration in the carbon nanoparticles formation was caused by formation of methyl radical and propylene in the tetrahydrofuran pyrolysis
目前,人们正在积极寻找可以作为替代燃料或燃料添加剂的物质,以减少碳纳米颗粒的形成和排放。本文采用激光诱导荧光法和激光消光法研究了四氢呋喃加入乙烯热解过程中多芳烃(碳凝聚相形成的前体)和炭黑纳米颗粒的形成过程。通过不同温度和热解阶段的激光诱导荧光获得了多芳烃激光诱导荧光的光谱依赖性,通过激光消光获得了反应气体混合物在405 nm和633 nm波长处的光密度。测量是在反射冲击波后面的激波管上进行的,温度范围为1695—2500 K,压力范围为2.7—4.1 atm。结果表明,在乙烯热解过程中,四氢呋喃的加入使烟尘的形成过程加剧,碳纳米颗粒的形成温度范围扩大。通过动力学模拟发现,四氢呋喃热解过程中甲基自由基和丙烯的生成加速了纳米碳颗粒的形成
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引用次数: 0
Saint-Venant Principle on Problems of Nonlocal Elasticity Theory 非局部弹性理论问题的Saint-Venant原理
Q3 Mathematics Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.18698/1812-3368-2023-4-4-17
G.N. Kuvyrkin, A.A. Sokolov
Simulating the modern structural materials requires introduction of a model that takes into account structural features at the micro-level. The Eringen’s nonlocal elasticity theory model could be referred to such models. This model introduction was considered in comparison with the elasticity classical model. Main feature of the nonlocal model is that it takes into consideration the long-range interactions between the continuous medium particles; classical formulation is its special case. In this case, equations are having the integral differential form, which significantly complicates obtaining the analytical solutions. In this regard, the finite elements method was applied to find a solution using the isoparametric finite elements. Here, the main balance relations are satisfied, as in the classical elasticity theory model. However, the solutions obtained are differing to a larger extent from the classical solutions, since such solutions exhibit the edge effect in vicinity of the domain free boundaries. This effect, as well as preservation of the balance of forces, are demonstrated on the example of the Saint-Venant principle feasibility at stretching the rectangular plate. Solutions obtained in the nonlocal formulation have a significant decrease in the tensile stress decrease near the free boundaries and shear stresses in the cross section
模拟现代结构材料需要引入一个考虑微观结构特征的模型。Eringen的非局部弹性理论模型可作为此类模型的参考。并与弹性力学经典模型进行了比较。非定域模型的主要特点是考虑了连续介质粒子间的远程相互作用;经典公式是它的特例。在这种情况下,方程具有积分微分形式,这使得获得解析解变得非常复杂。为此,采用有限元方法,利用等参数有限元求解。在这里,主要的平衡关系得到满足,就像在经典的弹性理论模型中一样。然而,得到的解与经典解有较大的差异,因为这些解在区域自由边界附近表现出边缘效应。这种效应,以及保持力的平衡,在圣维南原理的例子上证明了在拉伸矩形板时的可行性。在非局部公式中得到的解在自由边界附近的拉应力和截面上的剪切应力都有显著的减小
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引用次数: 0
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