A. Agostini, S. Albolino, G. Michelis, F. D. Paoli, R. Dondi
Most of the available knowledge management systems pay little attention to two important aspects: the need of supporting emerging communities of interest together with the official organizational structure; and the need of cluing together knowledge associated with any kind of involved entity including people, communities, and informal knowledge. The MILK system enhances knowledge discovery and sharing by providing services addressing these aspects and supplying innovative interfaces and interaction styles. The goal of MILK is to become a familiar environment integrated in the every-day activities of dynamic modern workers. To meet the users' needs, the solution proposed by MILK roots in ethnographic analysis capturing the common practices within an organization.
{"title":"Stimulating knowledge discovery and sharing","authors":"A. Agostini, S. Albolino, G. Michelis, F. D. Paoli, R. Dondi","doi":"10.1145/958160.958199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/958160.958199","url":null,"abstract":"Most of the available knowledge management systems pay little attention to two important aspects: the need of supporting emerging communities of interest together with the official organizational structure; and the need of cluing together knowledge associated with any kind of involved entity including people, communities, and informal knowledge. The MILK system enhances knowledge discovery and sharing by providing services addressing these aspects and supplying innovative interfaces and interaction styles. The goal of MILK is to become a familiar environment integrated in the every-day activities of dynamic modern workers. To meet the users' needs, the solution proposed by MILK roots in ethnographic analysis capturing the common practices within an organization.","PeriodicalId":130289,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2003 ACM International Conference on Supporting Group Work","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126696767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Loose coupling is a common way of organizing collaboration in work groups, but it has not been studied extensively in CSCW. In this paper, we consider the patterns of work that are seen in mobile groups that adopt a loosely coupled collaboration style. We report findings from interviews and fieldwork with teams of workers who deliver home healthcare services. In these teams, workers are mobile, widely dispersed, and autonomous, and team members communicate with each other only intermittently. Based on these findings, we identify and discuss four work patterns that occur in loosely coupled mobility: discretionary collaboration and effort thresholds, implicitly shared information, asynchronous communication and coordination, and barriers to synchrony. We consider the implications of these findings for the design of CSCW technologies.
{"title":"Designing for loose coupling in mobile groups","authors":"David Pinelle, C. Gutwin","doi":"10.1145/958160.958173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/958160.958173","url":null,"abstract":"Loose coupling is a common way of organizing collaboration in work groups, but it has not been studied extensively in CSCW. In this paper, we consider the patterns of work that are seen in mobile groups that adopt a loosely coupled collaboration style. We report findings from interviews and fieldwork with teams of workers who deliver home healthcare services. In these teams, workers are mobile, widely dispersed, and autonomous, and team members communicate with each other only intermittently. Based on these findings, we identify and discuss four work patterns that occur in loosely coupled mobility: discretionary collaboration and effort thresholds, implicitly shared information, asynchronous communication and coordination, and barriers to synchrony. We consider the implications of these findings for the design of CSCW technologies.","PeriodicalId":130289,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2003 ACM International Conference on Supporting Group Work","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132454418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, we present results from the study of a free software development virtual organization, the GNU Enterprise (GNUe) project, and how they develop software in a globally distributed free software development project. In particular, examples of how they mitigate and resolve conflict are presented. Conflict arises over the use of a non-free tool to create GNUe graphic, and over the use of a non-free tool for GNUe documentation. The GNUe developers resolve the conflict using internet relay chat (IRC), threaded email discussions, and community digests. We characterize the GNUe developers as an occupational subculture within the occupational community of free/open source software (F/OSS) developers and show how the beliefs in free software and freedom of choice, and values in cooperative work and community assist GNUe contributors in mitigating and resolving conflict. In addition, we show how, despite fluctuating boundaries of membership in a virtual organization, daily discussions on the GNUe IRC serve to build and perpetuate the global community of GNUe contributors as well as F/OSS developers in general.
{"title":"Free software developers as an occupational community: resolving conflicts and fostering collaboration","authors":"M. Elliott, W. Scacchi","doi":"10.1145/958160.958164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/958160.958164","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we present results from the study of a free software development virtual organization, the GNU Enterprise (GNUe) project, and how they develop software in a globally distributed free software development project. In particular, examples of how they mitigate and resolve conflict are presented. Conflict arises over the use of a non-free tool to create GNUe graphic, and over the use of a non-free tool for GNUe documentation. The GNUe developers resolve the conflict using internet relay chat (IRC), threaded email discussions, and community digests. We characterize the GNUe developers as an occupational subculture within the occupational community of free/open source software (F/OSS) developers and show how the beliefs in free software and freedom of choice, and values in cooperative work and community assist GNUe contributors in mitigating and resolving conflict. In addition, we show how, despite fluctuating boundaries of membership in a virtual organization, daily discussions on the GNUe IRC serve to build and perpetuate the global community of GNUe contributors as well as F/OSS developers in general.","PeriodicalId":130289,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2003 ACM International Conference on Supporting Group Work","volume":"17 9","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120856457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Organizations have been increasingly providing communities of workers with resources, time, physical space and collaborative technologies to enhance the exchange and flow of knowledge and information. In this paper the results of a multi-organizational survey of four work-based communities is presented. These results offer insights into the resource usage, time use for various work activities, and reported individual, community and organizational benefits. A descriptive model is developed and discussed to show the relationships between community participation, time use, and individual and organizational outcomes.
{"title":"Improving individual and organizational performance through communities of practice","authors":"D. Millen, Michael A. Fontaine","doi":"10.1145/958160.958192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/958160.958192","url":null,"abstract":"Organizations have been increasingly providing communities of workers with resources, time, physical space and collaborative technologies to enhance the exchange and flow of knowledge and information. In this paper the results of a multi-organizational survey of four work-based communities is presented. These results offer insights into the resource usage, time use for various work activities, and reported individual, community and organizational benefits. A descriptive model is developed and discussed to show the relationships between community participation, time use, and individual and organizational outcomes.","PeriodicalId":130289,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2003 ACM International Conference on Supporting Group Work","volume":"240 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122998991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
While many synchronous computer-mediated communication systems have failed to encourage users to make use of the expressive capabilities of their avatars, asynchronous systems may hold better chance. This paper reports on the design and user study of a message system that allows users to concatenate and annotate avatar animations and send them to peers. During three weeks, a group of 11 17-year-olds exchanged 222 animated messages in their everyday life environment. The interplay between text and animation allowed users to create significantly expressive messages. Many messages told micro-stories about fictitious and real events. Users identified with their avatars and were proud of their embodied representation. The content of messages deepened during the course of the study.
{"title":"Exms: an animated and avatar-based messaging system for expressive peer communication","authors":"Per Persson","doi":"10.1145/958160.958166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/958160.958166","url":null,"abstract":"While many synchronous computer-mediated communication systems have failed to encourage users to make use of the expressive capabilities of their avatars, asynchronous systems may hold better chance. This paper reports on the design and user study of a message system that allows users to concatenate and annotate avatar animations and send them to peers. During three weeks, a group of 11 17-year-olds exchanged 222 animated messages in their everyday life environment. The interplay between text and animation allowed users to create significantly expressive messages. Many messages told micro-stories about fictitious and real events. Users identified with their avatars and were proud of their embodied representation. The content of messages deepened during the course of the study.","PeriodicalId":130289,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2003 ACM International Conference on Supporting Group Work","volume":"109 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125378246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Molli, G. Oster, H. Skaf-Molli, Abdessamad Imine
Reconciliating divergent data is an important issue in concurrent engineering, mobile computing and software configuration management. Currently, a lot of synchronizers or merge tools perform reconciliations. However, they do not define what is the correctness of their synchronisation. In this paper, we propose to use a transformational approach as the basic model for reasonning about synchronisation. We propose an algorithm and specific transformation functions that realize a file system synchronisation. Unlike classic synchronizers, our synchronizer ensures properties of convergence, causality and intention preservation and is extensible to new data types.
{"title":"Using the transformational approach to build a safe and generic data synchronizer","authors":"P. Molli, G. Oster, H. Skaf-Molli, Abdessamad Imine","doi":"10.1145/958160.958194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/958160.958194","url":null,"abstract":"Reconciliating divergent data is an important issue in concurrent engineering, mobile computing and software configuration management. Currently, a lot of synchronizers or merge tools perform reconciliations. However, they do not define what is the correctness of their synchronisation. In this paper, we propose to use a transformational approach as the basic model for reasonning about synchronisation. We propose an algorithm and specific transformation functions that realize a file system synchronisation. Unlike classic synchronizers, our synchronizer ensures properties of convergence, causality and intention preservation and is extensible to new data types.","PeriodicalId":130289,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2003 ACM International Conference on Supporting Group Work","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132713043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Our study examined WiInf-Central, the "virtual homeplace" of a student community at the University of Hamburg, focusing on the processes of social identity and community building. After a detailed description of WiInf-Central we review our theoretical approaches, based on Social Identity Theory and Communities of Practice, and then set out our research questions and design. Finally, we present and discuss our results, followed by some comments on the theoretical and practical implications of our findings.
{"title":"E-community-building in wiInf-central","authors":"B. Pape, L. Reinecke, M. Rohde, Monique Janneck","doi":"10.1145/958160.958163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/958160.958163","url":null,"abstract":"Our study examined WiInf-Central, the \"virtual homeplace\" of a student community at the University of Hamburg, focusing on the processes of social identity and community building. After a detailed description of WiInf-Central we review our theoretical approaches, based on Social Identity Theory and Communities of Practice, and then set out our research questions and design. Finally, we present and discuss our results, followed by some comments on the theoretical and practical implications of our findings.","PeriodicalId":130289,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2003 ACM International Conference on Supporting Group Work","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122727399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, we draw on theory about social worlds to analyze how different organizational contexts affect groupware adoption. We report on a study of the adoption of data conferencing in a large distributed organization. Our data show that the diffusion process, which was driven by the users, was a result of communication and transformation of the technology across different social worlds. We also discovered that membership in multiple social worlds in an organization creates a tension for the potential adopter who is in a distributed team. To function effectively, team members must uniformly adopt the technology, yet some may face resistance at their organizational homes. Our case study showed that adoption was affected by organizational sites having conflicting views of the value of collaboration, different amounts and needs for resources, and different acceptance of technology standards. Potential technology adopters on distributed teams are faced with conflicting loyalties, constraints, and requirements between their distributed collaborations and organizational homes.
{"title":"Shaping technology across social worlds: groupware adoption in a distributed organization","authors":"G. Mark, S. Poltrock","doi":"10.1145/958160.958205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/958160.958205","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we draw on theory about social worlds to analyze how different organizational contexts affect groupware adoption. We report on a study of the adoption of data conferencing in a large distributed organization. Our data show that the diffusion process, which was driven by the users, was a result of communication and transformation of the technology across different social worlds. We also discovered that membership in multiple social worlds in an organization creates a tension for the potential adopter who is in a distributed team. To function effectively, team members must uniformly adopt the technology, yet some may face resistance at their organizational homes. Our case study showed that adoption was affected by organizational sites having conflicting views of the value of collaboration, different amounts and needs for resources, and different acceptance of technology standards. Potential technology adopters on distributed teams are faced with conflicting loyalties, constraints, and requirements between their distributed collaborations and organizational homes.","PeriodicalId":130289,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2003 ACM International Conference on Supporting Group Work","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130132931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Russell Kruger, Sheelagh Carpendale, Stacey D. Scott, S. Greenberg
In order to support co-located collaboration, many researchers are now investigating how to effectively augment tabletops with electronic displays. As far back as 1988, orientation was recognized as a significant human factor issue that must be addressed by electronic tabletop designers. As with traditional tables, when people stand at different positions around a horizontal display they will be viewing the contents from different angles. One common solution to this problem is to have the software reorient objects so that any given individual can view them 'right way up.' Yet is this the best approach? If not, how do people actually use orientation on tables? To answer these questions, we conducted an observational study of collaborative activity on a traditional table. Our results show that the strategy of reorienting objects to a person's view is overly simplistic: while important, it is an incomplete view of how people exploit their ability to reorient objects. Orientation proves critical in how individuals comprehend information, how collaborators coordinate their actions, and how they mediate communication. The coordinating role of orientation is evident in how people establish personal and group spaces, and how they signal ownership of objects. In terms of communication, orientation is useful in initiating communicative exchanges and in continuing to speak to individuals about particular objects and work patterns as collaboration progresses. The three roles of orientation have significant implications for the design of tabletop software and the assessment of existing tabletop systems.
{"title":"How people use orientation on tables: comprehension, coordination and communication","authors":"Russell Kruger, Sheelagh Carpendale, Stacey D. Scott, S. Greenberg","doi":"10.1145/958160.958219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/958160.958219","url":null,"abstract":"In order to support co-located collaboration, many researchers are now investigating how to effectively augment tabletops with electronic displays. As far back as 1988, orientation was recognized as a significant human factor issue that must be addressed by electronic tabletop designers. As with traditional tables, when people stand at different positions around a horizontal display they will be viewing the contents from different angles. One common solution to this problem is to have the software reorient objects so that any given individual can view them 'right way up.' Yet is this the best approach? If not, how do people actually use orientation on tables? To answer these questions, we conducted an observational study of collaborative activity on a traditional table. Our results show that the strategy of reorienting objects to a person's view is overly simplistic: while important, it is an incomplete view of how people exploit their ability to reorient objects. Orientation proves critical in how individuals comprehend information, how collaborators coordinate their actions, and how they mediate communication. The coordinating role of orientation is evident in how people establish personal and group spaces, and how they signal ownership of objects. In terms of communication, orientation is useful in initiating communicative exchanges and in continuing to speak to individuals about particular objects and work patterns as collaboration progresses. The three roles of orientation have significant implications for the design of tabletop software and the assessment of existing tabletop systems.","PeriodicalId":130289,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2003 ACM International Conference on Supporting Group Work","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130511532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Process technologies play an increasingly important role as the world is being digitalized in nearly every corner. The major obstacles to their massive deployment include reusability and adaptivity. This paper addresses the two crucial problems with one single solution: process inheritance. We discuss what process inheritance is, what mechanisms are needed to support it, and how it can be used to handle exceptions effectively. The ideas and mechanisms are implemented in the runtime system of a process language named P.
{"title":"Process inheritance and instance modification","authors":"Guangxin Yang","doi":"10.1145/958160.958196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/958160.958196","url":null,"abstract":"Process technologies play an increasingly important role as the world is being digitalized in nearly every corner. The major obstacles to their massive deployment include reusability and adaptivity. This paper addresses the two crucial problems with one single solution: process inheritance. We discuss what process inheritance is, what mechanisms are needed to support it, and how it can be used to handle exceptions effectively. The ideas and mechanisms are implemented in the runtime system of a process language named P.","PeriodicalId":130289,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2003 ACM International Conference on Supporting Group Work","volume":"137 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123139244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：